Cantt Public School & College, BUSMS-15

A: We must obey our parents.

N: We can’t but obey our parents.

A: We have to abide by the rules of our college.

N: We can’t but abide by the rules of our college.

A: We have to follow the rules of health.

N: We cannot help following the rules of helth.

2. 
   Affirmative sentence G had to, needed to _vK‡j negative Kivi mgq couldn’t but + verb Gi base form /couldn’t help + verb (ing) nq|
   

Example:

A: We had to help the affected people.

N: We couldn’t but help the affected people.

A: We had to join the study tour.

N: We couldn’t but join the study tour.

or, We couldn’t help joining the study tour.

3. 
   Affirmative sentence ‡_‡K Negative Kivi mgq only (e¨w³) = none but, alone (e¨w³)= non but, only (e¯‘) = nothing but/ no other than, only (msL¨v) = not more then/ not less then e¨eüZ nq|
   

Example:

A: Only Allah can save us.

N: None but Allah can save us.

A: Only the moon shines brightly at night.

N: Nothing but the moon shines brightly at night.

or, No other than the moon shines brightly at night.

A: Surovi is only nine years old.

N: Surovi is not more than nine years old.

or, Surovi is not less than nine years old.

4. 
   Affirmative sentence ‡_‡K Negative G cwieZ©b Kivi †ÿ‡Î many (msL¨v) = not a few (msL¨v), a few (msL¨v) = not many (msL¨v), a little (cwigvY)= not much (cwigvY), much (cwigvY) = not a little (cwigvY), few (msL¨v) = not a single (GKwUI b‡n), little (cwigvY)= not a least (we›`ygvÎ) e¨eüZ nq|
   

Example:

A: The boy has many kites.

N: The boy doesn’t have a few kites.

A: Saimon had many pens.

N: Saimon didn’t have a few pens.

A: The baby needs a little mikl.

N: The baby does not need much milk.

A: The boy has few books.

N: The boy doesn’t have a single book.

A: There is little water in the glass.

N: There is not a least water in the glass.

5. 
   Affirmative sentence G as soon as…., scarcely ….. when, hardly ….. when/before _vK‡j Negative Kivi mgq no sonner … than + past Indefinite G cwiewZ©Z nq|
   

Example:

A: As soon as we saw her, she fled away.

N: No sooner had we seen her than she

fled away.
A: Hardly had the bird seen the hunter before it

flew away.

N: No sooner had the bird seen the hunter than it

flew away.

6. 
   Affirmative sentence ‡_‡K Negative G cwieZ©b Kivi mgq Every + noun = no + noun, all= non/ nobody, a/an/all+ noun = no + noun, ‘to be’ verb = wecixZ adjective/ adverb Ges Ab¨vb¨ verb Gi †ÿ‡Î wecixZ verb e¨eüZ nq|
   

Example:

A: All students are polite.

N: No students are polite.

A: All men are mortal.

N: No man is immortal. (wecixZ adj.)

A: Every mother is kind.

N: No mother is unkind.

A: Everybody is happy here.

N: Nobody is unhappy here.

7. 
   Affirmative sentence Gi wecixZ verb e¨envi K‡i Negative Kiv nq|
   

NB: hLb subject- Gi Av‡M all, every, any, a BZ¨vw` _v‡K bv|

Example:

A: He loves his parents.

N: He does not hate his parents.

A: He honours his elders.

N: He doesn’t dishonour his elders.

A: He agreed with us.

N: He did not disagree with us.

8. 
   Affirmative sentence-G every _vK‡j Negative Kivi mgq there is no+ noun + but+ verb e‡m| A_ev There is no + noun + who + ……e‡m|
   

Example:

A: Every mother loves her child.

N: There is no mother but loves her child.

or, There is no mother who doesn’t love her child.

A: Every boy respects his parents.

N: There is no boy but respect his parents.

or, There is no boy who doesn’t respect his parents.

9. 
   Affirmative sentence ‡_‡K Negative Kivi mgq as……as = not less…. than, less ….. than = not as….. as e‡m|
   

Example:

A: Jim and Della were as wise as the Magi.

N: Jim and Della were not less wise than the Magi.

A: The girl is less beautiful than my sister.

N: The girl is not as beautiful as my sister.

