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- Bilicsi, Tivadar
- Hortobágy. Birk Codex
- Codex Literature. Bíró, András Zsolt
- Khazakstan, Hungarians in. Biró, Lajos (1)
- Ady, Endre; Károlyi, Count Mihály; Council (Soviet) Republic; Korda, Sir Alexander. Biró, Lajos (2)
- Seven Years in New Guinea (Hét év Új-Guineában)
- Ballpoint Pen. Bíró, Zoltán
- Lakitelek, Consultation at; Pozsgay, Imre; Aczél, György; Antall József; Lezsák, Sándor; Hungarian Democratic Forum; Király, Tibor; Lovas, István (1).
- Catholic Church in Slovakia. Bisztray, György
- Canadian Hungarian Literature, Hungarian Studies Association of Canada; Dreisziger, Nándor F. Bitskey, Tibor
- Mátyás I, King; Kinizsi, Pál; Ulászló II, King. Black Color
- Sütő, András; Atrocities against Hungarians.
- Török, Bálint; Thököly, Count Imre; Szirmay, András.
Bikcse Clan – Hungarian clan from the Árpádian era (997-1301), landowners along the River Zagyva. The clan’s ancient home was Tápió-Bicske in what is now County Pest; the Bikcsey family chose its name from this village, where their origins took root. – B: 0942, T: 7685. Bilek, István (Stephen) (Budapest, 11 August 1932 - Budapest, 20 March 2010) - Chess Grandmaster (GM). He earned his Master title in 1952, his Trainer diploma in 1953, the International Master title in 1957, and the Grand Master title in 1962. He represented Hungary nine times at the Chess Olympic Games. As a member of the Hungarian team, he won 2 Silver and 2 Bronze medals; he also won the European Championship four times with 1 Silver and 3 Bronze. He was Captain of the team in 1978, when they won the Olympic Championship, and also in 1980. He was a three-time Hungarian Champion (1963, 1965, and 1970), and he played in inter-zonals in 1962 and 1964. His most successful tournaments were in Balatonfüred (1960), Salgótarján (1967), and Debrecen (1970). He placed first in all three. Bilek played on the Hungarian team in nine Chess Olympiads from 1958 to 1974, earning three individual medals: Silver on board 4 in 1962, Bronze on board 3 in 1966, and Silver on board 2 in 1972. From 1976 to 1988, he edited the Checkmate Program for Hungarian Television. He was a renowned writer of chess-life. In recent years, he was a columnist for the daily Hungarian Nation (Magyar Nemzet). He was awarded the International Master title in 1957 and the GM title in 1962. – B: 1031, 1704, T: 7103. Bilicsi, Tivadar (Graváts) (Budapest, 6 September 1901 - Budapest, 11 July 1981) – Actor. He matriculated from high school in 1918, worked briefly as a postal clerk, sang in a choir, and played in regional theaters until 1922. He obtained a diploma at the Training Institute of the National Society of Actors in 1925. He acted in Szeged, Miskolc, and later performed at the Inner City Theater (Belvárosi Színház) and the King Theater (Király Színház) of Budapest. After 1931 he worked at the Capital’s Operetta Theater (Fővárosi Operett Színház) and the Teréz Boulevard Stage (Terézkörúti Színpad). From 1933 for the next 11 years he was member of the Andrássy Street Theater (Andrássy úti Színház). Following 1945 he appeared at the Inner City and the Capital’s Operetta Theaters, and from 1954 he played at the Comedy Theater (Vígszínház). He was an actor of original talent, who could deliver both comic or dramatic roles. His major roles include Ill in Dürrenmatt’s The Visit of the Old Lady (Az öreg hölgy látogatása); Grumio in Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew (A makrancos hölgy); Mosca in Ben Jonson’s Volpone; Vidorov in Ostrovskiy’s The Forest (Erdő); Zsupán in Strauss’ Gypsy Baron (Cigánybáró); the French king in Pongrác Kacsóh’s John, the Hero (János vitéz), and Ragueneau in Rostand’s Cyrano de Bergerac. He also acted in the Czechoslovak Republic, Yugoslavia, Austria, USA, Canada and Sweden, and played in numerous Hungarian feature films, radio and TV plays. He was awarded the Outstanding Artist and Meritorious Artist titles. – B: 0870, 1445, T: 7684. Biosphere Reservations – Internationally recognized nature conservation areas preserving ecologically valuable land units corresponding to National Parks in the United States, in some respects similar to ecological reserves in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. In Hungary, these include the Hortobágy National Park in northeastern Hungary that preserves the “Puszta” ecosystem; the Aggtelek National Park protects the karsts landscape; Lake Fertő in Western Hungary safeguards the marshlands; and the Pilis Land Protection district north of Budapest protects the Danube Bend and the area’s rolling hills. – B: 1153, 1020, T: 7656.