Submission of proposals
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| OPERATING AND SUPPORT COST (OSCR) REDUCTION: Successful development of low complexity ultra-wideband systems may provide a cheaper alternative to expensive, high complexity, very wide bandwidth conventional communications and positioning technologies.
REFERENCES: 1) Workshop on UWB, sponsored by the Army Research Office and the University of Southern California, May 25-28, 1998, Solvang, California. 2) 1999 Ultra-Wideband Conference, Sept. 28-30, 1999, Washington, DC. 3) 1999 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM-99), special session on Ultra-Wideband Communications, Oct. 31 - Nov. 3, Atlantic City, NJ. 4) A. Swami and B. M. Sadler, “Issues in Military Communications,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp 31--33, 1999. 5) 2002 IEEE Conference on Ultrawideband systems and technologies, 21-23 May 2002, Baltimore, MD.
A03-030 TITLE: Wideband High Fidelity I-Band Digital Radio Frequency Memory (DRFM) TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Sensors OBJECTIVE: Research and develop a Wideband High Fidelity I-Band Digital Radio Frequency Memory (DRFM) suitable for airborne generation of multiple high fidelity simulated targets for long-range radar sensors. DESCRIPTION: Current DRFM systems fall short in supporting future airborne target simulator applications for long-range radars that require high fidelity generation of multiple simultaneously delayed replicas of arbitrarily complex radar waveforms with very large instantaneous bandwidths. The proposed DRFM in the envisioned airborne target simulator application would be an extensible system with multiple output signal channels, each having an independently programmable dynamic time delay and doppler frequency offset. The basic DRFM proposed should have at least 4 channels and be expandable to a total of at least 16 channels. Ideally, the proposed DRFM would handle radar signals with instantaneous bandwidths of 2 GHz or greater anywhere in the range of 8.0 to 11.0 GHz. Proposed DRFM designs with instantaneous operating bandwidths of less than 2 GHz will be considered, however, anything less than 1 GHz will not be considered. The operating frequency band would be set programmatically by the user to position the instantaneous bandwidth anywhere in the range of 8.0 to 11.0 GHz. The signal delay for each channel in the proposed DRFM should be user programmable over a range of 500 nanoseconds to 30 milliseconds in 2 nanosecond steps. System proposals with wider delay ranges and/or smaller step sizes for each signal channel will be given extra consideration. The proposed DRFM design should allow the programmable delay for each channel to be updated at a rate of at least 25 kHz. Signal fidelity and spurious signal levels are major concerns in the design of the proposed DRFM. Ideally, the delayed replicas of the radar waveform reproduced by the DRFM should be indistinguishable from a real radar target return signal. This level of fidelity will require spurious signal levels (including harmonics) below -40 dBc or better inside and outside of the DRFM operating band. The proposed DRFM should be capable of handling peak input power levels ranging from -10 to -50 dBm while maintaining this level of signal fidelity and spurious signal performance. DRFM designs offering high signal fidelity, low spurious signal levels and superior phase noise performance will be receive preference over less capable designs. Signal output levels on each channel should be suppressed when no input signal is present to prevent spurious exitation of radars under test. The proposed DRFM should include protective circuitry to prevent system damage for input signal levels of +10 dBm or more. The maximum output power level for each channel of the proposed DRFM should be at least +23 dBm. Each channel should incorporate output power attenuation that is user programmable over a range of 0 to 80 dB in steps of 0.1 dB or smaller. This attenuation capability is required to implement dynamic adjustment of target amplitude as a function of range. The proposed DRFM design should include provisions to maintain a flat frequency response characteristic for each output signal channel over any operating frequency band selected by the user, over any arbitrary input signal level and output power attenuation, and over an operating temperature range of 0 to +55 C. The desired level of flatness is +/- 1 dB. DRFM proposals will be given extra consideration to the degree that they effectively address this performance issue. The proposed DRFM should incorporate a doppler frequency offset for each output signal channel that is user programmable over the range of +/- 2 MHz with a resolution of 0.1 Hz or better. The proposed DRFM envisioned would incorporate an Ethernet 10/100BT interface employing a TCP/IP protocol for all user programming of the DRFM. User commands should be designed and structured to minimize system response time to user commands, provide both low-level and high-level control of all DRFM functions required