10. 
    Affirmative ‡_‡K Negative Kivi mgq both …. and Gi cwie‡Z© not only ….but also e‡m|
    

Example:

A: He is both honest and laborious.

N: He is not only honest but also laborious.

A: He both reads and writes regularly.

N: He not only reads but also writes regularly.

11. 
    Affirmative G superlative degree _vK‡j Negative G No other + ….+ so/as positive as + …., Avevi, Affirmative G Comparative degree _vK‡j Negative G ...... not + as positive as …. nq|
    

Example:

A: My father is the wisest man in our village.

N: No other man is so (as) wise as my father in our village.

A: She is more intelligent than he.

N: He is not as intelligent as she.

12. 
    wPišÍb mZ¨ (Universal truth) sentence ‡K negative Ki‡Z n‡j Negative Interrogative Ki‡Z nq|
    

Example:

A: Knowledge is power.

N: Isn’t knowledge power?

A: Health is wealth.

N: Isn’t health wealth.

A: The sun rises in the East.

N: Doesn’t the sun rise in the East?

A: Allah can save us.

N: Can’t Allah save us?

13. 
    Affirmative G for the last time, for ever, for good BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Negative G cwieZ©b Kivi mgq never ….. again e¨eüZ nq|
    

Example:

A: He came here for the last time.

N: He never came here again.

A: The man left the village for ever.

N: The man will never return to the village again.

A: He has given up smoking for good.

N: He will never smoke again.

Assertive to Interrogative

Rule-1: A‡_©i cwieZ©b bv NwU‡q mvnvh¨Kvix Verb hy³ Assertive Sentence ‡K Interrogative-Gi iƒcvšÍi Kivi mgq w` Sentence wU Affirmative nq Zvn‡j bx‡Pi wbqgwU e¨envi Ki‡Z nqt

Structure : Auxiliary Verb/Be verb + n't + Subject + evKx Ask e‡m + cÖkœ‡evaK wPý e‡m|

i) Asser : He can do the work. ii) Asser: He is present in the class. iii) Asser: Smoking is a bad habit.

Int: Can't he do the work? Int: Isn't he present in the class? Int: Isn't smoking a bad habit?

Rule-2: Negative A_©‡evaK Assertive Sentence ‡K Interrogative Kivi mgq Negative kãwU D‡V hvq Ges mvnvh¨Kvix Verb wU cÖ_‡g e‡m|

i) Asser : I shall never forget you ii) Asser: Emon was not irresponsible. iii) Asser: I have never seen him before.

Int: Shall I ever forget you? Int: Was Emon irresponsible? Int: Have I ever seen him before?

Rule-3: mvnvh¨Kvix Verb wenxb Present Indefinite Tense Gi ‡ÿ‡Î Don't / Doesn't + Subject + g~j Verb Gi Base form + evKx Ask + cÖkœ‡evaK wPý Ges Past Indefinite Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î Didn't + Subject + g~j Verb Gi Base form + evKx Ask + cÖkœ‡evaK wPý|

i) Asser : I drink tea. ii) Asser: Robin sings song. iii) Asser: The girl liked him. iv) Asser: I never drink wine.

Int: Don't I drink tea? Int: Doesn't Robin sing song? Int: Didn't the girl like him? Int: Do I ever drink wine?

Rule-4: Ôn¨uv †evaKÕ Assertive sentence-G Subject wn‡m‡e hw` everyday, everyone ev all _v‡K †m‡ÿ‡Î G‡`i cwie‡Z© 'who' e‡m Ges Sentence wU Negative-interrogative-G cwiewZ©Z nq|

i) Asser : Everybody loves his child. ii) Asser: Everyone wishes to be happy.

Int: Who does not love his child? Int: Who does not wish to be happy?

Rule-5: Assertive sentence-G (every) ev all hw` adjective wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, †m‡ÿ‡Î Interrogative sentence G every Ges will Gi ¯’‡j Is there any e¨eüZ nq|

i) Asser : Every mother loves her child. ii) Asser: Every man whishes to be happy.

Int: Who does not love his child? Int: Who does not wish to be happy?

