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MPX – Chinese military modernization
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- An educated workforce is the crucial component to national defense—that’s key to balance Chinese military modernization
MPX – Chinese military modernizationImmigration is key to future STEM industries—we have studiesKerr, Harvard Business School Professor, 2013 (William R., “U.S. HIGH-SKILLED IMMIGRATION, INNOVATION, AND ENTREPRENEUSHIP: EMPIRICAL APPROACHES AND EVIDENCE,” National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2013, http://www.nber.org/papers/w19377.pdf, p. 8-9, IC) Placing these first two themes together, it becomes clear that immigration acts in two different ways for the United States. First, it provides the United States with a number of exceptional superstars for STEM work. Second, immigration acts through the sheer quantity of workers that it provides for STEM fields. These workers are often well trained for STEM roles, but, conditional on that education, the immigrants are of a similar quality level to U.S. natives. The pieces are not at odds with each other, as amid a large STEM workforce of more than two million workers, the exceptional tail does not move the averages of the groups very much. While it is difficult to prove which of these channels is more important, we have the general feeling that the quantity aspect of high-skilled immigration is the stronger factor in terms of its potential impact for STEM work in the United States. To close, we also note a parallel set of work that considers the quantity and quality of immigrant student enrollments in STEM fields. This dimension is important as university and graduate school admissions shape, in large part, the United States’ future STEM workforce. Bound et al. (2009) and similar studies document how immigrants account for an exceptional share of STEM students, especially among graduate students, in levels that exceed those noted for the workforce above. Grogger and Hanson (2013) describe the selectivity of foreign-born STEM Ph.D. students in the United States. Studies evaluating the production of innovation within universities also tend to find a special role for immigrant students (e.g., Chellaraj et al. 2008, Stephan 2010, Gurmu et al. 2010, Stuen et al. 2012, Gaule and Piacentini 2012). 6 An educated workforce is the crucial component to national defense—that’s key to balance Chinese military modernizationSund, Naval Postgraduate School master’s candidate, 2014 (Steven A., “U.S. DECLINING GLOBAL RANKINGS IN MATH AND SCIENCE AND THE IMPACT ON OUR NATIONAL SECURITY: POLICY OPTIONS TO ELLICIT ANOTHER SPUTNIK MOMENT,” Master’s thesis with advisors Christopher Bellavita, the director of programs for the Center for Homeland Defense and Security, and Richard Bergin, Harvard PhD in Business Administration and co-leader of KPMG’s US Economics and Regulation practice, Naval Postgraduate School, p. 14-15, IC) Maintaining a highly educated and innovative workforce is also critical to our national security and defense capabilities. Defense related innovation has provided a number of critical technologies, such as the Internet, communications and weather satellites, global positioning systems, and nuclear power. However, the defense science and engineering workforce has declined from 45,000 to 28,000 scientists during the 1990s (Augustine, 2007, p. 59). With the increasing number of foreign born students obtaining advanced science degrees and engineering degrees in the U.S., and the decreased interest of U.S. students in the sciences, the problem of the shrinking skilled labor force is exacerbated further by the reduction in numbers of U.S. citizens in these fields who can obtain the requisite security clearances (Augustine, 2007, p. 59). With the development of such cutting edge military technology such as the digital computers, stealth capabilities, precision guided missiles, nuclear propulsion, and space surveillance, it is easy to see why President Bush stated, “science and technology have never been more important to the defense of a nation and the health of the economy” (Augustine, 2007, p. 59). Realizing the difficulties of facing the U.S. military, countries like China are using new technologies to develop a new army for the twenty-first century based on the use of information technology to wage information warfare (IW) and electronic warfare (EW). China is currently looking for alternative methods, such as IW, to attack the United States. This “Net Force” would be made up of highly skilled soldiers who make up a shock brigade of network warriors, information protection troops, an information corps, electronic police, and a united network (Tsai, 2006, p. 69). Because of the use of emerging technologies as warfare agents, our knowledge of these technologies and our technological advantage over competing countries around the world will be even more crucial to our national security in the future. In January 2011, open source information began reporting that the Chinese J-20 stealth fighter would be operational much sooner than previously expected. What is most important about the new Chinese stealth aircraft is that more of it is being manufactured from composites of Chinese made technologies, as opposed to imported technologies. This change is showing greater capabilities of Chinese military technology, which is being driven by its expanding technology. According to the Chinese Defense Minister Liang Guanglie, this industrial capability is expected to speed up during this next five year plan, which runs from 2011 through 2015, when China is expected to implement military modernization (Grevatt, 2011, p. 2). In speaking about the importance higher education and innovation, China’s President Hu stated, “the worldwide competition of overall national strength is actually a competition for talents, especially innovative talents” (Augustine, 2007, p. 45).
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