for radar target simulation, implement initialization to a known state, and provide built-in-test (BIT) information to assure proper system operation and identify the source of any major component malfunctions. DRFM design proposals will be given extra consideration if they provide additional logic signal outputs to facilitate integration of the DRFM with Global Positioning System (GPS) time code equipment. Additional logic signal outputs desired include an "Input Signal Present" line providing a positive true TTL level indicating the presence of a DRFM input signal, and a "Delay Update" line for each output signal channel, providing a positive true TTL pulse coincident with the internal DRFM execution of each delay update event on a particular output signal channel. The proposed DRFM system should be mountable in a standard half-height rack and operate without degradation in a field van or on a subsonic fixed or rotary wing aircraft at up to 15,000 feet above mean sea level over an ambient temperature range of 0 to +55 C. Microwave signal input and output ports should utilize APC3.5 female connectors and have characteristic impedances of 50 ohms with Voltage Standing Wave Ratios (VSWRs) of less than 2:1. Prime power available to operate the proposed DRFM is 115 VAC, 60 Hz. DRFM design proposals will be evaluated on the basis of their responsiveness to the design goals above and the feasibility of the proposed design. PHASE I: Research, develop and propose a prototype system design with the potential of realizing the goals in the description above, favoring proven commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technologies to minimize technical risk and achieve cost savings. Develop technical specifications for all system components and identify them as commercially available or to be developed. Model and predict the performance of the proposed system, identifying critical components to be developed. Conduct detailed theoretical and/or laboratory investigations on the design and performance of critical components to demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of the proposed system design, including mitigation of risks associated with factors limiting system performance. Deliver a report documenting the research and development effort along with a description of the proposed system and specifications for all system components. PHASE II: Procure or develop the system components specified in Phase I. Fabricate the DRFM system prototype proposed in Phase I. Characterize and refine the system performance in accordance with the goals stated in the description above. Document the DRFM system theory of operation, design, component specifications, system performance and any recommendations for future enhancements. PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The proposed research and development (R&D) effort has wide commercial application to microwave signal processing functions in military and commercial radar sensors and communication systems. This R&D effort will yield advancements in ultra high speed (above 2 GHz) analog/digital system design involving Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs), Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs), multiplexers and demultiplexers, and memory components. These advancements will have direct application to the design of a wide variety of systems employed in both military and commercial applications. Military applications of the proposed wideband DRFM development include radar target simulation and electronic countermeasures signal generation. Airborne generation of simulated radar targets utilizing the wideband DRFM technology developed in this effort could exercise air and missile defense system sensors with fewer air breathing and missile target vehicles, resulting in hundreds of millions of dollars in cost savings while providing increased opportunities for exercising these system sensors. In addition to providing DRFM technology suitable for testing next generation radar systems, commercial applications of the proposed R&D effort include arbitrary waveform generators and signal processors, vector signal generators and modulators, telecommunication circuit emulation and test equipment, voice and data packet switching and routing equipment, and other systems employing ultra high speed signal conversion, processing, switching, routing and storage functions. OPERATING AND SUPPORT COST (OSCR) REDUCTION: Cost savings exceeding 127 million dollars has been demonstrated using DRFM-based radar target simulators instead of live targets on SHORAD radar test programs. Development of the proposed system will be instrumental in extending these cost savings to other air and missile defense systems. REFERENCES: 1) "Electronic Warfare Vulnerability Assessment of Radar Systems," http://www.arl.army.mil/slad/Services/Mkt33.html 2) Pace, Phillip E., "Advanced Techniques for Digital Receivers," (Artech House Radar Library), ISBN: 1580530532, July 2000. 3) Schleher, D. Curtis, "Electronic Warfare In the Information Age," Artech House, ISBN: 0890065268, July 1999.