Rule-6: Assertive sentence-G Subject wn‡m‡e hw` Nobody/None ev No-one e¨eüZ nq †m‡ÿ‡Î Nobody/None ev No one-Gi ¯’‡j Sentence Gi cÖ_‡g Who e‡m| Aewkó evK¨vsk AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|

A_ev No body, None I No-one-Gi ¯’‡j Affirmative word e¨eüZ nq Ges Assertive sentence wU Interrogative sentence G cwiewZ©Z nq|

N.B: wb‡¤œ KZ¸‡jv Negative word-Gi Affirmative iƒc †`qv nj:-

i) Asser : None can do this. ii) Asser: Nobody dislikes folowers.

Int: Who can do this? Int: Who dislikes flowers?

Rule-7: Nothing hw` †Kvb Sentence Gi gv‡S Object ev Complement wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, †m‡ÿ‡Î Interrogative sentence G Nothing Gi cwie‡Z© Anything e‡m| wKš‘ Nothing hw` Subject wn‡m‡e Sentence-Gi cÖ_‡g e‡m †m‡ÿ‡Î Nothing D‡V wM‡q Z`¯’‡j What e‡m|

i) Asser : There is nothing in the box. ii) Asser: He knows nothing about it. iii) Asser: Nothing can stop me from doing this.

Int: Is there anything in the box? Int: Does he know anything about it? Int: What can stop me from doing this?

Rule-8: 'There is + no/ nobody/ none' Giƒc structure Abyhvqx MwVZ Sentence ‡K Interrogative sentence-G cwieZ©b Kivi †ÿ‡Î there-Gi cwie‡Z© Sentence-Gi cÖ_‡g who ev what e‡m| AZtci Sentence wU‡K Affirmative-interrogative-Gi cwieZ©b Kiv nq|

i) Asser : There is no use of it. ii) Asser: There is no hope for me. iii) Asser: There is nobody happier than Raju.

Int: What is the use of it? Int: What is the hope for me? Int: Who is happier than Raju?

Rule-9: Nothing but ‡hv‡M MwVZ Negative sentence ‡K Interrogative sentence-G cwieZ©‡bi mgq Nothing D‡V hvq Ges Sentence Gi cÖ_‡g what e‡m|

i) Asser : Our life is nothing but a struggle. ii) Asser: Our life is nothing but a walking shadow.

Int: What is our life but a struggle? Int: What is our life but a walking shadow?

Exclamatory to Assertive

Rule-1 : Exclamatory Sentence-‡K Assertive Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g Subject e‡m + verb e‡m + cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î very/great e‡m + evwK Ask e‡m| †hgb-

Excl : How fine the scenery is!

Asser : The scenery is very fine.

Excl : How beautiful the girl is!

Asser : The girl is very beautiful.

Excl : What a talented by he is!

Asser : He is very talented boy.

Rule-2 : (i) Hurrah hy³ Exclamatory Sentence-‡K Assertive Ki‡Z n‡j Hurrah-Gi cwie‡Z© It is a matter of joy that e‡m + evwK Ask e‡m| †hgb

Excl : Hurrah! We have won the match.

Asser : It is a matter of joy that we have won the match.

(ii) Exclamatory Sentence-wU Alas Øviv ïiæ n‡j Assertive Kivi mgq Alas-Gi cwie‡Z© It is a matter of sorrow that + Alas-Gi c‡ii Ask e‡m| †hgb-

Excl : Alas! He is undone.

Asser : It is a matter of sorrow that he is undone.

Rule-3 : (i) If Øviv Exclamatory Sentence ïiæ n‡j cÖ_‡g subject wn‡m‡e I wish e‡m + wish e‡m + if-Gi c‡ii Ask e‡m| †hgb-

Excl : If were a bird!

Asser : I wish I were a bird.

(ii) Exclamatory Sentence-wU had Øviv ïiæ n‡j cÖ_‡g Subject e‡m + wish e‡m + cybivq subject e‡m + had e‡m + evwK Ask e‡m| †hgb-

Excl : Had I the wings of a bird!

Asser : I wish I had the wings of a bird.

Excl : Had I been a king!

Asser : I wish I had been a king.

Rule-4 : If ev Would that w`‡q Exclamatory Sentence ïiæ n‡j cÖ_‡g cÖ`Ë Subject (I) e‡m + wish + would that-Gi c‡ii Ask e‡m| †hgb-

Excl : Would that I could be a child again!

Asser : I wish I could be a child again.

