All their disads are non-unique – a Privatization’s inevitable internationally
Georgia’s economy underpins its military bases—that’s key to overall national security—empirics prove
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- ***GENERIC 2ac – regional econ – i/l – efficiency Burton 7
- 2ac – regional econ – i/l – budgets It revitalizes local budgets Burton 7
- That’s key MDN 14
- 2ac – regional econ – i/l – stimulus Privatization of regional airport Frischling 11
Georgia’s economy underpins its military bases—that’s key to overall national security—empirics prove NGE, 14—staff of New Georgia Encyclopedia, citing Todd Womack of the Wiregrass Historical Society, "World War I in Georgia," New Georgia Encyclopedia, www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/world-war-i-georgia)//twemchen Georgia played a significant role during America's participation in World War I (1917-18). The state was home to more training camps than any other state and by the war's end had contributed more than 100,000 men and women to the war effort. Georgia also suffered from the effects of the influenza pandemic, a tragic maritime disaster, local political fights, and wartime homefront restrictions. War Sentiment in Georgia As Two soldiers from the Twenty-eighth Division stand guard in 1917 at Camp Hancock, just outside Augusta. During World War I (1917-18), Georgia was an important area for military training. Camp Hancock newspaper headlines around the world reported the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914, Georgia papers paid very little attention to the news. The assassination provoked an immediate response from several European countries, however, all of whom were concerned about the growing political instability and the possible shift in power on the continent. In early August, hardly a month later, war broke out in Europe after Germany attacked Belgium. U.S. president Woodrow Wilson was determined to keep the United States out of the conflict. On August 19 he delivered a speech defining America's stance on the war. "Every man who really loves America," he said, "will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality, which is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all concerned.... The United States must be neutral in fact as well as in name." Nearly a year later, the torpedoing of the transatlantic liner Lusitania on May 7, 1915, caused little outcry in Georgia, although voices from the North were quick to call for America's entry into the war. Hoke Smith, a U.S. senator from Georgia, said that war was not needed to avenge the deaths of a few "rich Americans" who had gone down with the ship. Local newspapers in Savannah and Athens also warned the public against hastily supporting the case for war, which had already hurt the state's economy. A curtain of Royal Navy ships, forming the British blockade of Europe, prevented Georgia cotton, tobacco, timber, and naval stores from reaching potentially lucrative German and Austrian markets. The events of the war also contributed in large part to what is known as the Great Migration, during which African Americans moved from the South to urban areas in the North. New war-related jobs suddenly available in northern cities, coupled with the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan and mass lynchings across the South, spurred this flight. The Great Migration reached its peak between 1915 and 1930, by which time Georgia had lost more than 10 percent of its black population. The Declaration of War and the Selective Service Act On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war on Germany, thereby entering World War I. For about two years, Georgia's newspapers had been writing against the war because of its negative impact on the state's economy. Yet almost overnight the media changed their tune, becoming anti-German and strongly patriotic. War fervor in Georgia sometimes raged to the immediate detriment of common sense. Soon state newspapers were warning readers to be on the "lookout for German spies." Taking a break from their training exercises, doughboys (infantrymen) at Camp Gordon pick a row of cotton in 1917. Camp Gordon, located northeast of Atlanta in Chamblee, was a large training camp during World War I. Camp Gordon The loyalty of some Georgians suddenly became suspect: state labor leaders, teachers, farmers, and foreign immigrants were scrutinized for their "patriotism." Dirt farmers, especially the ones who still professed Populist leanings, were pressured into buying war bonds, signing "Declarations of Loyalty," and draping American flags over their plows while they worked. The state school superintendent encouraged all students and teachers to take a loyalty oath and to plant and tend what would become known as "liberty gardens"; teachers stopped covering German history, art, and literature for fear of being thought disloyal. Loyalty pledges and flag-waving aside, President Wilson soon realized that volunteerism alone could not sustain an army capable of defeating Germany, so on May 18, 1917, he approved the Selective Draft Act (popularly known as the Selective Service Act) to remedy the problem. On