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- Batsányi, János. Bessenyei, Ferenc
- Mária Terézia, Queen and Empress. Besser, László (Leslie)
- Schägli Wordlist. Bethania Christian Endeavour Alliance
- Szabó, Aladár; Kecskeméthy, István. Bethlen, Countess Árva Kata
- Péter Bod; Fogaras, Runic Insciption in Church; Hungarian Runic Script. Bethlen, Countess Margit
- Tale About the Sad City (Mese a szomorú városról)
- A Life (Egy élet)
- Council (Soviet) Republic in Hungary; Károly IV, Emperor and King; Nagyatádi Szabó, István; Horthy, Miklós. Bethlen, Count Miklós
- Apácai Csere, János; Zrinyi, Count Miklós; Rákóczi, Prince Ferenc II; Diploma Leopoldinum. Bethlen, Prince Gábor
- Báthory, Prince Zsigmond; Bocskai, Prince István; Mátyás I, King; Rákóczi I, Prince György; Homonna, Battle of; Székely, Mózes (1). Betrothal
- Better for Hungary Movement (Better)
- the general election in April 2010, the Party won 17 % of the votes, and captured 47 seats in the Parliament, which success was repeated at the municipal elections in October
Besenyők→Pechenegs. Besse, János Károly (John Charles) (Ógyala, now Hurbanovo, Slovakia, 31 August 1765 - Marseilles, France, June or July 1841) – Traveler, researcher of the Caucasus Mountains area and East Asia. He studied at the Universities of Nagyszombat (now Trnava, Slovakia) and Budapest. By 1788 he was Secretary to the Chief Justice of Hungary. In 1790 he took part in the secret negotiations with the King of Prussia about a possible uprising of the Hungarian nobility against Habsburg rule. However, the plot was discovered and he had to flee. In 1791 he explored Germany, Holland, England and France. In 1795-1796 he took part in the Dutch military campaigns as adjutant in the Duke of York’s Hussar Regiment. In 1797 he joined the army of the king of Naples in the rank of Captain. He distinguished himself in the defense of Gaeta, where he was seriously wounded. From 1802 to 1810 he was secretary to Charles Decaen, Governor of the Island of Mauritius. He became interested in the ancient homeland and language of the Hungarians after reading Pál (Paul) Beregszászi’s book the “Ueber die Aehnlichkeit der hungarischen Sprache mit den morgenländischen…(On the similarities between the Hungarian and the Oriental languages…) (Leipzig, 1796). In April of 1829 he set out and toured the Crimea, the Caucasus, Turkey, Algiers and East India. Next he took part in a Russian expedition aimed at conquering the Elbrus Peak. Besse also toured the valleys of the Rivers Kuma and Terek, and reached the ruins of the ancient “Madzsar” (Magyar) settlement. Upon his return to Hungary he published his experiences in the Scientific Collection (Tudományos Gyűjtemény). However, the lack of interest and appreciation of his endeavours made him bitter and prompted him to leave his homeland forever. First he went to Italy, where he became known as a free-thinker, and consequently was imprisoned in the Castel d’Angelo. He wrote about this experience as “His Holiness treated me as the barbarians treated St. Peter, whose keys He uses so effectively that He is able to lock up even the innocent.” Upon his release he settled permanently in Paris, where he embarked on Persian and Turkish studies, became acquainted with the best Orientalists of the time and taught languages at a college. He wrote: “After Cardinal Mezzofanti, I am the most famous polyglot in Europe. The Cardinal speaks twenty-two languages, I speak thirteen.” He took an active part in local literary life as Editor of the magazine Mercure Étranger ou Annales de la Littérature Etrangère. At the same time he became the first propagandist of Hungarian culture, literature and art in France. He was a Bonapartist and kept a close friendship with János (John) Batsányi. He looked to Napoleon for the overthrow of Habsburg rule in Hungary. His four-volume autobiography and travelogue remained unpublished and was lost after his death. His main publications are Voyage en Krimée au Caucase, en Géorgie, en Arménie, en Asie-Mineure et en Constantinople en 1829 et 1830 pour server l’histoire de Hongrie (Travels in the Crimea, in the Causcasus, Georgia, Armenia, in Asia Minor, and to Constantiople in 1829 and 1830 in the service of Hungarian History) (Paris, 1838) ; Abrégé de la grammaire turque… et un petit vocabulaire en français, turc et hongrois (Pest, 1829), and Mr. János Besse de O-Gyala’s Report from the Environs of the Caucasus Mountains (Ó-Gyalai Besse János Úr jelentése Kawkaz hegyek vidékéről). In: Tudományos Gyűjtemény (1829. 10, and 1830. 2). – B: 0883, 7617, T: 7456.