→Hortobágy. Birk Codex – Dated 1474, the only Codex to survive in the original manuscript form of the translator. It consists only of a few pages, but is a valuable Hungarian literary record. The Codex contains the regulations for nuns introduced by St Augustine and St Dominic, originally translated by Pál Váci (Paulus de, Provincial of the Wacia), Hungarian Dominicans of Margaret Island (Margit Sziget in the River Danube within Budapest) for the Dominican nuns living there. It was discovered in the Court Library of Vienna and was named after the director of the library. – B: 0942, 1150, T: 7659.→Codex Literature. Bíró, András Zsolt (Andreas) (Budapest, 10 May, 1972 - ) – Anthropologist, human-biologist. He graduated from the György Dózsa High School, Budapest, in 1990. His higher studies were at the University of Budapest, where he studied biology and geography (1991-1995) and biology (1995-1999). In 1999 he obtained his Degree in Anthropology and Human Biology. He works as a researcher at the Anthopological Collection of the Hungarian Museum of Natural Science. He organizes and leads expeditions beyond the Carpathian Basin. In 2007 he was the organizer and leader of the first expedition to the Hungarian-(Magyar) related Madjar-Magyar Kurultay people in Kazakhstan, for which he received an award from the Minister of Culture of Kazakhstan in 2007. His 17 expeditions include Middle-Anatolia (Turkey, 1998), Csángó-land (Moldova, Romania, 2001), Dobrudja (East Romania, 2005), Khirgiztan (Issik Kul, 2007), and Baskiria, and the Middle and South Ural region (Russia). Among his publications are: Bíró, A. Zs., with others: Anthopologial Analysis of the 11th-12th Karcsa-Kormoska Cemeteries, in Biological Symposium (2005); Bíró, A.Zs és mások: Karcsa-Kormoska XI-XII századi temető antropológiai elemzése. (2005), in: Korsós, Z. (ed.), IV. (Kárpát-medencei Biológiai Szimpózium), Bíró A. Zs.: Expedition in the Region of the Madjar Tribe of Kazakhstan. Anthropological and Genetical Examination of the Madjar Tribe of Kazakhstan (Expedíció a kazakisztáni Madjar törzs területén A kazakisztáni Madjar törzs antropológiai és genetikai vizsgálata) in: Eleink (Magyar Ancient Historical Publication) (2007). – B: 1960, T: 7103.→Khazakstan, Hungarians in. Biró, Lajos (1) (Louis) (Blau) (Vienna, 22 August 1880 - London, 9 September 1948) – Writer, playwright, journalist. His childhood was spent in County Heves on the Great Hungarian Plain, while his high-school education was completed at Eger and Budapest. He started out as a journalist. First he worked at the magazine Freedom (Szabadság), Nagyvárad (now Oradea, Romania). It was there that he formed a close friendship with the great lyric poet Endre Ady. He was the first to recognize and spread the poet’s greatness in literary circles. In 1905 he joined the Budapest paper Diary (Napló) and soon became its Executive Editor. He left his position in 1907, moved to Berlin, and only returned to Budapest in 1909. First he joined the newspaper The News (Az Újság); and in the fall of 1913 he became a correspondent for the newspaper World (Világ). In 1914 he took part in the foundation of the Radical Civic Party (Polgári Radikális Párt). He was appointed Undersecretary of State for External Affairs in the post World War I Cabinet of Count Mihály (Michael) Károlyi. During the 1919 Hungarian Council (Soviet) Republic, he was a member of the Writers’ Directory and President of the Writers’ Trade Union. After the fall of the Communist Republic he was forced to emigrate. He lived in Vienna, Rome, Paris, then Berlin, and finally in London. During the second half of his career he scored great successes and world fame with film-scripts. First he wrote for film companies in the USA, and later for Sándor (Sir Alexander) Korda’s (S. Kellner’s) London Film Company, and remained its contributor until his death. He was a talented dramatist, novelist and an outstanding representative of the bourgeois radical literature and political writing. The influence of the naturalistic school left its mark on the early development of his career. His works include The Triumphant Woman (A diadalmas asszony) novel (1910); The Knight of the Holy Ghost (A Szentlélek lovagja) novel (1914); Don Juan’s Three Nights (Don Juan három éjszakája) novel (1917); Yellow Lily (Sárga liliom) play (1910, film script, 1914); The Czarina (A cárnő) play (1912); Hotel Imperial, play (1917, film-script 1918, abroad 1926, 1935, 1943) and The Private Life of Henry VIII (VIII Henrik magánélete), filmscript 1933). – B: 0883, 1068, 1257, T: 7456.