Miscellaneous Examples:

Exclamatory	Assertive
If I knew this before!	I wish I knew this before.
What a misery is in store for me!	Great misery is in store for me.
How charming!	It (the scenery/ view) is very charming.
Woe to the traitor to this country!	Let woe befall the traitor to this country.
Hurrah! My friend has come.	I rejoice that my friend has come.
Had I but a friend to support me!	I wish I had a friend to support me.
What a dangerous thing a little learning is!	A little learning is a very dangerous thing.
“Capital hit!” Cried out the spectators.	Spectators cried out that it was a capital hit.

Assertive to Exclamatory

Rule-1 : cÖ_‡g what (a/an) how e‡m + Adjective e‡m + Subject e‡m + Verb e‡m + evwK Ask (hw` _v‡K) e‡m + note of exclamation (we¯§qm~PK wPý (!) e‡m)|

D‡jøL : Adjective Gi c~‡e© a/an _vK‡j What a/an e‡m Ges Adjective Gi c~‡e© a/an bv _vK‡j How e‡m|

Asser : I is a good news.

Excl : What a good news!

Asser : The place is very enchanting.

Excl : How enchanting the place is!

Rule-2 : Wish + were hy³ Assertive sentence-‡K Exclamatory Kivi mgq cÖ_g †_‡K wish ch©šÍ ev hvq + I e‡m + evwK Ask e‡m + we¯§qm~PK wPý (!) e‡m|

Asser : I wish I were millionaire.

Excl : If I were a millionaire!

Rule-3 : Wish + had hy³ Assertive sentence-‡K Exclamatory Kivi mgq cÖ_g †_‡K wish ch©šÍ ev` hvq + cÖ`Ë had ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z e‡m + evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K + we¯§qm~PK wPý (!) e‡m| †hgb-

Asser : I wish I had been a magician.

Excl : Had I been a magician!

Rule-4 : Wish + could hy³, Assertive sentence ‡K Exclamatory Kivi mgq cÖ_g †_‡K wish ch©šÍ ev` hvq + D³ ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z would that/if e‡m + evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K + we¯§qm~PK wPý (!) e‡m| †hgb-

Asser : We wish we could be champion.

Excl : Would that we could be champion!

Assertive to Imperative

Rule-1 : Assertive sentence-wU n¨uv †evaK n‡j wb‡Pi wbqgwU e¨eüZ nq-

Structure : cÖ`Ë Sentence-Gi gyj verb Gi present form + cÖ`Ë verb-Gi c‡ii Ask|

Asser : You should do the work.

Imp. : Do the work.

Asser : You speak the truth.

Imp. : Speak the truth.

Asser : You read the book.

Imp. : Please, read the book.

Or, Read the book, please.

Note : wkóZv/f`ªZv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Imperative sentence-Gi cÖ_‡g ev †k‡l please ev kindly e‡m|

Rule-2 : Assertive sentence-wU bv-‡evaK n‡j Imperative-G iƒcvšÍi wbqg-

Structure : Do not/Don’t + cÖ`Ë sentence-Gi g~j Verb Gi Present form + cÖ`Ë verb-Gi c‡ii Ask|

Asser : You do not run in the sun.

Imp. : Do not/Don’t run in the sun.

Asser : You should not go out.

Imp. : Do not/Don’t go out.

Rule-3 : Assertive sentence-wU never hy³ n‡j wb‡Pi wbqgwU e¨eüZ nq-

Structure : cÖ`Ë Never + cÖ`Ë g~j verb-Gi present form + verb Gi c‡ii Ask|

Asser : You should never speak ill of others.

Imp. : Never speak ill of others.

Rule-4 : Assertive sentence-Gi Subject hw` First person ev Third person nq Z‡e Zv‡K wb‡Pi wbq‡g Imperative Ki‡Z nq|

Structure : Let + cÖ`Ë Subject-wUi Objective form + cÖ`Ë sentence-Gi g~j verb ‡_‡K †kl ch©šÍ|

Asser : He plays cricket.

Imp. : Let him play cricket.

Asser : We should go out.

Imp. : Let us go out.

Asser : Mamun sings a song.

Imp. : Let Mamun sing a song.