→Batsányi, János. Bessenyei, Ferenc (Francis) (Hódmezővásárhely, 10 February 1919 - Lajosmizse, 27 December 2004) – Actor. He was member of leading Hungarian theaters, among them the City Theater (Városi Színház), Szeged in 1940, the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház) Miskolc (1942), the Buda Theater (1945), the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház) of Pécs and Szeged (1947), National Theater (Nemzeti Színház) Budapest (1950, 1981), Madách Theater (Madách Szinház), Budapest (1963). He was an excellent dramatic actor with an attractive appearance and exellent elocution with a distinguished voice. He appeared in most title roles of classical Hungarian and foreign plays, among them in the role of Zitel in Ibsen’s Peer Gynt; title role in Rostand’s Cyrano de Bergerac; title roles in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Othello and King Lear; Ádám in Madách’s The Tragedy of Man (Az ember tragédiája); title role in Kodály’s Háry János; Astrov in Chekhov’s Uncle Vanja (Ványa bácsi); Higgins in Lowe’s My Fair Lady; Tevje in Bock’s Fiddler on the Roof (Hegedűs a háztetőn); Ferkó Kerekes in Kálmán’s Gypsy Princess (Csárdáskirálynő); Dragomir in Countess Marica (Marica grófnő), and Philip II in Schiller’s Don Carlos. He appeared in several feature films and television roles, such as Fever (Láz), Kid (Kölyök); Judgement (Ítélet); Guns and Doves (Puskák és Galambok); The Baron’s Sons (A kőszívű ember fiai); A Hungarian Nabob (Egy magyar nábob), and Eclipse of the Crescent Moon (Egri csillagok). He also appeared in several TV productions. He was a recipient of the Kossuth Prize in 1953,1955, the Merited Artist title in 1954, the Outstanding Artist title in 1950, the Labor Medal, and the Order of the Banner of the Republic of Hungary; and was made Life Member of the Hungarian National Theater in 1989. In 1994 he received the Order of Distinction 2nd Class of the Republic of Hungary; he was made Life Member of the National Theater in 1997, and received the title Actor of the Nation in 2000. – B: 0871, 1031, 1439, 1445, T: 7684. Bessenyei, György (George) (Bercel, 1747 - Pusztakovácsi, 24 February 1811) – Writer, philosopher. He went to Vienna from County Szabolcs at the age of 18 and became one of the palace guards of Empress Maria Theresa, a position he maintained until 1773. Thereafter he became an administrator of Vienna’s Reformed Church. His life’s work represents a distinct period in the history of Hungarian literature. He wrote on a variety of topics that had a place in an enlightened literary atmosphere. His works include The Tragedy of Ágis (Ágis tragédiája) (1772, 1899); The Life of János Hunyadi… (Hunyadi János élete…) (1778); The Hungarians (Magyarság) (1778, 1932); The World of Nature (A természet világa) (1898), and Journey of Tarimenes (Tarimenes utazása) (1930). He strove to lift up his nation through his own education. His work opened the door for the French Enlightenment to make its way into Hungarian literature. He was one of the leaders of the Age of Enlightenment’s first period in Hungary. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7666.→Mária Terézia, Queen and Empress. Besser, László (Leslie) (Budapest, 27 August 1936 - ) – Electrical engineer. He graduated from the Kálmán Kandó Technical School and escaped to Canada after the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight. He studied electrical engineering on a scholarship in the USA. At the University of Colorado he received the Pacesetter Award and was selected to be “The Outstanding Engineering Student”, and co-captain of the school’s soccer team in 1966. After gaining practical engineering experience at the Hewlett Packard and Fairchild corporations, he created COMPACT (Computerized Optimization of Microwave Passive and Active Circuits), the world’s first commercially successful microwave circuit optimization routine, soon become the industry standard. Then he founded the Compact Software Company, and was active in serving the engineering design needs of the RF/Microwave industry during the next ten years. In 1980 his company merged with Communication Satellite Corporation (COMSAT), where Dr. Besser functioned as Senior Vice President. In 1985 he started Besser Associates, a training organization that has provided training to more than 45,000 engineers, managers, and technicians worldwide. He retired from the company in 2004. He co-authored an influential textbook: Practical RF Circuit Design for Modern Wireless Systems, vols. i, ii. He presented short courses at various technical conferences and universities. He received the Microwave Applications Award (1983) and the Career Award (1987), as well as the Third Centennial Medal (2000). – B: 1279, T: 1279, 7103. Beszterce Glossary (Besztercei szójegyzék) – The first, more extensive Latin-Hungarian dictionary. Discovered in the archives of the former County Beszterce-Naszód in 1891, this precious Hungarian linguistic record dated from the first half of the 15th century, comprising 15 written pages and contains 1316 words in the handwriting of George “György, the Slavonian”. Based on the characteristics of the handwriting and spelling, a more specific date of its origin is estimated to be between 1380 and 1410. – B: 1150, 1020, T: 7659.