The collision theory of reactions
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- CI 10.2: The effect of temperature on rate
| CI 10.1 The collision theory of reactions
Reactions occur when particles of reactants collide with a certain minimum kinetic energy. (Activation enthalpy) 
Low concentration Higher concentration Any factor which increases the number of collisions will increase the rate of reaction. As particles approach and collide, K.E. is converted to P.E. and the P.E. of reactants rises. 
In the above exothermic reaction, existing bonds start to stretch and break and new bonds form. Only Reactants with sufficient K.E. will overcome the activation enthalpy and form products. At higher temperatures, more of the colliding particles have enough energy to react. Enthalpy profiles 
The curved line is the energy pathway for a pair of colliding molecules (called the energy or enthalpy profile for the reaction). X corresponds to the arrangement of atoms where old bonds are stretched and new bonds are starting to form. Eg. For chlorine atoms and ozone, the oxygen – oxygen bonds in ozone break and a new bond between oxygen and chlorine is forming. Cl + O3 Cl------O------O O ClO + O2 At X (this is a very unstable arrangement and only lasts for a very short time). The enthalpy profile is shown as a single curve (this is only true for single-step reactions). Other reactions have several steps, so the enthalpy profile would show several steps, too. do problems for 10.1 ‘Rates of Reactions’ p. 222-223 questions 1 to 4. Questions For each of the following reactions, say how, if at all, you would expect its rate of reaction to be affected by the following factors: a) Temperature b) Total pressure of gas. c) Concentration of solution d) Surface area of solid
2.) Both the acid and the enzyme can act as catalysts for the hydrolysis of a protein. a) The greater the concentration of reactants, the greater the rate of collisions and hence the faster the reaction proceeds. 3 b) A change of temperature has little effect. Most collisions result in a reaction. 4 a) B and C b) A and D c) D d) B e) B f) D
Consider the reaction in the Haber process for making ammonia: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) The collision theory says that N2 and H2 will only react when they collide. The more frequently they collide, the faster the rate of reaction. Increasing the pressure brings H2 and N2 closer together, so they collide more often. Increasing the temperature makes molecules move faster, increasing the frequency of collisions. How much more frequently do molecules collide, when temperatures rise? The average speed of molecules is proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature. Example: Temperature rise: 300 K to 310 K Increase in average speed of molecules: (310/300)1/2 = 1.016
(this is 101.6%...so an increase of 1.6% faster) Particles must also react with a certain minimum kinetic energy. In the Haber process, (reaction between H2 and N2) at 300 K only 1 in 1011 collisions between H2 and N2 results in a reaction! Even at 800 K only 1 in 104 collisions results in a reaction. The collision theory says: Reactions occur when molecules collide with a certain minimum kinetic energy. The more frequent these collisions, the faster the rate of reaction. The energy needed to overcome the energy barrier is called the activation enthalpy, for the reaction. It is the energy needed to start breaking bonds in the colliding molecules, so that collisions can lead to reactions. Directory: org org -> Function codes attachment(s): (1) index: function codes (By Groups and Sub-Groups) (2) index: function codes org -> Organized Evil and the Atlantic Alliance: Moral Panics and the Rhetoric of Organized Crime Policing in America and Britain Michael Woodiwiss and Dick Hobbs org -> The International Commission on Mathematical Instruction icmi bulletin No. 54 June 2004 Editor org -> I. Intentional Torts: Physical and Emotional Harm Battery org -> This text was adapted by The Saylor Foundation under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 0 License org -> Title: Architecture, symbolic capital and elite mobilizations: The case of the Royal Bank of Scotland corporate campus org -> Operational Plan Report org -> Practicum project org -> Lise Meitner Prize for Nuclear Science 2004 Download 244.3 Kb. Share with your friends:
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