→Ady, Endre; Károlyi, Count Mihály; Council (Soviet) Republic; Korda, Sir Alexander. Biró, Lajos (2) (Louis) (Tasnád now in Romania, 28 August 1856 - Budapest, 2 September 1931) – Entomologist. His higher studies were at the Reformed Theological Academy, Debrecen; but he did not finish them. He moved to Budapest, worked as a private tutor, thereafter he joined the Entomological Institute (1880-1886). Later he taught at the Reformed High School, Kecskemét. In 1892 he returned to Budapest. In 1895 he traveled to German Papua New Guinea with the help of Otto Herman to continue the work of the prematurely deceased Samuel Fenichel. He spent seven years there compiling zoological and ethnographical collections of 6000 pieces. He went on collecting trips in Greece (1906) and in Bulgaria (1928). His books are: Seven Years in New Guinea (Hét év Új-Guineában) (1923) and Memoirs of my Travels in New Guinea (Új-Guineai utazás emlékei) (1928). – B: 0883, 1105, T: 7103.→Fenichel, Samuel; Herman, Ottó; Madarász, Gyula; Pungur, Gyula. Bíró, László József (Ladislas Joseph) (Budapest, 29 September 1899 - Buenos Aires, Argentina, 24 November 1985) – Journalist, inventor, designer of the ballpoint pen. Initially he studied medicine at the University of Budapest. He was also a graphologist, car racer, insurance agent, painter and sculptor. He edited the artistic journal Hongrie (Magyarország) then worked for the newspaper Forward (Előre). In 1939 he emigrated to Argentina. His main invention was the ballpoint pen. The idea came from his journalist days by observing the rotary cylinders of the printshop. He created a pen with its hand-held ink-filled tube that transferred the ink through a rolling ball to the paper. He patented it in Hungary under the name of Exact in 1938. Andor (Andrew) Goy made the first sample in Budapest. Its advanced form was patented under the name Enterpren in 1943, and the pen was on the market in Argentina in 1945. A French company was established for its production under the name BIC (Biro Crayon). The inexpensive and popular ballpoint pen is known simply as Biro pen in many parts of the world and brought him fame. From 1950 some 100 milliard Biro pens were sold. There are 22 inventions to his credit. Bíró’s book is entitled Silent Revolution (Csendes forradalom) (1975). Inventors’ Day in Agentina is celebrated on his birthday. – B: 1203, T: 7674, 7677.→Ballpoint Pen. Bíró, Zoltán (Budapest, 21 April 1941 - ) – Literary historian, writer, politician. He grew up in Pesterzsébet (a southeast suburb of Budapest); after completing high school, he was a research worker at the House of Culture of Dabas, halfway between Budapest and Kecskemét on the Great Plain; later on he worked as Director of the district library. He spent a year as an unskilled laborer, while studying Arts at the University of Budapest, where he obtained an Arts Degree. For a while he was working as a teacher; and worked in the section headed by the Professor of Law, Tibor Király at the Ministry of Education. When Imre (Emeric) Pozsgay took over the portfolio of Culture, he appointed Biró to be Head of the Department of Literature and Press. Here he often and seriously clashed with the cultural party politics led by György (George) Aczél. As a result, he had to leave this position after two years. Thereafter he became Director of the Petőfi Literary Museum; but due to his opposition to the policy of the Central Party and his writings published in journals, he was forced to leave. For the following twenty years he worked as a teacher of 20th Century Hungarian Literature at the Teachers’ College of Szeged. He obtained his Masters Degree in 1994; the title of his dissertation was: The “Third way” and its Post-1945 Answer’s Range of Ideas” (A „harmadik út" és az 1945. utáni Válasz gondolatköre"). He participated in the preparatory work in organizing the Lakitelek Convention of the Hungarian Democratic Forum (Magyar Demokrata Forum – MDF). He was also a member of the presidium of the MDF, later becoming its first Executive President. Prior to the first free elections he resigned from his position as President and afterwards he left the MDF as well. Together with Imre Pozsgay he launched the National Democratic Council (Nemzeti Demokrata Szövetség), working as its Co-President until the winding-up of the Party. He was editor of the bi-weekly journal Credit (Hitel) from the fall of 1988, when it was launched, until 1992. He was a member of the Board of Trustees of the Gábor Bethlen Foundation (Bethlen Gábor Alapítvány). Lately he has been heading the National Political Society (Nemzetpolitikai Társaság) together with Sándor Lezsák and the academic István (Stephan) Lovas. He was one of the determining figures of the change in the political system of 1989-1990. His books include Personal Road (Saját út) (1988); Wilted Revolution (Elhervadt forradalom) (1993); Fate-poetry of Endre Ady (Ady Endre sorsköltészete) (1998), and Two Generations (Két nemzedék) (2001). – B: 0874, 1941, T: 7456.