Term 1 Exercise Match the words with their transcriptions

1. Materials are chosen by their ________________ .

2. Water, land, minerals, ________________ fuels and timber are natural resources.

3. The grouping of materials is based on their __________________ or their origin.

4. Basically, materials can be _______________ into two major groups, synthetic and natural.

5. __________ must be paid back as well as any interest on the loan.

6. Renewable energy sources ______________ solar energy, geothermal energy, and nuclear energy.

7. Time is a factor that ______________ which other resources you might use and how you might use them.

8. The many kinds of plastics are examples of __________________.

9. We _______________ machines as a resource to help us do work.

10. You also want to use resources wisely and not ___________ them.

Exercise 18. Continue the sentence.

1. A resources can be anything that is used in the…

2. Technology has been created by...

3. With the proper training and education, you can be a…

4. Natural resources include…

5. The lender charges you additional money for letting you…

6. Money left over after all bills are paid is called…

7. The Earth is a closed system. It means that there are…

8. Many of the products and materials you throw away end up in…

Exercise 19. Complete the sentences below with appropriate words from the list. One word is odd.

include; synthetic; properties; lead; borrowed; bakelite; combined; copper; bills; charge; nonrenewable

1. By combining different materials new and often better ________________________ can be obtained.

2. __________________ is a common plastic used for electrical plugs and cooking-pot handles.

3. Ferrous metals ________________ iron and the many types of steel.

4. Natural materials, such as __________________ and wood, can be found in nature.

5. ___________________ means that people made the materials, and they cannot be found in nature.

6. Money to start a new business is often __________________________ from banks.

7. Life science and technology can be ___________________ to produce food in a fish farm.

8. The energy produced by the sun can _____________________ batteries to power electric vehicles.

9. __________________ means that once a resource has been used up, it is gone forever!

10. Money which is left after all __________________ are paid.
Exercise 20. Match the words to their definitions:

geothermal energy renewable resource disposable biodegradation landfill	• an organic natural resource that can be replaced with time either through biological reproduction or other naturally recurring processes
	• a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial, the oldest form of waste treatment
	• the chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means
	• thermal energy generated and stored in the earth
	• the ability of something to be disposed of or thrown away after use

Exercise 21^. Write definitions to these words:

fossil fuels, loan, interest on loan, renewable source of energy, resource, disposable, biodegradable, landfill, recycling.

1. _____ I charge this battery again?

a) Must b) Can c) Shall

2. He _____ not take loans when he was under 18.

a) must b) could c) may

3. _____ I take your electrical plug, mine is broken?

a) Can b) May c) Should

4. We ____ to go to the theatre today, the tickets are already booked.

a) are b) are able c) has

5. To get a good or satisfactory mark, you _____ pass the workbook in English.

a) need b) may c) must
6. You _____ not see atoms even with a powerful microscope.

a) may b) must c) can

7. They _____ use dictionaries at the double period.

a) can b) may c) need

8. He _____ help his parents.

a) could b) should c) have to

9. We _____ to avoid using disposable products, otherwise we’ll turn the planet into a big landfill.

a) have b) must c) am

10. In future I _____ to use materials with better properties: lightweight, but strong.

a) can b) am able c) must

11. You _____ buy “an eco cup” for picnics, campings and travelling.

a) should b) can c) have to

12. They _____ have all the necessary textbooks at the double periods and workbooks at the individual consultations.

a) can b) must c) should

13. She _____ to be in the class before 8.15 am.

a) must b) need c) is

14. We _____ discuss the appropriate use of resources at this conference.

a) may b) can c) should

15. You _____ to make a presentation about thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics yesterday.

a) should b) must c) were able

16. She _____ to come here at 5 o’clock.

a) must b) is c) is able

17. Will you _____ to deliver the results of your project on ferrous metals tomorrow?

a) is b) have c) must

18. In some years we shall _____ solve this problem.

a) may b) have to c) be able to

19. _____ smoke on campus?

a) Shall you b) Must you c) Are you allowed to

a) can b) may c) need

21. You __________ not use this resource yesterday.

a) had to b) could c) may

22. He __________ to make a report at the conference.

a) is b) must c) should

23. ____________ I come in?

a) Can b) Shall c) May

24. The students _________ do their home assignments regularly to pass their credits in English successfully.

a) are able to b) must c) may

25. Every student ________ pass this workbook to improve the knowledge of English.

a) should b) is able to c) need

Heather immediately liked Tara, her neat, non-smoking roommate. Their first week together was great. The second week, the cookies from Heather’s mom disappeared. Tara didn’t ask Heather, “__________ ?” Tara’s friends always shared food without asking permission. The third week, Tara looked annoyed whenever Heather’s friends stopped by to visit. Heather never asked Tara, "Hey, __________ they hang out here for a while?" At home, Heather’s friends were always welcome. By October, Heather and Tara weren’t speaking to each other.

Luckily, their dorm counselor __________ help them fix their relationship with three simple rules.

1. Always ask permission before you touch your roommate's stuff. Say: “My computer isn’t working. __________ I use yours for a few hours?”