A03-031 TITLE: Advancing the Objective Force Through Mulitnational Coalitions and Interagency Task Forces TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Human Systems ACQUISITION PROGRAM: USAREUR OBJECTIVE: To provide a model of multinational teamwork and develop methods and information systems to promote rapid formation of multinational and interagency teams to combat terrorism through decisive warfighting and support and stability operations (SASO). DESCRIPTION: Multinational operations are a critical component of current U.S. Army deployments. Recent examples include Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH), Kosovo, and the Philippines. Multinational operations require Army commanders and staffs to work closely with NATO forces, the international community, and non-governmental organizations. Since the terrorist attack on America the Army increasingly participates as members of joint and interagency task forces with team members from across DoD, the FBI, and the CIA. Whether it is to combat terrorism or keep the peace and provide disaster relief, rapidly forming and maintaining multifunctional teams to conduct tactical, operational, and strategic missions will continue to be a core Army requirement. Future operational challenges include increasingly joint, multinational, and interagency coalitions during the stability phases of operations. In the future operational environment, Objective Force leaders and soldiers must be able to transition smoothly from warfighting to peacekeeping to maintain a strong power base. Little is known about how to rapidly form and support multinational and interagency teams for military operations. Research and development has primarily focused on the priority mission of the U.S. Army--fighting and winning the nation's wars. It has been implicitly assumed that an army prepared to fight can adapt their warfighting skills and information systems for full spectrum operations. However, in an initial investigation, U.S. Army unit personnel reported that their pre-deployment training had not fully prepared them for support and stability operations (Klein & Pierce, 2001; Pierce & Klein, 2002; Pierce & Pomranky, 2001). Barriers to learning and performance included the Army's approach to deployment training (Ross, 2000; Ross & Pierce, 2000; Ross, Pierce, & Baehr, 1999), organizational design of the multinational, military headquarters, and command and control systems available for peacekeeping. A high unit operational tempo, personnel rotation cycles that had key unit leaders and staff members rotating into and out of the unit less than 30 days before deployment, and a lack of training environments to practice support and stability operations hindered their preparation. Further, training did not include meaningful or accurate representation of the role of multinational forces, the international community, or non-governmental organizations. A lack of skill in multinational teamwork was specifically identified as a weakness. Organizational barriers included a lack of information system interoperability and restrictions on information access among team members. Communication barriers included lack of language skills or the means to interpret non-English words. Finally, command and control systems designed for warfighting were not optimal for maintaining situation awareness required for making decisions in support and stability operations. Phase I: Phase I will define Objective Force requirements to work within multinational coalitions at the Unit of Employment (UE) and Unit of Action (UA) levels. Team models and theories to identify team process or organizational barriers unique to a military system of systems will highlight the impact of several possible variables on team performance. These variables may include, but are not limited to, the presence of a military culture that transcends national cultural boundaries, organizational issues that arise from distributed teams and collaborative information technology, and cognitive differences in teamwork that can be attributed to culture. Phase I research should also address information system design requirements suitable for decentralized, distributed, and highly mobile team operations in complex and dynamic situations. Current observations of multinational teamwork at the sustainment force headquarters in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina and theoretical research is available to inform each of the team and organizational areas identified. However, a need exists to systematically apply the theoretical literature to the Army to better understand team, organization, and information system requirements for joint, multinational, and interagency military operations (Salas, Dickinson, Converse, & Tannenbaum, 1992). The application of this literature should result in a better understanding of military team performance requirements in multinational coalitions and interagency task forces and identify ways to facilitate team development through training, organizational design, and technology. The feasibility study shall also determine the usability of current team models and theories to the formation and support of military teams, develop a taxonomy of military team requirements for full spectrum operations, and identify knowledge gaps. PHASE II: Phase II would build on the theoretical understanding from Phase I to develop prototype training programs to prepare the Army to participate as members of multifunctional, non-hierarchical teams. Training programs must leverage advances in simulation technology to create synthetic task environments that allow practice of complex cognitive tasks and promote development of adaptable leaders and teams. Synthetic task environments shall be designed to clearly link objectives to performance measures to support adaptive learning (Ross, Pierce, & Baehr, 1999). Training programs must be designed to meet the needs of the Army, in that they must be low cost, easily modifiable, and usable with co-located or distributed teams. Training programs would also define organizational processes required for rapid development and maintenance of high performing teams. Further, and as part of the training program, Phase II would require the introduction, assessment, and iterative development of information systems that support collaboration among diverse team