→Schägli Wordlist. Bethania Christian Endeavour Alliance (Bethania CE Szövetség) – It was originally created by 58 young people belonging to the congregation of Rev. F.E. Clark, Presbyterian Minister in the USA, who was dedicated to Christian lifestyle. The Christian Endeavor Youth Movement rapidly grew first in the US, then worldwide. In Hungary Aladár Szabó and István (Stephen) Kecskeméthy, Reformed theological professors founded it in 1903. The movement was instrumental in the mid 20th century’s awakening in the Protestant churches in Hungary, thereby contributing to the survival of the Church during 45 years of Communist religious oppression. The association was dissolved by the Communist regime in 1950, but was revived in 1990. – B: 0910, T: 7103.→Szabó, Aladár; Kecskeméthy, István. Bethlen, Countess Árva Kata (Orphan Kate) (Bonyha now Bahnea, Romania, 30 November 1700 - Fogaras, now Fagaras, Romania, 29 July 1759) – Memoir writer. She had a difficult life, lost her first husband, then the second one, and even her children died. She called herself “Orphan”. Nevertheless she had a deep and strong Christian faith and a dedicated life to her Reformed Church. With her faith she succeeded in overcoming all the vicissitudes she wrote about in her memoirs, including her fight for the Church. There was an embroidery workshop in her court. Some of its products, made for churches, survived. She was an expert in the art of embroidery. She collected a significant library with the help of Court Chaplain Péter Bod. The library was bequeathed to the Reformed College of Nagyenyed (now Aiud, Romania) but perished in the fire of 1847. She wrote a book entitled Strong Protective Shield (Védelmező erős paizs) (1759). Her other writings and correspondence as well as her autobiography were published in the 20th century. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7103.→Péter Bod; Fogaras, Runic Insciption in Church; Hungarian Runic Script. Bethlen, Countess Margit (Margaret) (Budapest, 6 August 1882 - Budapest, 7 June 1970) – Writer, journalist. She was the wife of politician Count István (Stephen) Bethlen. Her first short novel Tale About the Sad City (Mese a szomorú városról) was published in 1916. Novels and short stories followed in the 1920s. The subjects of her works were for the most part women of woeful fate. She was Editor of the biweekly literary magazine Festival (Ünnep) (1935-1944). The Communist authorities deported her from Budapest to the countryside in 1951; but later she was allowed to return. Her works include A Life (Egy élet) (1921); The Great Something (A nagy valami) (1934), and Between Two Women (Két asszony között) (1941). She wrote plays as well, including The Gray Garment (A szürke ruha) performed at the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest (1929) and it was also performed in Italy. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7103.→Bethlen, Count István. Bethlen, Count István (Stephen) (Gernyeszeg now Gornesti, Romania, 8 October 1874 - Moscow, Soviet Union, 5 October 1956) – Politician. He received diplomas from the Law School of University of Budapest and from the Academy of Agriculture, Magyaróvár. From 1901 he was a Member of Parliament representing the liberal, independent and conservative parties in succession. He was appointed Royal Privy Councilor. On his initiative the National Unity Party was established in February 1919. During the reign of the Hungarian Council (Soviet) Republic he lived in Vienna and represented the Government of Szeged. He was a member of the Peace Delegation at Trianon-Versailles in 1920. He was appointed Prime Minister on 14 April 1920. After the second failed coup d’ état of King Károly IV (Charles), he initiated the dethronement of the House of Habsburg in the parliament. Together with his followers he joined the independent Smallholders’ Party of István (Stephen) Nagyatádi Szabó in 1922. He consolidated the economy of the country with the help of loans from the League of Nations and by higher taxation. In 1927 he signed a friendship agreement with Italy. He resigned on 24 August 1931, but remained an influential politician. Regent Miklós (Nicholas) Horthy appointed him a lifetime member of the Upper House of Parliament in 1939. In 1944-1945 he was one of the leaders with political leanings toward the Anglo-Saxon powers. In the fall of 1944 he was kept under house arrest by the Soviet Army and was soon deported to the Soviet Union, where he died in a prison hospital. His main legacy was the successful rebuilding of the economy of mutilated Hungary after the ravages of World War I, and the subsequent Versailles-Trianon Dictated Peace Treaty (1920). – B: 0883, 1031, 1105, T: 7103.