→Lakitelek, Consultation at; Pozsgay, Imre; Aczél, György; Antall József; Lezsák, Sándor; Hungarian Democratic Forum; Király, Tibor; Lovas, István (1). Bíróczi, István (Stephen) (Tardoskedd, now Tvrdošovce, Slovakia, 6 February 1942 - ) – Roman Catholic priest. His schooling began at Moravska Třebova (now in the Czech Republic), from where he was deported after World War II (1948-1949). He continued his schooling at the primary school of Tardoskedd with Slovakian as the language of instruction (1949-1950). However, from 1950 to 1956 he was able to study there in Hungarian when it was introduced as the language of instruction. In 1959 he completed high school at Érsekújvár (now Nové Zámky in Slovakia) also in Hungarian. Between 1959 and 1964 he obtained a Degree in Theology from the Faculty of Cyril and Method of the University of Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia). From 1964 to 1969 he was Chaplain in Léva (now Levice, Slovakia) and in Ókomárom (now Komarno, Slovakia) (1969-1971). He was Parish Priest in Tornóc (now Trnovec nad Váhom, Slovakia (1971-1982) and from 1982 in Tallós (now Tomasikovo, Slovakia). He has been a member of the Liturgical Committee of the Nagyszombat (now Trnava, Slovakia) Diocese since 1978. Between 1987 and 1990 he was Instructor in Liturgical Music at the Cyril and Method Faculty of the University of Pozsony. Apart from church music and liturgy he carries out research in Sociology of Religion. His writings include What is Reflected in One’s Face? (Mi tükröződik az ember arcán?); Day (Nap) (1990); The Church and the Pope (Az egyház és a pápa); The Fate of Mothers (Anyák sorsa); Hope (Remény) (1990), and Peace, Tranquility (Béke, békesség), a meditation for Christmas (1990). He is Editor of the song prayer book Gloria (1991), and Editor of Homilia since 1990, a treasury of sermons for priests, published as a quarterly. – B: 1083, T: 7456.→Catholic Church in Slovakia. Bisztray, György (George) (Budapest, 2 October 1938 - Torontó, 19 December 2012) – Literary historian, educator. He received his MA at the University of Budapest in 1962. He left for Norway in 1965 and emigrated to the USA in 1966. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1972. He taught at the universities of Minnesota and Chicago (1969-1975), thereafter he moved to Canada and taught Comparative Literature at the University of Alberta (Edmonton) (1976-1978). He was Chair of Hungarian Studies at the University of Toronto from 1978 until his retirement in 2004. He was founder of the Hungarian Studies Association of Canada (1984) and co-editor of the Hungarian Studies Review (1981-2004). He had published and edited books and research papers in scholarly journals including the Canadian Review of Comparative Literature; Source (Forrás); East European Quarterly, and Hungarian Studies Review. His books include Marxist Models of Literary Realism (1978); Hungarian Cultural Presence in North America (co-editor with N. F. Dreisziger) (1981), and Hungarian Canadian Literature (1987). – B: 0893, T: 4342.→Canadian Hungarian Literature, Hungarian Studies Association of Canada; Dreisziger, Nándor F. Bitskey, Tibor (Rákoskeresztúr, 20 September, 1929 - ) – Actor. He completed his acting studies at the Academy of Dramatic Art in 1953 while serving in the Hungarian People’s Army, on a scholarship. From 1959 to 1964, he was a member of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház); from 1964 to 1974 a member of the Comedy Theater (Vígszínház); leading actor of the Thalia Theater (Thália Színház), and later at the Arizona Theater (Arizóna Színház). His appearance and voice rendered him particularly suitable for the interpretation of heroic roles. In addition he took part in numerous film and TV productions. His roles include Cyrano in Rostand’s Cyrano de Bergerac; Ádám in Madách’s The Tragedy of Man (Az ember tragédiája) (at the National Theater from 15 March, 2002); Csongor in Vörösmarty’s Csongor és Tünde; Bánk in Katona’s Bánk bán; Othello in Shakespeare’s Othello (at the New Theater from 24 September, 1999), and Kreon in Sophocles’ Antigone. There are 30 feature and TV films to his credit, such as: The Stone-hearted Man’s