2. Set times when it's OK to have visitors. If it's not “visiting hours,” ask your roommate’s permission: “_____ Luis and Ming-Hwa work here tonight? We’re doing a presentation in class tomorrow.”

3. Try to solve problems. Say: “Your music is too loud, but you __________ borrow my headphones.”

Follow these guidelines, and who knows? You __________ gain a happier roommate and a good friend.

a. I may use your computer tonight.

b. May I use your computer tonight?

с. I’m using your computer tonight.

a. Can you make dinner for me?

b. I don’t mind eating some of your food.

с. Do you mind if I have some of your food?

a. Could you wash the dishes?

b. I can't wash the dishes.

с. Can I wash the dishes tomorrow?

a. Can she stay in a hotel instead?

b. Sure.

с. I’m sure she could, but I don’t want her to!

a. May I please borrow your new sweater?

b. I may borrow your new sweater.

с. You could lend me your new sweater.

a. Could we have a party in our room on Saturday?

b. Maybe we could have a party in our room on Saturday.

с. Could you have a party in your room on Saturday?

1. Researchers might try many ideas until the problem is solved.

2. Computers can be used to make 3 – D graphics colourful and interesting.

3. They might be charging the battery right now.

4. In all your courses you need to be able to let your teachers and others know what your ideas are.

5. If you wanted to design a bicycle, for example, you would not have to invent the wheel. But you might just want to change the shape of the wheel.

6. New knowledge can then be used to change or improve technology that already exists.

7. Using calculators or computers you have to know what math operations (addition, substraction, multiplication, and division) to use in solving a problem and how to enter the information correctly.

8. The loans must have been paid back yesterday as well as the interest on the loan.

9. You may consider time a resource because it takes time to make a product.

10. Life science and technology can be combined to produce food in a fish farm.

Exercise 31^. Explain how infinitives after modal verbs express time. Give examples.

Exercise 32. Circle the correct infinitive for the gaps.

1. Every student must __________ this text yesterday.

2. Most materials can __________ into groups.

3. Ferrous metals might _________ iron and the many types of steel.

4. Hardwoods should __________ from trees that have broad leaves, for example, walnut and maple.

5. Thermoplastics may __________ and remelted many times using heat.

1. She might __________ (to choose) materials now.

3. This information may __________ (to use) by everyone.

4. Materials must __________ (to divide) into groups yesterday.

5. They may __________ (to produce) products now.

6. Disposing of some materials might __________ (cause) air pollution.

7. Plastic and glass may __________ (to recycle) yesterday.

8. Your resource list might __________ (to include) 7 items.

9. He must __________ (to borrow) money from the bank now.

10. He must __________ (to dispose) of this garbage yesterday.

1. She spent all yesterday listening to music because she (go) __________ to school.

2. Sorry, I’d like to help you, but I (give) __________ students advice while they are actually taking the examination.

3. I know it's a long time in the future, but the airline is very busy in the summer, so I think you (buy) __________ your ticket now.

4. Now it's raining, and we're going to get wet. We (bring) __________ an umbrella with us.

5. Sorry, but I can't stop and talk any longer. I (be) __________ at the station by half past two.

6. Excuse me, but have you read the notice? You (not bring) __________ dogs into the supermarket.

7. We’re going the wrong way, I think. You (not turn) __________ left at those traffic lights back there.

8. Sorry, I’m late. I (buy) __________ some food for lunch, and so I missed the train.

Exercise 35. Which do you think is better in each sentence – must or should?

Note that must is used for orders and for strong suggestions, advice and opinions. Should is used for less strong suggestions, advice and opinions. Orders and instructions can be made more polite by using should.

1 You know, I think you __________ take a holiday.

2 Tell Mark he __________ tidy his room at once.

3 Visitors are reminded that they _______ keep their bags with them.

4 I’m sorry, but you __________ go. We don’t want you here.

5 I really __________ go on a diet. I’ll start today.

6 I suppose I __________ write to Aunt Rachel one of these days.

7 You absolutely __________ check the tyres before you take the car out today.

8 All officers _______ report to the Commanding Officer by midday.

9 You __________ have your hair cut at least once a week.

10 I think men __________ wear jackets and ties in restaurants.

Exercise 36. Put in must or have/has (got) to.

Note that must usually expresses the feeling and wishes of the speaker (hearer). Have (got) to often expresses obligations that come from somewhere else.

1 I’m tired. I __________ go to bed early.

2 John __________ go to school on Saturdays.

3 We __________ get another dog soon.

4 This is a great book. I __________ read it.

5 A soldier __________ obey orders.

6 We __________ go to London for a meeting.

7 I think we __________ pay in advance.

8 You really __________ visit us soon.

9 I __________ try to spend more time at home.

10 You __________ go through Carlisle on the way to Glasgow.

Exercise 37. Complete the sentences, using must not or do not have to.

Note that we use must not in prohibitions (negative orders). We use do not have to, do not need to or need not to say that something is unnecessary.

