21st Century Grammar Handbook

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21st century grammar
21st century grammar, transformation, transformation, - - - .pdf;filename*= UTF-8''অনুবাদ চর্চা (প্রথম আলো পত্রিকা থেকে-২৯-০৩-২০২০)-1, 21st century grammar

Objective case.

O
O, Oh. Distinguish carefully between “?” and oh The rst is used mainly when directly addressing a revered or worshipped gure: “? Great One, grant your blessings and favors onus, your humble villagers It acts as an adjective in that it stands directly before the word or words it modifies or evokes, but it is normally
capitalized wherever it appears in a sentence to indicate reverence or solemnity, and it is not followed by any punctuation: Hear us, O judge.”
The interjection oh can appear anywhere in a sentence to indicate surprise or exclamation Oh, it’s raining Its raining, but, oh, I wanted to eat outside Since
“oh” is an interjected part of a sentence, it is usually set o by commas, as in the examples. It is not normally capitalized unless it appears as the rst word of a sentence or stands alone Oh A mouse!”
Object. In sentences with transitive verbs in the active voice, the subject of the sentence performs some action on a thing or person. That thing or person is said to be the object of the verb and to be in the objective case (also called accusative case).
There is no special form for the objective case for nouns, but pronouns change form
(see declension): The soldier shot the prisoner the bullet hit him In the example both prisoner and him are objects of the active, transitive verbs “shot” and “hit.”
While prisoner is in the objective case, it is indistinguishable from the normal,
ordinary, or nominative case of the word. Him however, is an in ected, or changed, form of he used for the objective case of this pronoun. See inflection and
case.
Objects in sentences can be of any gender, number, or construction—that is, they can be compound words, phrases, clauses, or any combinations of them The artist painted vast swirls of color, leaping and falling, twisting vortices of emblems and their effigies Everything in the example after the word painted is its object.
Although there is no limit on the complexity or content of any sentence’s object,
remember to make sure that all the pronouns in it are of the correct gender, number,
and case to refer clearly and accurately to the subject or object they modify or relate to. See antecedent and modifier.
Prepositions also govern objects in the objective case The cow looked at her, and she glanced toward the farmer The prepositions at and toward are followed by the objects her and the farmer Again, noun objects are not distinguishable by form but only by function, while most pronoun objects appear in a different form.

Remember also that linking verbs like “is” are not followed by objects but by predicate nominatives (also called subject complements) that are not in the objective case but in the nominative Who is he See also predicate.
Objective case. Words that function as objects (direct object or indirect object or objects of prepositions) in sentences are in the objective (also called accusative) case.
This case is not distinguishable from the nominative or normal form of nouns but is marked (or in ected) in pronouns: I, me we, us he, him she, her and “they,
them” (the nominative and objective cases, respectively, of the personal pronouns).
See inflection.
Of. Preposition governing the objective case: That is not characteristic of him Do not add this preposition to other prepositions that don’t need it and can stand on their own (outside, inside, oi Do not use of to stand for “have” in compound verbs like
“could have.”

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