June 5 all of Georgia's and the nation's eligible men, of ages twenty-one to thirty, were required to register for the draft. Many white men in Georgia sought to prevent black men from being drafted. As in the Civil War, when some planters refused to loan their slaves to the Confederate government for various kinds of war work, some land-owning whites in 1917 refused to allow their black sharecroppers to register for the draft or to report for duty once they had been called. Many black men were arrested and placed in camp stockades for not heeding draft notices that they had never received from landowners. Selective Service officials blamed Georgia's white planters for many such delinquency issues; for most of the war, local draft boards "resisted sending healthy and hard-working black males" because they were needed in the cotton fields and by the naval stores industry. The very idea of conscription was abhorrent to many Georgians, including U.S. senator Thomas Hardwick, Rebecca Latimer Felton, and Thomas E. Watson. Watson even challenged the Selective Draft Act in federal court, when he announced his intentions of defending two black men who were jailed in Augusta for failing to register for the draft. Donations poured in to help support the case. On August 20, 1917, the trial took place outdoors in order to accommodate the large crowd that came to hear the old Populist's oratory. In the end the judge upheld the constitutionality of the act, and more than 500,000 men were registered in Georgia. Federal Installations and War Camps The state had The 106th Field Signal Battalion marches near Camp Wheeler in Macon, circa 1918. During World War I Camp Wheeler was one of the largest war-training camps in Georgia. 106th Field Signal Battalion five major federal military installations when the United States entered the war in 1917. The oldest garrison was Fort McPherson, located south of Atlanta, which opened in 1889; the newest was Fort Oglethorpe, constructed near the Tennessee border just a few years after the Spanish-American War in 1898. Fort Screven, a large coastal artillery station on Tybee Island, guarded the entrance to the Savannah River. Augusta housed both the South's oldest federal arsenal, the Arsenal at Augusta, and the army's second military airfield, Camp Hancock. Georgia had many war-training camps as well. The large national army cantonment at Camp Gordon, The Savannah Volunteer Guards occupy tents at Fort Screven in 1917, when the United States entered World War I. Built on Tybee Island from 1885 to 1897, Fort Screven was one of the state's five major military installations at that time. Fort Screven which opened in July 1917, was located in Chamblee, northeast of Atlanta, and was the training site of the famous Eighty-second All-American Division. The division included men from several different states, but Georgians made up almost half its number. National Guard training camps were based in Augusta and Macon; Augusta's Camp Hancock was home to the Twenty-eighth Keystone Division, while Camp Wheeler in Macon hosted the Thirty-first Dixie Division, which was entered by almost all of Georgia's National Guard. Eventually more than 12,000 Georgians were active in the Thirty-first. Specialist camps, such as Camp Greenleaf for military medical staff, Camp Forrest for engineers, and Camp Jesup for Transport Corps troops, were scattered around the state. At Souther Field, located northeast of Americus, a flight school trained almost 2,000 military pilots for combat in the skies over France. The Otranto Disaster On the morning of September 25, 1918, about 690 doughboys (infantrymen), mostly Georgians from Fort Screven, boarded the old British liner Otranto, which set sail with a large Allied convoy bound for England. The Otranto was a medium-sized, prewar passenger liner that, like so many others, had been pressed into military service by the British Royal Navy. The tragic 1918 sinking of the British Otranto upset many Georgia communities. Nearly every county in the state lost at least one man when the ship went down off the coast of Scotland. Otranto As the convoy entered the Irish Sea on October 6, still a day from port, the storm became worse, with gale-force winds. A tremendous wave struck the Kashmir, a converted troopship within the convoy, causing it to break ranks and veer hard. It rammed at full steam into the unsuspecting Otranto and caused severe damage to the liner. With a gaping hole in her side and a loss of power, the Otranto was helpless against the strong, storm-driven current, and she began to drift toward the nearby Scottish island of Islay and its rocky coast. The Otranto began to sink slowly before a huge wave pushed the ship onto Islay's rocks. The ship broke apart and quickly sank. Approximately 370 men were killed, an estimated 130 of whom were Georgians. Influenza In late September 1918, new draftee replacements for the Fort Screven Coast Artillery units began reporting to the infirmary seriously ill. Within a few days, it became clear that the men had contracted the dreaded Spanish flu. On October 1 the number of ill at Augusta's Camp Hancock jumped from 2 to 716 in just a few