Rule-5 : First person ev Third person hy³ Assertive Sentence-G not _vK‡j Imperative Kivi wbqg-

Structure : Let cÖ`Ë subject-wUi Objective form + not + cÖ`Ë verb ‡_‡K †kl ch©šÍ|

Asser : We do not hate the poor.

Imp. : Let us not hate the poor.

Asser : Romeo does not tell a lie.

Imp. : Let not Romeo tell a lie.

VOICE

Voice: Verb-Gi †h AvKvi Subject A_ev Object Gi Dci gyL¨fv‡e KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Voice (evP¨) e‡j|

voice `yB cÖKvi h_v:-

1. Active Voice

2. Passive Voice

1. 
   Active Voice: Subject wb‡R mwµq ev Active n‡q †Kvb KvR m¤úbœ K‡i eySv‡j Verb Gi Active Voice nq|
   

†hgb: I like mangoes.

2. 
   Passive Voice: Subject wb‡R †Kvb KvR m¤úbœ bv K‡i wbw¯Œq ev Passive Ae¯’vq †_‡K Ab¨‡K w`‡q m¤úbœ K‡i Gi dj †fvM K‡i eySv‡j, Verb Gi Passive Voice nq| †hgb:
   

Mangoes are liked by me.

mvaviYZ Transitive Verb (mKg©K wµqv)-Gi Voice nq| A_©vr †h wµqvi Object (Kg©v) _v‡K ZviB †Kej Voice nq| Intransitive Verb (AKg©K wµqv) Gi †Kvb Voice nq bv| Z‡e Intransitive Verb Transitive-Gi b¨vq AvPiY Ki‡j Zvi Voice nq| Go, Laugh, Run, Fight, Fly G¸‡jv Intransitive Verb|

Object wPbvi Dcvq:

ev‡K¨i Principal Verb (cÖavb wµqv)-‡K ÔwKÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ w`‡q cÖkœ Kiv n‡j †h DËi cvIqv hv, ZvB Object (Kg©)| †hgb:

He gave me a book.

GLv‡b Gave (w`‡qwQj) wµqv‡K ÔwKÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j A book Ges me G `yÕwU Subject cvIqv hvq|

Voice Change:

Voice Change `yB fv‡e n‡q _v‡K| †hgb:

1. Active Voice n‡Z Passive Voice Ges

2. Passive Voice n‡Z Active Voice

mvaviYZ wb¤œwjwLZ Sentence ¸‡jvi Voice Change n‡q _v‡K|

1. Assertive Sentence.

2. Imperative Sentence.

3. Interrogative Sentence.

4. Optative Sentence

Voice

Present Indefinite Tense/Simple present

Active : Sub+Verb (i)/Verb(s ev es) + object.

Passive : Object+am/is/are+V₃ + preposition+subject.

1. Active: Raz plucks flowers.

Passive: Flowers are plucked by Raz.

2. Active: Newspaper contains a daily news.

Passive: A daily is contained in newspaper.

3. Active: My teacher embodies all the good qualities.

Passive: All the good qualities are embodied in my teacher.

4. Active: I know him.

Passive: He is known to me.

Past Indefinite

Active: Sub+v₂+objcect

passive: Object+was/were+v3+preposition+subject.

Active: He did the work.

Passive: The work was done by him.

Active: The boy sang a song.

Passive: A song was sung by the boy.

Active: He wrote a letter.

Passive: A letter was written by him.

Future Indefinite Tense

Active: Sub+shall/will+v₁+obj.

Passive: Obj+shall be/will be+v₃+preposition+sub.

Active: He will sing a song.

Passive: A song will be sung by him

Active: Father will call me.

Passive: I shall be called by father.

Active: Raz will pluck flowers.

Passive: Flowers will be plucked by Raz.

Present continuous Tense

Active: Sub+am/is/are+v(ing)+obj.

Passive: obj+am being/is being/are being +v₃+preposition+sub.

Active: I am teaching them.

Passive : They are being taught by me.

Active: Mother is cooking food.

Passive: Food is being cooked by mother.

Past continuous Tense

Active: Sub+was/were+v(ing)+object.

Passive: Object+was+being/were being+v₃+preposiotn+sub.

Active: I was reading a book.

Psssive: A book was being read by me.

Active: Emon was drawing a picture.

Passive: A picture was being drawn by Emon.

Future continuous Tense

Active: sub+shall be/will be+v(ing)+obj.