Sons (A kőszivű ember fiai) (1964); Eclipse of the Crescent Moon (Egri csillagok) (1968); The Black Town (A fekete város) (1971); The Fortress (Az erőd) (1979), and Home-conquest (Honfoglalás) (1996). He received the Mari Jászai Prize in 1959 and 1963, and the Kossuth Prize (2000). – B: 1031, 1445, T: 7456. Black Army (Fekete Sereg, Legio Nigra) – The standing army of King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus, 1458-1490) of Hungary. It was an imitation of Charles VII’s and Louis XI’s experiments with free-musketeer regiments to establish a standing army in France. In 1459 King Mátyás brought into his service three Czech captains, commanders of various infantry contingents. In 1462 he made a service contract with Jan Giskra, who commanded his troops in a campaign in Northern Hungary (Upland, Felvidék, now Slovakia). During the same year he made a similar contract with Czech leader Komorovszki and his associates at Nagysalló (now Tekovské Luzany, Slovakia). In 1465 his standing army consisted of 20,000 Hussars (light cavalry), 8,000 footsoldiers, 9,000 horse carriages, 200 riverboats and an artillery brigade with about 100 cannons. Its central core was the 6-8000 Black Color – In ancient Egypt black symbolized the gods of the netherworld, eternal life and rebirth. Black animals were sacrificed to these gods by impaling them on stakes facing westward. The Ural-Altaic peoples marked black all things they considered ordinary or subordinate. The sun sets in the West; hence the color of the west was black for them. Colors have been used for the designation of peoples primarily for religious differentiation. The epithet “Turk” or “Black-Ugor”, applied to the Hungarians of the Carpathian Settlement period, was in reference to their custom of fire worship. In Christianity, black is the color of humility, contempt for all things mundane, and of mourning. – B: 0942, T: 7617. “Black List” – This is the name of the register of those civil servants who, for economic or political reasons, were marked for dismissal. In Hungary this method of dismissal was used on two occasions: first in 1920, when the dismemberment of Historic Hungary made it necessary for economic reasons; then in 1945-1946, when the objective was a political purge under Soviet rule. – B: 1153, 1020,T: 3233. “Black March” Pogrom – A severe atrocity against Hungarians in Marosvásárhely (now Târgu Mureş, Romania) took place on 19th-20th March 1990, in the first year of the post Ceausescu new “democratic” political system in Romania. In February, some 100,000 Hungarians demonstrated for the reinstallation of a Hungarian school and a University. The Vatra Romanesca nationalist organization regarded this and the observation of Hungarian National Day on 15 March as a provocation against the Romanian state. On 19th-20th March, groups of Romanians rushed upon the demonstrating Hungarians and beat them up, turning the city into a place of street clashes. During this attack the renowned Hungarian writer András (Andreas) Sütő was severely beaten and wounded, and he almost lost his eyesight. The final result of the “Black March” pogrom was three dead and 100 wounded. Not a single Romanian but many Hungarians were arrested, accused and sentenced to prison terms – B: 1031, T: 3240.→Sütő, András; Atrocities against Hungarians. “Black Soup” – This was the main course in the Spartan communal mess hall. Its Greek name was ‘haimatia’. In vernacular Hungarian the expression indicates an impending menace. According to tradition, its origin goes back to the time of the Ottoman Turkish occupation. Folklore links it to a saying of Sultan Suleiman who, after gaining possession of the Fort of Buda in 1541 by a stratagem, told the Hungarian magnate Bálint (Valentine) Török, whom he invited to a lengthy dinner and who was anxious to leave, that ‘The black soup is yet to come’, meaning that the last course of the feast, the black Turkish coffee would be served later. True to his word, after coffee was consumed, the Sultan ordered his guards to arrest the Hungarian magnate and incarcerated him for life in the Fortress of the Seven Towers (Yedikule in Turkish) in Istanbul. According to the memoirs of András (Andrew) Szirmay, the same expression was used by the Pasha of Nagyvárad (now Oradea, Romania) to delay the departure of Count Imre (Emeric) Thököly insisting that he wait for the coffee. When the coffee was finished, the Pasha ordered his men to put Thököly in chains. – B: 1078, 1020, T: 3233.→Török, Bálint; Thököly, Count Imre; Szirmay, András. 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