hours. The next day, Camp Gordon near Atlanta reported that 138 soldiers had contracted the virus. On October 5 Camp Hancock was quarantined with 3,000 cases of flu, but the quarantine came too late, as 47 cases had already reached the nearby city; by evening, more than 50 soldiers were dead, while many more had contracted pneumonia. Though seriously affected by the Spanish flu epidemic, Georgia escaped the massive numbers of sick and dying counted in other states along the East Coast. Remembering the War World War I officially ended on November 11, 1918, known as Armistice Day. Most Americans wanted to remember the war and the sacrifice of the men who had fought in it. This spirit of remembrance led to Armistice Day being recognized as a new national holiday. The tragic sinking of the HMS Otranto had stunned many Georgia communities, perhaps none more than the small town of Nashville. The seat of a sparsely populated and agricultural Berrien County, Nashville lost twenty residents in the Otranto sinking and another twenty-seven young men to combat or disease. At the war's end, the citizens of Nashville decided to erect a monument honoring the community's fallen heroes. Sculptor Ernest M. Viquesney, an Indiana native living in nearby Americus, designed a statue of A 1920s postcard depicts Ernest M. Viquesney's sculpture, Spirit of the American Doughboy, which stands in downtown Waycross. Viquesney produced more than 150 of these statues for towns across Georgia between 1921 and 1943. Spirit of the American Doughboy an American doughboy in combat. The seven-foot-tall bronze soldier stands in bronze mud amid broken stumps and tangles of barbed wire. The town of Nashville paid $5,000 for the public sculpture, which was first unveiled in Americus in November 1921. As word of Viquesney's statue spread, representatives from other towns visited Americus to see the monument. New orders poured in, and Viquesney went into business, making the statues he now called the Spirit of the American Doughboy. The sculptor would go on to produce more than 150 statues between 1921 and 1943 and deliver them to towns all across the nation. In 1922 two of America's war dead received special recognition and a large memorial site in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. These fallen young men represented America's Unknown and Known Soldiers, comprising the nation's unknown or missing dead and all of the known troops killed during World War I. Congress chose Rome's Charles Graves, who had been killed in combat at the age of eighteen and buried with full military honors in France, to be America's Known Soldier, and plans were made to create a monument and coordinate his reburial in Arlington. Graves's mother, however, wanted him buried at the family cemetery near Rome. Congress honored the mother's wishes and sent the body to Georgia. The following year, Graves was buried once again, this time in a more prominent memorial at Rome's Myrtle Hill Cemetery. Later, three World War I machine guns were placed around the site to "guard" Charles Graves for eternity. The city planted thirty-four magnolia trees around the cemetery to honor each of Floyd County's lost lives. ***GENERIC 2ac – regional econ – i/l – efficiency Burton 7 – J.D. Candidate 2008, SMU Dedman School of Law (Casey Burton, Summer 2007, “An analysis of the proposed privatization of Chicago’s Midway airport,” 72 J. Air L. & Com. 597, Lexis)//twemchen The second advantage to airport privatization is that the private lessor will operate the airport more efficiently, thereby reducing the overall cost to society. There are two parts to this advantage - increasing the customer satisfaction and decreasing the operating costs. Although one could argue that one or the other of these measures of efficiency is more important, the ability of the private sector to decrease operating costs is more quantifiable. For example, the Indianapolis Airport, which is publicly owned but privately managed by BAA, has been able to cut an enormous amount of cost out of the groundside operations of the airport by switching to private management. 113 In fact, if BAA does not save the city of Indianapolis $ 140 million over the ten year contract, BAA will not earn any profit. 114 Clearly the initial contract period benefited both parties, as BAA continues to manage the Indianapolis Airport and the cooperation between the two entities has consistently been hailed as a success story for airport privatization in the United States. 115 As [*615] further proof that this relationship is seen as a success, other cities were quick to follow suit, engaging BAA and other foreign companies with experience in managing airports to run the commercial operations inside the airport. 116 One area of increased revenue is the ability of privatized airports to think outside the box; privatized airports are more likely to develop malls or other shopping centers in and around the airport property, as well as create new profit areas such as hotels. 117 While no economic studies have yet been done on the private operation and management of American airports (because it is a relatively new phenomenon), European airports have now been privatized long enough to allow the performance of economic analyses. 