Lines 333-383, the Shade of Palinurus
He saw Leucaspis and Orontes, captain of the Lycian fleet,
there, grieving and lacking honor in death, whom a Southerly
overwhelmed, as they sailed together from Troy on the windswept
waters, engulfing both the ship and crew in the waves.
Behold, there came the helmsman, Palinurus,
who fell from the stern on the Libyan passage,
flung into the midst of the waves, as he watched the star s.
When Aeneas had recognized him with difficulty
sorrowing among the deep shadows, he spoke first, saying:
What god tore you from us, Palinurus, and drowned you
mid-ocean? For in this one prophecy Apollo has misled me,
he whom I never found false before, he said that you would be safe
at sea and reach Ausonia’s shores. Is this the truth of his promise?
But he replied: Phoebus’s tripod did not fail you, Anchises,
my captain, nor did a god drown me in the deep.
By chance the helm was torn from me with violence,
as I clung there, on duty as ordered, steering our course,
and I dragged it headlong with me. I swear by the cruel sea
that I feared less for myself than for your ship,
lest robbed of its gear, and cleared of its helmsman,
it might founder among such surging waves.
The Southerly drove me violently through the vast seas
for three stormy nights: high on the crest of a wave,
in the fourth dawn, I could just make out Italy.
Gradually I swam to shore: grasped now at safety,
but as I caught at the sharp tips of the rocks, weighed down
by my water-soaked clothes, the savage people
attacked me with knives, ignorantly thinking me a prize.
Now the waves have me, and the winds roll me along the shore.
Unconquered one, I beg you, by the sweet light and air of heaven,
by your father, and your hopes in Iulus to come,
save me from this evil: either find Velia’s harbor again
(for you can) and sprinkle earth on me, or if there is some way,
if your divine mother shows you one (since you’d not attempt to sail
such waters, and the Stygian marsh, without a god’s will, I think)
then give this wretch your hand and take me with you through the waves
that at least I might rest in some quiet place in death.
So he spoke, and the priestess began to reply like this:
‘Where does this dire longing of yours come from, O Palinurus?
Can you see the Stygian waters, unburied, or the grim
river of the Furies, Cocytus, or come unasked to the shore?
Cease to hope that divine fate can be tempered by prayer.
But hold my words in your memory, as a comfort in your hardship:
the nearby peoples, from cities far and wide, will be moved
by divine omens to worship your bones, and build a tomb,
and send offerings to the tomb, and the place will have
Palinurus as its everlasting name. His anxiety was quelled
by her words, and, for a little while, grief was banished
from his sad heart: he delighted in the land being so named.
Lines 384-425, Charon and the Styx
384
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Ergo iter inceptum peragunt flvuioque propinquant.
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ergo = therefore, consequently, then, to resume iter, itineris n = journey, route way incipio -ere -cepi -ceptus = to begin, commence, undertake perago, -ere, -egi = to drive through, finish, pursue fluvius, -ii = running water, stream, river propinquo -are = to approach Consequently they persued the journey undertaken and approached the river.
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385
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navita quos iam inde ut Stygia prospexit ab unda
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navita, -ae m. = boatman quos = et eos ut = when prospicio, -ere, -spexi = catch sight of unda -ae = wave, water And when the Stygian boatman caught sight of them then from the water
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386
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per tacitum nemus ire pedemque advertere ripae,
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per + acc = through tacitus -a -um = silent, quiet nemus, nemoris n = grove, wood(s), forest eo, -ire = to go pes, pedis = foot, footstep adverto, -ere = to turn towards, turn to ripa, ripae = river bank, bank that they were going through the silent wood and turning their footsteps to the river bank,
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387
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sic prior adgreditur dictis atque increpat ultro:
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sic = thus prior = (at) first, freely adgredior, -gredi = to step up to, approach, attack dictum, dicti = word increpo (1) = to make a noise, chide, rebuke ultro = to the farther side, besides, in addition, moreover thus first he attacked [them] with these words and rebuked them in addition:
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388
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quisquis es, armatus qui nostra ad flumina tendis,
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quisquis = whoever tendo, -ere = to stretch, extend, hasten, struggle armatus -a -um = armed flumen, fluminis n. = river whoever you are, who are hastening to my river,
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389
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fare age, quid venias, iam istinc et comprime gressum.