Passive: obj+shall be being/will be being/v₃+preposition

Active: You will be playing football.

Passive: Football will be being played by you

Active: Will be calling her.

Passive: She will be being called by him.

Present Perfect Tense

Active: sub+have/has+v₃+obj.

Passive: obj_have been/has been/v₃+preposition+sub.

Active: You have broken the glass.

Passive: The glass has been broken by you.

Active: He has bought a car.

Passive: A car has been bought by him.

Past perfect Tense

Active: sub+had+v₃+obj.

Passive: obj+had been+v₃+preposition+sub.

Active: He had finished the lesson.

Passive: The lesson had been finished by him.

Active: Jerry had pleased the authoress.

Passive: The authoress had been pleased with Jerry.
Future perfect Tense

Active: Sub+shall have/will have+v₃+obj.

Passive: obj+shall have been/will have been/v₃+preposition+sub.

Active: I shall have done the work.

Passive: The work will have been done by me

Active: He will have played football.

Passive: Football will have been played by him.

Present perfect continuous Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î passive Kivi Rb¨ aus.v-have been being/has been being.

• 
  `y‡Uv Object hy³ Sentence-Gi †h †Kvb GKwU Object- †K Subject wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i passive voice Ki‡Z nq| Avi Aci Object-wU‡K Object iæ‡cB ivL‡Z nq|
  

Note: Passive Voice-G †h Object-wU Object iæ‡c †_‡K hvq, Dnv Retained Object wn‡m‡e MY¨|

Examples:

Active : Mother teaches me Bangla.

Passive: I am taught Bangla by mother.

Active : Father gave me a shirt

Passive: I was given a shirt by father.

• 
  Passive Voice of Reflexive Verb: Passive form: Subject (cÖ`Ë subject)+Tense Abyhvqx be verb-Gi iæc+Vt-Gi P.P. + by + Reflexive Pronoun.
  

Example:

Active : The old woman hurt herself.

Passive: The old woman was hurt by herself.

Active : The woman fans herself.

Passive: The woman is fanned by herself.

• 
  Passive Voice of Factitive Verb:-
  

Note: Factitive Verb-Gi Dcvwam~PK Ojbect-wU Passive-G KLbI subject nq bv|

Passive form: Subject+Auxiliary Verb+V- Gi P.P+object+by+object.

Factitive verb n‡”Q: Name, make, elect, select, call, make, appoint, employ BZ¨vw`|

Examples:

Active : We selected Motiur Rahman captain.

Passive : Motiur Rahman was selected captain by us.

Active : People elected him chairman.

Passive : He was elected chairman.

• 
  Passive Voice of Cognate Verb: -Passive form: Subject+am/is/are/was/were+Vt- Gi P.P+by+object.
  

Examples:

Active :I dreamt a good dream.

Passive : A good dream was dreamt by me.

Active : He swam a good swim.

Passive : A good swim was swum by him.

• 
  Quasi-Passive Verbs with complements.
  

(i) Subject+to be verb+Adjective+when|it/they+’to be’ Vt- Gi P.P.

(ii) Subject+’to be’ verb+ Vt- Gi P.P.+Adjective.

Example:

Active : Honey tastes sweet.

Passive : Honey is sweet when it is tasted.

Active : Stones feel hard.

Passive : Stones are hard when they are felt.

Active : The rose smells sweet.

Passive : The rose is sweet when it is smelt.

Active : The moon looks lovely.

Passive : The moon is lovely when it is looked.

• 
  Quasi-passive verbs without complements MVb: subject+’to be’ verb( is, are, was, were) +being + Transitive Verb- Gi P.P.
  

Example:

Active : The cow is milking.

Passive : The cow is being milked.

Active : The road is being repaired.

Passive : The house is being built.

Active : The flowers are smiling.

Passive : The flowers are being smiled.

• 
  Object e¨ZxZ Sentence:-
  

Note: A‡bK mgq ev‡K¨ Object _v‡K bv| ZLb it ‡K subject wn‡m‡e MY¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Example:

Active : People say.

Passive : It is said.

Active : People Knew.

Passive : It is known to people.

Active : He knows.

Passive : It is known to him.

• 
  Present participle (read+ing=Reading)-Gi c~e©eZ©x evK¨vs‡ki passive voice nq|
  

Example:

Active : I saw the boys drawing pictures.