members performing full spectrum military warfighting and peacekeeping operations. Products would include collaborative work tools as well as refined requirements. A possible solution to communication barriers might be rapid language translation within specific domains. Finally, Phase II will require a model for moving legacy Army systems to the Future Combat System concept of a multinational coalition strategy that is based on a system of systems architecture and incorporates information technology interoperability among U.S. forces and coalition partner. This model should be sufficiently detailed to allow Depart of Army and/or Joint Forces Command analysts to perform experimentation with proposed concepts. PHASE III DUAL USE COMMERCIALIZATION: Models, methods, and tools to promote development and maintenance of multinational and interagency teams for military operations will advance the state of the art in international cooperation regardless of mission (Klein, Klein, & Mumaw, 2001). They will be integrated into the Army's All Source Analysis System (ASAS), the Future Combat System (FCS), and operational systems of the Department of Homeland Security to enable teams of intelligence specialists to collaborate and assess emerging complex situations. REFERENCES: 1) Fleishman, E. A., & Zaccaro, S. J. (1992). Toward a taxonomy of team performance function. In R.W. Sweezey & E. Salas (Eds.), Teams: Their training and performance. Orlando, FL.: Academic Press. 2) Klein, H. A., Klein, G., & Mumaw, R. J. (2001). A review of cultural dimensions relevant to aviation safety. Wright State University, General Consultant Services Agreement 6-1111-10A-0112. 3) Klein, G. & Pierce, L. G. (2001). Adaptive teams. Proceedings of the 6th ICCRTS Collaboration in the Information Age Track 4: C2 Decision-Making and Cognitive Analysis. Web site: http://www.dodccrp.org/6thICCRTS/. 4) Pierce, L. G. & Klein, G. (2002). Preparing and supporting adaptable leaders and teams for support and stability operations. Submitted for presentation at Defense Analysis Seminar XI, Seoul, Korea. 5) Pierce, L. & Pomranky, R. (2001). The Chameleon Project for adaptable commanders and teams. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting, 513-517. 6) Ross, K. G. (2000, September-October). Training adaptive leaders--are we ready? Field Artillery Journal, 15-18. 7) Ross, K. G., & Pierce, L. G. (2000). Cognitive engineering of training for adaptive battlefield thinking. Proceedings of IEA14th Triennial Congress and HFES 44th Annual Meeting (Vol. 2, pp. 410-413). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 8) Ross, K. G., Pierce, L. G., & Baehr, M. (2000). Revitalizing battle staff training. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.: U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL Technical Report 2079). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.: U.S. Army Research Laboratory. 9) Salas, E., Dickinson, T. L., Converse, S. A., & Tannenbaum, S. I. (1992). Toward an understanding of team performance and training. In R. W. Sweezey & E. Salas (Eds.), Teams: Their training and performance (pp. 3-29). Norwood, NJ.: ABLEX. KEYWORDS: Team Performance, Organizational Design, Culture, Cognition, Multinational Operations A03-032 TITLE: Crew Survivability Inside Future Combat Systems (FCS) -Type Vehicle: Techniques for Ammunition Protection from Fragments, Shock, and Fire TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Ground/Sea Vehicles ACQUISITION PROGRAM: IAV & FCS programs manaement are being approached OBJECTIVE: To research, study and propose devices, methods and designs to reduce the chances of inside vehicle munitions detonation and explosion, for crew survivability inside this class of vehicles. Creative and innovative techniques and devices are sought to make the inside vehicle crew survive a hit from a small arms (12.5mm) and medium caliber (20, 25, 30 mm) when the inside munition is hit by the spall resulting from the armor perforation. In addition, these munitions should also be protected from excessive heat resulting from fires inside the vehicle The designs and methods need to be modular, i.e., not vehicle specific, and may also consider round to round protection (jackets) as possible munition factory-installed feature. Light-weight, low-cost, simple, practical, human-factors friendly, effective methods and devices, in a tight crew space inside the vehicle, are desired. Two different, viable methods/devices/designs are be submitted as the outcome of a study of different approaches conducted in this study. Those designs have to be shown to be guided and soundly supported by the analyses performed. DESCRIPTION: Several methods/devices/designs that can protect the inside-the-vehicle large-caliber munition (105-mm caliber diameter, as a representative case) stewed in their munitions rack inside an IAV- or FCS-Type vehicle, are to be innovated, researched and studied to recommend the best two designs/devices. The three mechanisms of burning, detonation, and the explosion of the propelling charges inside their steel/brass/aluminum/combustible-case of the representative caliber of 105mm, should be considered. The propellant mass in the representative case is about 10 kg of charges. The typical shapes of propellant charges are long sticks and short cylindrical granular, among others. The vehicle's wall may be considered made of hard steel and of about 15-mm thickness. The munition case wall may vary in thickness from 2 to 8 mm. Protection methods are sought to prevent ammo detonation or explosion under the two threat scenarios below: 1- From behind-armor-debris and fragments resulting from a representative threat, say from the 30mm munitions. The representative debris fragment may be modeled as of about 5-gm in mass, 10-mm in maximum diameter and of velocity of about 800 m/s. Several angles of impact with the munitions rack may be considered. Few munition-case thickness and case material may be considered.
temperature of 1700 F for ten seconds, and the sustained fire is of 400 F for two minutes. For feasibility study considerations, the munitions rack may be modeled as a box of dimensions of, say, 1.0-m long, 0.6-m wide and 0.45-m high. The designs should not interfere with the unhindered use of the rack by the loader/gunner.
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