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for, fari, fatus = to say, speak tell ago, agere, egi, actus = to drive, lead, do; come fare age = come, tell me quid = cur istinc = from your (present) place, thence iam istinc = now from your present place = where [you are] comprimo -ere = to press together, hold back, restrain gressus, -us m. = walking, step, way, course come, tell me, now from your present place, why are you coming and halt your steps.
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390
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umbrarum hic locus est, somni noctisque soporae:
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umbra -ae = shade, shadow; gloom; ghost, vision locus, loci = place somnium, somnii = dream nox, noctis f = night soporus -a -um = sleepy, drowsy, slumberous This is a place of shadows, of dreams and drowsy night:
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391
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corpora viva nefas Stygia vectare carina.
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corpus, corporis n = body vivus -a -um = living nefas (indec.) n = impiety, crime, wickedness nefas + esse (here understood) = it is not allowed Stygius -a -um = Stygian vecto (1) = to carry, bear, transport, convey carina, -ae = hull, frame (by metonomy = boat, ship) It is not permitted to transport living bodies in the Stygian boat.
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392
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nec vero Alciden me sum laetatus euntem
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nec = nor vero = truly, verily, in truth, indeed Alcides, -ae = descendent of Alcaeus = Hercules laetor, -are, laetatus = to be joyous, be glad, rejoice eo, ire, ivi, itus = to go
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393
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accepisse lacu, nec Thesea Pirithoumque,
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accipio -ere = receive, accept, take lacus, lacus = lake Theseus -ei = Theseus Pirithous -thi = King of the Lapithae and husband of Hippodamia, at whose wedding the famous Battle of Lapiths and Centaurs occurred. nor indeed did I rejoice that I had received Hercules going across the lake, nor Theseus nor Perithous,
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394
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dis quamquam geniti atque invicti viribus essent.
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dis from deus is a dative of reference quamquam = although, even though genitus, geniti = born of, son of, descended from invictus -a -um = unconquerable, invincible vires, virium = strength even though they were born of the gods and invincible in their strength.
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395
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Tartareum ille manu custodem in vincla petivit
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Tartareus -a -um = of Tartarus, Tartarean, infernal ille = that, the former = Hercules (son of Alcaeus) manus, -us f. = hand (manu "by hand" is a pleonasm added for emphasis = mightily, valiantly, in person) custos, custodis c. = guard, watchman = Cerberus vinclum, vincli = chain peto, petere, petivi, petitus = to seek in vincla petivit = he sought into chains = he sought to chain Hercules by hand valiantly sought to chain the Tartarean guardian
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396
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ipsius a solio regis traxitque trementem;
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ipse, ipsa, ipsum = self (modifies regis) solium, solii n. = seat, throne rex, regis m = king (here = Pluto) traho, -ere, traxi, tractus = to drag, draw tremo, -ere, tremui = to shake, quiver, tremble, shudder and drag him trembling from the throne of king [Pluto] himself;
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397
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hi dominam Ditis thalamo deducere adorti.'
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hi = these (latter) ones = Theseus and Pirithous domina -ae = mistress of a household, queen Dis, Ditis m = Pluto, god of the Underworld thalamus, -i = (bridal) chamber, bedchamber, marriage bed decuco, -ere, -duxi = to lead (away) adorior, -oriri, ortus = to rise up to (against), attempt, attack these latter were attempting to lead away Pluto's queen from her bedchamber.'
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398
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quae contra breviter fata est Amphrysia vates:
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quae (n. pl.) = which things, these things contra = against; on the other hand, in reply breviter = briefly for, fari, fatus = to say, speak, tell Amphrysius -a -um = Amphrysian, of the Amphrysius, a river near which Apollo sheltered his flocks vates, vatis c = seer, soothsayer, prophetess In reply the Amphrysian Prophetess briefly said these things:
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399
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nullae hīc insidiae tales (absiste moveri),
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nullus -a -um = no, not any hīc = here insidiae, -arum = treachery, plot talis, tale = such, of such a sort, of such a kind absisto, -ere = to withdraw, depart; cease, desist moveo, -ere = to move, disturb, excite, trouble there [is] no such treachery here (cease to be troubled)
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400
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nec vim tela ferunt; licet ingens ianitor antro
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vis, vis = power, force telum, teli = dart, weapon fero, ferre, tuli, latus = to carry, bear licet, licere, licuit = to be permitted, allowed ingens, ingentis = huge, large, enormous ianitor, -oris = doorkeeper, guard (of some entrance) antrum, antri = cave
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401
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aeternum latrans exsanguis terreat umbras,
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aeternus -a -um = eternal aeternum = adverbial accusative latro (1) = to bark, howl (latrans = howling, barking) exsanguis -e = bloodless, pale, wan; frightened terreo -ere = to terrify umbra, -ae = shade, shadow, gloom; ghost, these weapons bear no force; it is permitted that your huge doorkeeper may territy the bloodless shades howling eternally from his cave,
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402
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casta licet patrui servet Proserpina limen.