118 In a 2005 study comparing European private airports to those owned and operated by a government entity, private airports were found to operate at a significantly lower cost per passenger or unit of cargo. 119 Further, it was found that private airports have a higher revenue to expenditure ratio, and the return on assets was much higher. 120 In order to show the veracity of the results, statistics were run on the privatized airports to see whether they performed better before or after privatization, and eight out of the twelve significant indicators pointed to post-privatization as the better result. 121 While looking to see if privatization increases the return of airlines and airport operators, it is also important to see how the decision to privatize affects the users of the airport. Things like efficient terminal design, amenities useful to the traveling passenger, and quick check-in all contribute to the convenience or inconvenience to a traveler, which, in the overall scheme, can weigh heavily on the productivity of the economy. 122 If the traveler is forced to wait at long lines for check-in or is forced to walk long distances to gates, this adds to the price that he pays for the ticket in lost opportunities; if airports can become more responsive to passenger needs and wants by providing more desirable services at the airport, the airport system will become [*616] more efficient. 123 One study found that privatized airports were statistically more likely to be responsive to passengers than their government-owned counterparts, meaning that privatized airports generally did more to accommodate their passengers than the government airports with which they were competing. 124 This advantage to privatization should not be overlooked, as the government regulates airports to help the flying public, but if the flying public could be better served by allowing private entities to run airports, it would be a disservice to continue the government ownership. 2ac – regional econ – i/l – budgets It revitalizes local budgets Burton 7 – J.D. Candidate 2008, SMU Dedman School of Law (Casey Burton, Summer 2007, “An analysis of the proposed privatization of Chicago’s Midway airport,” 72 J. Air L. & Com. 597, Lexis)//twemchen As previously mentioned, under the pilot program, revenue earned by the government owner through the sale or lease of an airport may be exempted from the requirement that revenue earned from airport operations cannot be diverted from airport uses. 125 Because such a diversion of revenue is allowed under the pilot program, there is now an incentive for the government operator to sell or lease an interest in the airport. 126 Proceeds received from privatization can potentially be enormous, as seen when Australia's airports were recently leased for over $ 3 billion. 127 It has been predicted that the Midway privatization would likely fetch a price greater than the $ 1.8 billion received for selling the Chicago Skyway, and the price, based on recent deals for other airports, could end up in the $ 2-$ 3 billion range. 128 Adding such huge amounts to the budget seems like it should be appealing to many local and state governments, which are the main owners of airports in the United States. Such a windfall could be put to use in a variety of ways, such as improving infrastructure in other parts of the state, servicing debt on budget deficits, lowering taxes, or any number of other goals for which the government lacked the funds. Another advantage of privatization would be that if the privatized airports were no longer eligible to receive federal grants, subsidies, and tax exemptions, the budget position of the governments [*617] would be augmented by increased revenues combined with decreased expenditures. 129 By privatizing, there is already a reduced dependence on grants and subsidies, and a rule that would eliminate grant and subsidy aid to private airports would aid in the budget position to a greater extent. 130 Further, with airports as public entities, cities, states and the federal government are foregoing money that could be collected in taxes because the government property and revenues are tax-exempt. For example, once an airport is privatized, the lessor will have to pay income tax on the profits made, and would potentially have to pay an additional property tax for the airport property, all of which would make a potentially enormous contribution to budget shortfalls. That’s key MDN 14 – Metrowest Daily News (8/7/14, “WARD 3: Candidates' Question of the Week,” http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/article/20140807/NEWS/140807569)//twemchen Second, I would improve future city budgets, making them real citywide budgets, while maintaining excellent schools. I would work to reduce public education expenditures from the current overwhelming approximately 60 percent of the current budget to a more balanced distribution of funding. I would start with an aggressive cost reduction approach to the new union negotiations. Barbara Brousal-Glaser We moved to Newton when my younger daughter was two, and