→Council (Soviet) Republic in Hungary; Károly IV, Emperor and King; Nagyatádi Szabó, István; Horthy, Miklós. Bethlen, Count Miklós (Nicholas) (Kisbun, 1 September 1642 - Vienna, 27 October 1716) – Chancellor of Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania), writer. He completed his studies in Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia, Romania) and Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). He was a student of János (John) Apácai Csere. He continued his higher education in Heidelberg, Germany, Utrecht and Leyden, Holland between 1661 and 1663. He was an eyewitness to the fatal hunt that ended with the death of Miklós (Nicholas) Zrinyi. Later he went to Venice, Italy. After returning home he lived at his Bethlenszentmiklós estate as Captain-General of Udvarhelyszék, where he built a self-designed castle in Venetian style. He distributed many pamphlets against Habsburg suppression and the persecution of Protestants following the Wesselényi movement. Together with Pál (Paul) Béldi, he was imprisoned for suspicion of organizing an uprising against the Habsburgs in 1676. He was released from Fort Fogaras in the Southern Carpathians after a year. He became supporter of the reigning dynasty in 1689; and after the battle of Zernyest (now in Romania) he took a significant part in publishing the Diploma Leopoldinum that more or less secured religious freedom. In 1691 he became Chancellor of Transylvania. In 1696 he was given the title of Count. He received an introduction of the Habsburg Counter-Reformation policy in Transylvania with disapproval and blamed it for the outbreak of the Prince Ferenc (Francis) Rákóczi II’s Freedom Fight (1703-1711). He published another leaflet, the Noah’s Pigeon Carrying the Olive Branch… (Olajágat viselő Nóé galambja…) against the Habsburgs and was captured by General Rabutin. After having been transported to Vienna, although acquitted from the charge of treason, he was not released. He died in prison. He wrote his memoirs (Mémoires historiques…des dernier troubles de Transylvanie) (Bethlen Miklós emlékiratai) (1864) in prison. His autobiography written in excellent composition is a literary masterpiece and also a valuable historical source. His Prayer Book is a pinnacle of Hungarian laymen’s prayer literature. He was protector and promoter of the Reformed Church, helper of the persecuted, and patron of the Reformed Colleges in Transylvania. He was one of the outstanding personalites of his age. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7668.→ Apácai Csere, János; Zrinyi, Count Miklós; Rákóczi, Prince Ferenc II; Diploma Leopoldinum. Bethlen, Prince Gábor (Gabriel) (Marosillye, now Ilia, Romania, 1580 - Gyulafehérvár, now Alba Iulia, Romania, 15 November 1629) – Reigning Prince of Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). He was one of the greatest statesmen in 17th century Hungarian history. He was educated at the court of Reigning Prince Zsigmond (Sigismund) Báthory (1581-1598). At the tender age of 15, he participated in the war against the Turks in Havasalföld (Wallachia), fought against Voivode Mihael, then against Basta’s terror; joined the political party of Mózes Székely, and later escaped into Turkish territory following the Battle of Tövis (now Teius, Romania) in 1602. His military and diplomatic skills soon became apparent and he worked for a Turkish alliance against the Habsburgs. In late 1604 he joined István (Stephen) Bocskai and acquired the assent of the Ottoman Porte to Bocskai’s appointment. Bethlen was elected Ruling Prince  by the Diet at Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). He secured the independence of his territory from King Mátyás II (Matthias, 1608-1619) and the Porta by seceding the city of Lippa (now Lipova, Romania). He turned his court at Gyulafehérvár into a political and cultural center and established a center of learning in a high school. He sponsored the education of Hungarian students in foreign countries, like Holland and England. He founded an up-to-date army comprised of mercenaries, freedom fighters and Szeklers resulting in Hungary’s first permanent army since the days of King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus) (1458-1490). His goal was the restoration of the unity of the Hungarian Kingdom. In 1619 he occupied the Habsburg territories in Hungary with the help of the Bohemian nobles. However, as his troops approached Vienna, György (George) Homonnai Drugeth attacked him from behind and forced him to retreat. On 25 August 1620 the district of Besztercebánya (now Baia Bistrita, Slovakia) elected Bethlen as King of Hungary, but he refused the honor. Following the Bohemians’ defeat at Fehérhegy (Weisser Berg, Bilá Hora) near Prague on 8 November 1620, he was compelled to make peace with the Emperor. He was also unsuccessful in establishing an international coalition against the Habsburgs. He married the daughter of the Prince Elector of Brandenburg in 1626, and joined the Westminster Alliance of the Protestant powers. He drove out Ferdinand’s Wallenstein troops, but was forced to make peace when the promised foreign relief did not arrive. He succeeded in gaining recognition of Transylvania’s independence from both the Habsburg and Turkish realms. His economic and cultural policies made Transylvania the frontier fortress of Western Christianity with the capital city of Gyulafehérvár, as progressive as any European city of that time. He planned to establish alliances with Sweden and Russia to gain the Polish crown; but his death, after only 16 years of rule, prevented it. – B: 0883, 1031, 1122, T: 3312.→Báthory, Prince Zsigmond; Bocskai, Prince István; Mátyás I, King; Rákóczi I, Prince György; Homonna, Battle of; Székely, Mózes (1).
