Naming of Complex Articulations

Naming of Complex Articulations

To add a further complication, when the primary articulator is the tongue then the name of the articulation is most often taken from the passive articulator that the tongue articulates with (e.g. alveolar, velar, etc.). Sometimes the name of the articulation is modified by the part of the tongue being used (e.g. "apico-dental" versus "lamino-dental"), but only when that extra information is necessary. This means that we could potentially talk about complex articulations with names like "pharyngealised apico-dental".

Types of Complex Articulation

Labialisation

Simultaneous Labialisation

Simultaneous labialisation is the protrusion or rounding of the lips at the same time as the primary articulation. This may be used phonemically when it contrasts with a neutral or spread lip posture which would be the normal or default posture for this type of primary sound. Simultaneous labialisation can be used contrastively or may be only contextual labialisation. For example, consonants adjacent to rounded vowels may be rounded through coarticulation with the lip posture of that sound. For example, in English [s] will most often be labialised [sʷ] when surrounded by rounded vowels (eg. [ʉː]) in sequences such as "two suits".

Transcription

Simultaneous labialisation is transcribed by placing a superscript "w" symbol ʷ to the right of the sound being labialised.

eg. [sʷ], [kʷ], [lʷ]

Some phoneticians have used a "w" placed under the symbol of the sound being labialised. This does not appear to be supported by the latest IPA standard and will not be used in this course.

Transitional Labialisation

In transitional labialisation the lip rounding or protrusion only becomes evident in the later part of the sound being labialised. This phenomenon most commonly occurs when a sound is followed by a lip rounded or protruded sound (such as [w] or [u]) and occurs because of coarticulation with that sound. Such examples are generally not phonemic, but rather are allophones of the normally unlabialised phoneme.

Transcription

Transitional labialisation is transcribed by placing a superscript "w" symbol ʷ to the right of the sound being labialised.

eg. [sʷ], [kʷ], [lʷ]

Palatalisation

Simultaneous Palatalisation

In simultaneous palatalisation the front of the tongue is raised to approximate the tongue position for the vowel [i] below the hard palate. This is a secondary articulation for a sound which has a primary articulation anterior to the hard palate, such as alveolar, dental and labial articulations. Simultaneous palatalisation very often occurs as a result of co-articulation when a sound with an anterior primary articulation is uttered adjacent to palatal consonants such as [ j] or high front vowels such as [i]. For example, in English, the [p] in the words "peel" (/piːl/) and "pure" (/pjʊə/) can be pronounced with either simultaneous or transitional palatalisation. In English the consonant [l] is usually pronounced with palatalisation when it precedes a vowel at the beginning of a syllable (this is generally referred to as the "clear l").

Transcription

Clark and Yallop show simultaneous palatalisation as being transcribed with a subscript "j" following the symbol of the primary articulation, as in [l_j]. This does not appear to be supported by the recent IPA standards and will not be used in this course. Instead, the IPA recommended superscript "j" will be used to indicate both simultaneous and transitional palatalisation, as follows:-

eg. [lʲ] [pʲ]

Pharyngealisation

Secondary pharyngealisation appears to be always simultaneous with lingual primary articulations and involves an adjustment of the tongue body. Only simultaneous secondary pharyngealisation appears to be used contrastively in human language. It may be possible, however, for co-articulatory forces to result in transitional pharyngealisation of a bilabial such as [b] when followed (probably across a word or syllable boundary) by the pharyngeal fricative [ʕ] in a language such as Arabic.

Transcription

The IPA standard recommends a superscript "ʕ" following the symbol of the sound being pharyngealised.

eg. [sˁ] [tˁ] [dˁ]

Examples

Arabic has a number of normal and pharyngealised ("emphatic") consonant pairs (n.b. for some Arabic dialects the secondary articulation is velar). The consonant pairs are [s, sˁ], [z, zˁ], [t, tˁ], [d, dˁ]. Below are examples for [s, sˁ] only.
[sad]	"to prevail"		[sˁ]	name of the letter

Co-ordinate or Double Articulation

Co-ordinate or double articulations occur when two simultaneous articulations of the same stricture occur simultaneously. Double articulations are most commonly double stops (both double oral stops and double nasal stops), typically involving a simultaneous lingual and a non-lingual stop articulation. There are also some (very rare) examples of double fricative articulations. One could also call the very common labial-velar approximant [w] a double articulation, in this case a double approximant, as the labial and the velar articulations both have the same stricture, approximant stricture.

Naming Double Articulations

Since double articulations consist of two primary articulations it is not appropriate to talk of "labialised velar stops" or "velarised labial stops" when talking of a double labial and velar stop. The normal name for such a double stop would be a "labial-velar stop". You will sometimes see a term like "labio-velar stop". Such a name appears to be too similar to names like "apico-dental" where the first part of the name refers to the active articulator and the second part of the name refers to the passive articulator of a single primary articulation. The term "labio-velar" might, therefore, be seen to imply an impossible combination of active and passive articulators. The published IPA standard refers to "labial-velar" approximants and fricatives and so it seems desirable to use a similar terminology with the double stop articulations.

nb. It is customary to place the name of the non-lingual articulation before the lingual articulation.

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