1 Campers __________ play music after 10 p.m.

2 Students __________ ask permission to stay out after midnight.

3 Bicycles __________ be parked in the front courtyard.

4 Residents __________ hang washing out of the windows.

5 British subjects __________ get visas to travel in Western Europe.

6 Passengers __________ lean out of the windows.

7 You __________ pay for your tickets now.

8 It’s rained a lot, so we __________ water the garden.

9 You __________ disturb your sister while she’s working.

10 You __________ knock before you come into my room.
Exercise 38. Put in can or can’t if possible; if not, use will be able to.

Note that we can use can if we are deciding now what to do in the future. In other cases, we have to use will be able to.

1 I __________ pick it up tonight, if that’s convenient.

2 I think I __________ speak English quite well in a few months.

3 “We need some more oil”. “OK, I __________ let you have some this week”.

4 Dr Parker __________ see you at twelve on Tuesday.

5 She __________ walk again in a few weeks.

6 Do you think one day people __________ travel to the stars?

7 This week’s no good, but I __________ bring the car in next week.

8 In a few years, computers __________ think better than we do.

9 She __________ give you a lesson this evening.

10 I’m free at the weekend, so the kids __________ come around.

11 I’ll post your letter, but I don’t think the postman __________ read the address.

12 I __________ do your job with no trouble at all.

13 We’re busy this week, but we __________ repair it by next Thursday.

1. 
   A. We may win, but I think there’s much chance.
   

2. 
   A. I may ask you to help me later.
   

3. 
   A. That can’t be her daughter – they’re nearly the same age.
   

4. 
   A. We can decide to go camping again at Easter.
   

5. 
   A. There may not be enough room for everybody on the bus – we’ll have to wait and see.
   

6. 
   A. You may not get in without a ticket – not a chance.
   

7. 
   A. You absolutely should go and see Liz.
   

8. 
   A. I think you should try to relax more.
   

9. 
   A. You must pass a special exam to be a teacher.
   

10. 
    A. In this country, boys don’t have to do military service.
    

11. 
    A. I will be able to see you at eight tomorrow.
    

12. 
    A. One day, everybody will be able to say what they like.
    

13. 
    A. When I was younger I was able to sing quite well.
    

14. 
    A. At what age can you get a driving licence?
    

15. 
    A. I promise I stop smoking.
    

16. 
    A. I don’t know why she’s not here. She may not have got my message.
    

17. 
    A. He’s not answering the phone. He may not have got home yet.
    

18. 
    A. When I was eighteen we must have done two years in the army.
    

19. 
    A. See had to leave very quietly – I didn’t hear her go.
    

2 You __________ up yet, because there’s no school today.

3 He __________ everything down. Just the name and phone number will do.

4 She __________ and see me if she doesn’t want to; I don’t mind.

5 You __________ about me. I’m fine.

6 You __________ I care about you, because I don’t.

7 Tell him he __________ the bell; he can just walk straight in.

8 I’d like to see her today, but it __________ very long.

9 Just come when you like, any time. You __________ first.

10 You __________ to explain. I’m not interested.

By 2050, one-third of the world's energy will need to come from solar, wind, and other renewable resources. Who says? British Petroleum and Royal Dutch Shell, two of the world's largest oil companies. Climate change, population growth, and fossil fuel depletion mean that renewables will need to play a bigger role in the future than they do today.

Alternative energy refers to energy sources that have no undesired consequences such for example fossil fuels or nuclear energy. Alternative energy sources are renewable and are thought to be "free" energy sources. They all have lower carbon emissions, compared to conventional energy sources. These include Biomass Energy, Wind Energy, Solar Energy, Geothermal Energy, Hydroelectric Energy sources. Combined with the use of recycling, the use of clean alternative energies such as the home use of solar power systems will help ensure man’s survival into the 21st century and beyond.

Exercise 42. Read the text and tick (⋎) the correct variant in the sentences after it.

SEVEN WAYS TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT

We all want to protect our planet, but we’re mostly too busy or too lazy to put up big change that would improve our lifestyle and save the environment.

These are 7 simple habits to implement in your everyday life which will make a difference. There is nothing new here but if you follow at least some of these tips, you can be proud of yourself participating in the protection of the environment.

1. 
   Use compact fluorescent light bulbs:
   

2. 
   Donate:
   You have tons of clothes or things you want to get rid of. If they are still usable, give them to someone who needs them. You may also choose to give them to associations. These associations may sell them and collect a little money. Not only will you protect the environment, but you will also contribute to a good cause.
   
3. 
   Turn off your devices:
   

4. 
   Walk or cycle:
   

5. 
   Detergent:
   Follow the recommended dose of detergent to wash your clothes or dishes.
   
6. 
   Leaky faucets:
   

7. 
   Rainwater:
   

This list is far from being exhaustive but in addition to saving the environment, all these tips will help you save money.

• Implement in your everyday life.

• Read and remember.

• Save the environment and spend much money.

True False Doesn’t say

give take borrow

• the recommended dose of detergent.

• walking or using your bike.

• turning off your devices.

• to save money.

• protect the environment.

• to save money and protect the environment.