our experience in this community and in the public schools has inspired me. If elected, I hope to bring my passion for the city to bear on many issues. People all over the city are feeling the squeeze – literally – of small homes being torn down and much larger ones being built in their place. Sometimes where zoning calls for a two-family house, developers are building four- and six-unit structures closer to their neighbors than by-right zoning allows. I would like to find a way for Newton to follow the rules agreed upon for new construction, or rethink them if they are not working to preserve our neighborhoods. I also want to see West Newton Square become more hospitable to pedestrians of all abilities; we need to make it a safer and more beautiful village center. Maria Manning Our city of Newton is an amazing place to live, work, and play. The unique and special characteristics of Ward 3 have increased residential demand and driven multi faceted investment proposals in our community. In order to enable long term sustainable development, as the Ward 3 Alderman, I would strive to create a holistic strategic development plan to balance economic development, environmental protection, and social objectives to meet the needs of today without compromising the quality of life for future generations. Additional focus - improve the financial health of Newton. Moody’s AAA bond rating summary cited "The stable outlook reflects Newton's improving financial position despite still limited reserves, conservative long-range projections, implementation of the city's financial guidelines, and the stability of the regional economy." 2ac – regional econ – i/l – stimulus Privatization of regional airport Frischling 11 – staff writer at Flying with Fish, Boarding Area (Steven Frischling, 1/29/11, “TSA Screening Partnership Program & Why Its Important,” http://flyingwithfish.boardingarea.com/2011/01/29/tsa-screening-partnership-program-why-its-important/)//twemchen Aside from cost analysis, airports participating in the Screening Partnership Program have stated they believed “private screeners would provide better customer service” and they “decided to continue using private screeners because of their satisfactory experience.” More important than customer service issues, multiple experts with access to the U.S. Government Accountability Office’s audit of Screening Partnership Program airports have stated these airports scored higher than TSA operated airports during random checks of the effectiveness of their security performance. The big issue for airports participating in the Screening Partnership Program is having competitive advantage in an enhanced customer experience. With the TSA overseeing passenger screening, when problems occur an airport has no recourse over the TSA and no recourse over the discipline or termination of a screener. With a private security contractor, an airport has the ability to see that a screener is disciplined, terminated, or even sever its ties with a security contracting firm. With private contractor screeners knowing they are accountable, and security firms knowing that multi-million dollar contracts are at stake, security performance is enhanced … and the passenger experience is enhanced. Private security firms are excellent at meeting the requirements for airport security, while also meeting an airport and airline need to keep passengers happy. One of the top reasons people choose not to fly over the past few years is the airport security experience. If airports can create a customer experience that is superior, they can attract more passengers, potentially recruiting passengers away from competing airports. When airports attract new flyers, or recruit them from competing airports, it increases revenue that goes back into the local economy, employs more people at the airport and can make up for the ‘streamlined’ 14.5% cost difference between TSA operated security and private contractor security under the Screening Partnership Program. The Screening Partnership Program offers other operational benefits for aviation security on the whole. As Screening Partnership Program contractors must operate under strict TSA guidelines, generally with a higher proficiency rate since their job security is tied to performance, the ability to the more flexible in response to real threats is better enabled. Corporate run airport security offers a quicker turn around in training and a faster reaction to mandates, with less red tape and interference from performing their duties. TSA Administrator John Pistole wants the TSA to “evolve into a more agile, high-performing organization,” the way to do this is by partnering with private entities. Directory: file -> view view -> Western Europe after wwii view -> Author study: paul fleischman view -> Qpa1 7ela study Guide view -> Arctic Oil/Gas Neg view -> November 1970 Approximately 150,000-500,000 deaths Bhola Cyclone Bangladesh view -> Grade Level: 6 Unit of Study: Caribbean glce view -> Citation: Duffield, Katy view -> Table of Contents Lesson # view -> Chinese Wind Energy Disad Download 1.61 Mb. Share with your friends:
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