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castus -a -um = chaste patruus, -rui = uncle servo (1) = to guard, protect Proserpina -ae = Persephone limen, liminis n = threshold chaste Persephone is permitted to protect her uncle's threshold.
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403
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Troius Aeneas, pietate insignis et armis,
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Troius -a -um = Trojan pietas, pietatis f = devotion to duty, dutiful, piety insignis -e = distinguished, conspicuous, famous arma, -orum = equipment, arms; strife, war Aeneas the Trojan, distinguished in his devotion to duty and warfare,
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404
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ad genitorem imas Erebi descendit ad umbras.
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genitor, genitoris = a begetter, father, sire imus -a -um > suplative of inferus = low, deep, lowly Erebus, Erebi = god of darkness; darkness descendo -ere = to go down umbra -ae = shade, shadow, gloom; ghost, phantom is going down to the deepest shadows of Erebus, to his father.
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405
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si te nulla movet tantae pietatis imago,
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nullus -a -um = no, not any moveo, -ere = to move tantus -a -um = of such size, so great, such imago, imaginis f = imitation, copy, image, idea, shape If such an image of such piety does not move you,
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406
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at ramum hunc' (aperit ramum qui veste latebat)
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at = but, yet, still; at least ramus, rami = branch aperio, -ire = to open, uncover, show, reveal, disclose vestis, vestis = garment, clothing, robe lateo, latere, latui = lie hidden, be hidden, hide from
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407
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'agnoscas.' tumida ex ira tum corda residunt;
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agnosco, -ere, agnovi = know (again), recognize, mark tumidus -a -um = swelling, swollen, surging ira, irae = anger cor, cordis n = heart resido -ere = to sit down, settle down, subside at least recognize this branch (she uncovered the branch which was hidden in her robe). Then his swollen heart subsided from its anger;
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408
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nec plura his. ille admirans venerabile donum
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plura = more nec [dicta sunt] plura his = to these things no mare was said admiror -ari, admiration = to admire, marvel at venerabilis -e = worthy (of reverence), venerable, holy donum, doni = gift
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409
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fatalis virgae longo post tempore visum
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fatalis, -e = ordained by fate, fateful fated, destructive virga, virgae = twig, branch, wand, staff, rod longus -a -um = long post = after (use adverbially) “after a long time” tempus, temporis n = time video, -ere, visi, visus = to see He admired the venerable gift of fateful twigs seen after a long time
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410
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caeruleam advertit puppim ripaeque propinquat.
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caerulaeus -a -um = blue, dark adverto, -ere = to turn towards puppis, puppis f = stern (of a ship); ship ripa, ripae = river bank, bank propinquo (1) to come near, draw near, approach and turned his dark skiff toward the bank and approached [them].
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411
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inde alias animas, quae per iuga longa sedebant,
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inde = then alius -a -um = other anima -ae = soul iugum, iugi = ridge, yoke; (on a boat = bench) sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessus = to sit
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412
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deturbat laxatque foros; simul accipit alveo
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deturbo (1) = to thrust down, fling (away), dislodge laxo (1) = to make wide, undo, open (up) clear forus, fori = gangway, passageway (in a ship) Then he dislodged the other souls who were sitting along the long benches and cleared the gangway; simul = at the same time accipio, -ere = to accept, receive alveus, alvei = a hollow, cavity; deep vessel, boat, channel
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413
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ingentem Aenean. gemuit sub pondere cumba
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ingens, ingentis = huge, large, enormous, giant, mighty at the same time he received mighty Aeneas into the vessel. gemeo, -ere, gemui = to groan pondus, ponderis n = weight, load cumba, -ae = light craft, skiff, small boat
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414
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sutilis et multam accepit rimosa paludem.
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sutilis -e = sewed, stiched = lightly built (in ref to cumba) rimosus -a -um = full of chinks, leaky understand cumba a second time with rimosa palus, paludis f = (standing) water, (marsh) water, pool The lightly built small boat groaned under the weight and the leaky boat received much marshy water.