Betrothal (Eljegyzés, Kézfogó) – An archaic term signifying the assertion of a marriage promise, involving exchange of a token gift and holding hands. From that moment on the couple was called “affianced” (jegyesek). The girl was known as a fiancée and the man as a groom. Conditions of an engagement were spelled out in a financial agreement about the dowry and trousseau. Customarily it was prepared when the groom asked for the girl’s hand in marriage and the important details were set down in writing (móringos levél). The engagement ceremony took place at the girl’s home in front of the parents, witnesses and relatives on both sides, as well as the best man, who was the master of ceremony. During the ceremony the young couple declared their desire to marry, exchanged gifts and held hands. It was customary for the betrothed girl to give her groom a red kerchief that he wore on festive occasions visibly displayed on his garments. In the old days the groom gave the girl a knife and some coins besides the engagement ring. Custom demanded that in order to assure the success of the marriage the ring had to remain on her finger for nine days. A festive banquet of the two families was an essential part of the engagement ceremony. Formal engagement was a fundamental part of any marriage in medieval Hungary; but its significance became only symbolic from the 19th century on. – B: 1134, 1020, T: 3233. Better for Hungary Movement (Better) (Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom – Jobbik) – A radical Right-Wing party. Its predecessor, the Right-Wing Youth Community (“Right”) (Jobboldali Ifjúsági Közösség – Jobbik), made up mainly of university students, was formed into a political party in 2003. Its aim was to push the Hungarian Life and Justice Party (Magyar Igazság és Élet Pártja, MIÉP) to the background, thereby offering an alternative to the radical right-wing voters. At the 2009 European Parliamentary Elections it came in third with close to 15%, not far behind the Hungarian Socialist Party (Magyar Szocialista Párt, MSZP). According to their constitution, the aim of the Right is to “bring to a close the political regime change and to create a more just society.” The Party’s founding document states that its aims are to create a radical, national Christian society based on value principles and conservatism, endeavouring to represent the nation as a whole.” The Party is nationalistic, but not chauvinistic. They consider both the MSZP and the “extremely liberal” Free Democrats’ Alliance (Szabad Demokraták Szövetsége – SZDSZ), and their roots in the “bourgeoisie-liberal” Young Democrats’ Federation (Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége – Fidesz) as political opponents, although they collaborated with them in a few autonomous local administrations. Since the election of Gábor (Gabriel) Vona as president (2006), they ran together with the Hungarian Life and Justice Party (MIÉP) in “The MIÉP-Right is the Third Way” coalition, but did not win seats in Parliament. In 2007, the Party published its Mandate named after Gábor (Gabriel) Bethlen, according to which there exists a “constitutional crisis” in the land. For its resolution it would be necessary to reinstate the Constitution based on the Holy Crown Doctrine (Szent Korona Tan). The Party demands the nationalization of strategically important branches of government and industry, the reviewing of privatization and mass immigration, and the recording of church marriages by the National Bureau of Births and Marriages. It also demands compulsory religious instructions in public and secondary schools and recognition of the red-and-white striped Arpád-flag as a national symbol. Thus the Party created the National Guard; and although it was disbanded by a court order in 2009, it was re-established as the New National Guard, and a Gendarmerie was also formed. At the June 7, 2009 European Parliamentary Elections the Right received 13,77% of the votes and was able to appoint 3 representatives to the European Parliament. At the general election in April 2010, the Party won 17 % of the votes, and captured 47 seats in the Parliament, which success was repeated at the municipal elections in October of 2010. – T: 1031, 2008, T: 7617.→Vona, Gábor; Morvai, Krisztina; Balczó, Zoltán; Gaudi-Nagy, Tamás; Political Parties in Hungary; Bethlen, Prince Gábor; Doctrine of the Holy Crown. 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