American history (Full all chapters) Summary
Chapter 4: Timeline of Events
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- 1739 George Whitefield and the Great Awakening
- 1743 Benjamin Franklin Founds American Philosophical Society
Chapter 4: Timeline of Events1700-1714 New Hudson River Valley Manors Created English governors granted titles to vast manorial estates along the Hudson River Valley to a few elite families. The control these, the families forced small farmers into tenancy, which dissuaded new migrants from settling in the area. 1720s German and Scots-Irish Migration Beginning in the 1720s and increasing through the 1750s, thousands of Germans, Scots, and Irish arrived in Pennsylvania. Though some came as indentured servants, the majority arrived with enough resources to purchase land and become farmers. Most settled across the western parts of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, where they acquired land and maintained their own cultural and social practices within a pluralistic society. Theodore Jacob Frelinghuysen Holds Revivals Frelinghuysen was among the first preachers to lead religious revivals in the colonies. A Dutch minister, he traveled from congregation to congregation among the German immigrants of the middle colonies, exhorting them to fervency with his emotional sermons. Enlightenment ideas Spread from Europe In the 1730s, the first influences of the European cultural movement called the Enlightenment reached the American colonies. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that advocated the use of reason to analyze, understand, and change the natural and human world. In the colonies it quickly transformed what well-educated Americans thought about religion, science, and politics. 1730s More Religious Revivals William and Gilbert Tennett led Presbyterian revivals among Scots-Irish migrants. Jonathan Edwards preached in New England. During the same period, a religious revival from Europe that emphasized the need for more emotion and piety to achieve conversion experiences reinvigorated Protestant churches throughout the colonies. 1739 George Whitefield and the Great AwakeningPossessing a remarkable presence, and speaking from memory in a highly emotional style, Whitefield drew large crowds and influenced the skeptical and faithful alike to strive for moral perfection. Itinerant preachers like Whitefield challenged the traditional organization of churches across the colonies. This time is known as the Great Awakening. 1740-1748 War of Austrian Succession Yet another war between Spain, France, and England, this time over the succession to the Austrian monarchy, was briefly fought in the American colonies as well as in Europe. In 1745, a New England militia captured Louisbourg, a French naval fort at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. The British were compelled to return it in the peace treaty signed in 1748. 740-1760s Great Awakening Creates Conflict Between Old Lights and New Lights The so-called Old Lights denounced the passionate, fervent nature of the Great Awakening revival and took steps in some places to suppress it. The so-called New Lights rejected the conservatism of Old Light preachers and denounced Old Lights as unconverted sinners. New Colleges Founded by Religious Denominations Presbyterian, Baptist, Dutch Reformed, and Anglican New Lights sought to expand education opportunities in the colonies. Their goal was to train ministers, not scientists or Enlightenment thinkers. One of the first of these new colleges was established in Princeton, New Jersey. Population Pressure on Land in New England Steady population growth in New England forced farmers to divide their lands and give their children smaller plots. By about 1750, many farms were too small to break up any further, so parents began to deed farms to first sons and provide cash and goods for the others. Those who received farms were compelled to develop ways to use their land more efficiently. Many introduced new techniques of farming and harvesting to increase yields. Others began to develop and tap the full benefits of household production by producing goods in the home and using them for exchange in the local barter economy. Farmers also demanded more currency. In these ways, those farmers with land tried to maintain their standard of living despite a declining supply of land. Increasing Inequality in Rural Communities Increasing demand for wheat from Europe transformed the Middle Colonies into the breadbasket of Europe, though tobacco remained the most important colonial export. This increase of production and trade sustained steady population growth and further economic development. As land values rose and competition increased, a class of agricultural capitalists developed above yeoman farmers, and more farmers found themselves pushed into tenancy or out of farming. Falling Birthrate Increases Women’s Options Married couples began to reduce the size of their families in the middle of the century. As this occurred, women had more time to devote their energies to household production, helping to maintain or even enhancing their standard of living. 1743 Benjamin Franklin Founds American Philosophical SocietyEnlightenment ideas motivated thinkers such as Ben Franklin to print books, magazines, and newspapers, and found hospitals, libraries, universities, and alms houses to improve society. In Philadelphia, Franklin was an innovator, inventor, and scientist. To promote "useful knowledge," he founded the American Philosophical Society. 1750s Americans Export More to Pay for British Imports Increased capital from its expanding world trade enabled British inventors to more aggressively replace imports with domestic production. New technology and work regimes enabled British manufacturers to produce better quality products than craftsmen in the colonies. British merchants marketed these goods to the colonies to get rid of surplus production. Offering better credit terms to American merchants, the British stimulated a "consumer revolution" in the colonies that raised the American standard of living. Though the colonists increased their own production and trade to pay for these goods, colonists increased consumption at an even faster rate, and thus went deeper into debt. Ohio Company Threatens French Claims in Ohio River Valley As settlers pushed west in search of land, eastern planters and investors began to recognize the value of western lands. Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia and a group of Virginia planters formed the Ohio Company and obtained a grant to much of the land in the Ohio River Valley. Both the Iroquois and the French objected to this claim. To mute the tensions between the Iroquois and British, the Board of Trade called for an inter-colonial meeting at Albany. Connecticut’s Susquehanna Company Seeks Land in Pennsylvania In response to the shortage of land in New England, settlers’ companies claimed land in the west and tried to settle it. In Connecticut, the colonial assembly established the Susequehannah Company and laid claim to Pennsylvania lands that had been claimed by the Penn family since 1681. Similar land disputes occurred across the region. Proprietors Assert Charter Rights to Lands In the Hudson River Valley and eastern New York, farmers, refusing tenancy, purchased titles from land speculators, who often did not have a clear claim on the lands in question. In each colony, as well as in New Jersey and Maryland, proprietors reasserted their control of the land against the claims of yeoman farmers. Directory: anglais -> American-History American-History -> Short answer anglais -> Anglais s5 cours 1 anglais -> Novadays there are a lots of issues to play games : on smarthphone anglais -> American studies aspect of geography and sociopolitical evolution American-History -> Short answer anglais -> Guitariste – chanteur arrangements musicaux complets anglais -> The Ekumen 02 Download 0.9 Mb. Share with your friends:
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