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415
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tandem trans fluvium incolumis vatemque virumque
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tandem = at last fluvius, fluvi (-ii) = running water, stream, river incolumis -e = safe vatis, vatis c = seer, prophet, prophetess, priest(ess) virum > from vir = hero
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416
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informi limo glaucaque exponit in ulva.
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informis -e = formless, shapeless, unstable, hideous limus, limi = slime, mud, mire glaucus -a -um = bright, gleaming, (bluish) green (gray) expono -ere, -posui = to put on, place ulva, -ae = sedge, sedge grass, marsh (grass) At last across the river he placed the priestess and the hero safe on the unstable mud and the blue gray sedge grass.
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417
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Cerberus haec ingens latratu regna trifauci
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ingens, ingentis = huge latratus, -us = barking, baying regnum, regni = kingdom, land trifaucis -e = triple-throated
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418
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personat adverso recubans immanis in antro.
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persono (1) = to make something ring (resound) adversus -a -um = opposite, facing immanis -e = immense, enormous, monstrous recubo (1) = to lie back, lie at ease, recline, crouch antrum, antri n. = cave Huge Cerberus makes these regions resound with his triple throated barking crouching monstrously in his cave opposite.
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419
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cui vates horrere videns iam colla colubris
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horreo -ere = to stand on end, shudder, bristle, horrere is a complementary infinitive and is best translated as a participle, bristling or standing. video, -ere = to see iam = now collum, colli = neck coluber, colubri = snake (colubris = acc. pl.) to which the priestess seeing the snakes (to bristle) bristling now on his neck
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420
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melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam
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mel, mellis n. = honey soporatus -a -um = sleepy, drowsy; opiate, narcotic medico = to heal by drugs, drug, steep, medicate frux, frugis = fruit of the earth, grain; meal offa, offae = bit, morsel, cake, pellet
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421
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obicit. ille fame rabida tria guttura pandens
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obicio -ere = to throw she threw him a cake, a opiate with honey and with drugged meal. fames, famis f = hunger rabidus, -a -um = raving, raging, furious, frenzied guttur, gutturis n. = throat, gullet pando -ere = to spread out, lay (open), open, disclose
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422
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corripit obiectam, atque immania terga resolvit
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corripio -ere = to seize, grasp, carry away, snatch obicio -ere = to throw (obiectam is feminine accusative because it refers to offam (l. 420) = that which she threw) Opening his three throats with rabid hunger he seized that which she threw, atque = and immanis -e = immense, enormous, fierce tergum, tergi = back resolvo -ere = to untie, loosen, open, relax, flex
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423
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fusus humi totoque ingens extenditur antro.
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fundo -ere, fudi, fussus = to pour (out), spread, outstretch humus, humi = ground (humi here is locative) totus -a -um = all, every extendo, -ere = to spread, extend and he loosened his immense back outstretched on the ground and his huge [mass] spread through all the cave.
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424
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occupat Aeneas aditum custode sepulto
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occupo (1) to occupy aditus, aditus m = entrance custos, custodis = guard sepilio, -ire, -ivi, sepultus = to bury; overcome custode sepulto = ablative absolute With the guard having been overcome Aeneas gained entrance
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425
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evaditque celer ripam inremeabilis undae.
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evado -ere = to go out, pass beyond, escape inremeabilis -e = admitting of no return unda -ae = wave; water and quickly passed beyond the bank of the water of no return.
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Lines 426-449, Beyond the Acheron
Immediately a loud crying of voices was heard, the spirits
of weeping infants, whom a dark day stole at the first
threshold of this sweet life, those chosen to be torn
from the breast, and drowned in bitter death.
Nearby are those condemned to die on false charges.
Yet their place is not ordained without the allotted jury:
Minos, the judge, shakes the urn: he convenes the voiceless court,
and hears their lives and sins. Then the next place
is held by those gloomy spirits who, innocent of crime,
died by their own hand, and, hating the light, threw away
their lives. How willingly now they’d endure
poverty and harsh suffering, in the air above!
Divine Law prevents it, and the sad marsh and its hateful
waters binds them, and nine-fold Styx confines them.
Not far from there the Fields of Mourning are revealed,
spread out on all sides: so they name them.
There, those whom harsh love devours with cruel pining
are concealed in secret walkways, encircled by a myrtle grove:
even in death their troubles do not leave them.
Here Aeneas saw Phaedra, and Procris, and sad Eriphyle,
displaying the wounds made by her cruel son,
Evadne, and Pasiphae: with them walked Laodamia,
and Caeneus, now a woman, once a young man,
returned by her fate to her own form again.
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