Passive : The boys were seen drawing pictures.

Active : We found him opening the door.

Passive : He was found opening the door.

• 
  There+’to be’ verb+NP+to+Verb
  

Structure: 1. There is+noun+to be+ Transitive Verb-Gi p.p.

2. There are+Noun+to be+Transitive Verb-Gi p.p.

3. It is time+to be + Transitive Verb-Gi p.p.

Example:

Active : There is a dangerous problem to solve.

Passive : There is a dangerous problem to be solved.

Active : There are a lot of works to do.

Passive : There are a lot of problems to solve.

• 
  “One Should” Passive Kivi wbqg:-
  

Note: One should/one must/one ought to/one is to/one has to/one had to-hy³ sentence-‡K passive Kivi wbqg-

Structure: Active form-Gi Object+should be+Tranitive Verb-Gi p.p.

ev, subject (hvnv Act. obj) + should be+ Transitive Verb-Gi p.p.

Examples.

Active : One should obey one’s elders.

Passive : Elders should be obeyed.

Active : One should spend one’s time properly.

Passive : Time should be spent properly.

• 
  Arrange, demand, decide, determine, agree, promise+To+Verb+Object hy³ Active form evK¨wU passive Kivi wbgq:-
  

Structure: Infinitive-Gi c~e© Ask+that+infinitive-Gi c‡ii Ask+should be+Infinitive- Gi p.p.

Example:

Active : We decided to start tree plantation.

Passive : We decided that tree plantation should be started.

Active : We promised to improve our lot.

Passive : We promised that our lot should be improved.

• 
  Think, consider, believe, understand, suppose, say, find, consider BZ¨vw` verb ¸‡jvi to be verb ev` w`‡qI passive voice Kiv nq|
  

Example:

Active : People think that he is wise.

Passive : It is thought that he is wise.

Active : People believe that he is innocent.

Passive : He is believed to be innocent.

Active : People consider that she is laborious.

Passive : It is considered that she is laborious.

• 
  Interrogative Sentence:
  

1. 
   Do you want a book?
   
2. 
   Does he want a book?
   

Note: Interrogative Sentence-G Auxiliary Verb wn‡m‡e do, does did _vK‡j Passive-Gi MVb wb¤œiæc nq:

(i) Do, does _vK‡j:- passive form: Am/is/are+subject+Vt-Gi past participle+ by/to/at/with+ object,

(ii) ‘Did’ _vK‡j:- Passive form: Were/was+Subject+Vt--Gi past participle+by/to/at/to+object.

Examples:

Active : Do you want a book?

Passive : Is a book wanted by you?

Active : Does he want a book?

Passive : Is a book wanted by him.

• 
  Interrogative Sentence hw` what, which, why, when, where, how” BZ¨vw` A_©vr ‘WH word w`‡q ïiæ nq Z‡e passive n‡e wb¤œiæc:-
  

1 bs: WH word+Auxiliary Verb+Vt-Gi P.P+by/to/at/with+object?

Example:

Active : What does he want?

Passive : What is wanted by him?

Active : What did he want?

Passive : What was wanted by him?

2 bs: WH word+Auxiliary Verb+Subject+Vt-Gi P.P+by+object

Example:

Active : Why do you call me?

Passive : Why am I called by you?

Active : When will you call us?

Passive : When will we be called by you?

• 
  Interrogative Sentences:
  

Active form-G whom _vK‡j Passive form-G who nq|

Directory: wp-content -> uploads -> 2016
2016 -> 2017 afoCo Landmark Scholarship Program
2016 -> Instructions for the Preparation of Camera-Ready Contributions to the Conference Proceedings
2016 -> Step student Scholarships for Year 10-13
2016 -> The united church of canada
2016 -> Idan raichel biography – May 2016 Brief Producer, keyboardist, Lyricist, composer and Performer Idan Raichel
2016 -> An introduction to centre’s interventions expanding access to justice
2016 -> Sanchar Shakti
2016 -> Unit analysis should help here. We want number of bananas
2016 -> The Autobiography of Elder Joseph Bates
2016 -> The Great Heat and the Rhode Island Deep Water Bay Scallop (Argopecten irradians) Fishery 1875-1905