August 2014 Mission Statement Background



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Appendix I


Flow rate at end of anchor leg for 2 mm diameter drilled holes.

Details of notations on page 51
Velocity may be calculated by:

(I-1)


Assuming pressure is 4 bar since this is a reasonable minimum pressure for standard municipal water tap according to Prof. Stephen Salter, and density is the standard value of 998 kg/m3, the velocity of the water is:

This is assuming the pressure at the anchor leg is the same as the pressure at water tap. In reality, it would be slightly different due to distance water has travelling and with atmospheric velocity acting on water level surface. The volumetric flow rate is then given by:

(I-2)
For a normal drilled hole with no rounded edges, discharge coefficient commonly used is 0.6.

If hole size was 2 mm, then:



So flow rate would be:



In Appendix C, flow rate directly from tap is which is roughly three times more. For a single hole, this makes a high enough flow rates that means the particles of sand would be forced towards the anchor leg.




Appendix J


Calculating friction coefficient
Referring to Figure 30 in section 4.2.3, the force may be split to x and y components. Let x be down the slope and y be perpendicular to the slope. By applying Newton’s second law:

(J-1)









This may be applied in terms of the force of gravity in x- and y-directions:








This means that:





Outside anchor leg, following angles were measured:

Tilting angle with dry sand (degrees)

Average value (degrees)

Tilting angle with wet sand (degrees)

Average value (degrees)

22.000

21.667

25.000

28.000

20.000

32.000

23.000

27.000


Inside the anchor leg, following angles were measured:

Tilting angle with dry sand (degrees)

Average value (degrees)

Tilting angle with wet sand (degrees)

Average value (degrees)

22.000

21.667

25.000

28.000

20.000

32.000

23.000

27.000

The average values resulted in friction coefficients shown in Table 4 in section 4.2.3 where numbers were found through same calculation of:

(J-2)

For example: Dry sand, inside of the anchor leg








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