Bringing Ritual to Mind Psychological Foundations of Cultural Forms



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Puranas, 150







rabbi, 10, 15 –16, 35, 121




Rapture, 206




recall, 41, 47 –49, 52 –64, 69 –70, 76 –77, 80, 85 –87, 110, 114, 128, 215




accuracy of, 47, 59, 61, 83 –84




long-term, 48, 56







reception events, 56, 58 –59, 61 –62, 76




recollect, recollection, 35, 40, 47 –50, 55, 57, 59 –61, 66, 71 –72, 76 –80, 83 –84, 86, 93, 95, 107 –108, 110, 151, 153, 155, 210 –211




Reformation, 201, 204




religious




act, 13 –15, 163




activities, xiii, 13 –15, 35, 39, 66, 95, 97 –98, 140 –141, 144 –147, 150, 155, 160, 196, 201, 215, 218




behavior, 8




conceptual scheme, 15, 22, 25, 121, 190




knowledge, 38, 46, 48, 95, 114, 212, 217




transmission of, 38, 48, 217







practice, ix, 74, 91 –93, 95, 101, 108 –109, 111 –112, 114, 140 –141, 144 –145, 159 –160, 163 –164, 172 –173, 183 –184, 192, 196 –197, 201, 204, 208 –209, 211, 217 breathing exercises, 140 –141, 143, 145 meditation, 140 –141, 143 –145 yoga, 15, 140 –141, 143 –145




religious ritual competence, theory of, ix, 4 –6, 8, 38, 43 –44, 100, 113 –115, 124, 126, 136 –138, 141 –143, 145, 155, 183, 189, 217




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religious ritual system, ix —x, 2, 4 –5, 8, 15, 17, 19, 22, 30, 34 –37, 44, 47 –49, 51, 54 –55, 72, 75 –76, 82 –83, 85 –86, 88 –89, 93, 99, 102 –104, 106, 109, 111 –112, 118, 123




balanced, 143, 181 –182, 201 –212




dynamical profiles, 179 –181, 208




evolution of, 7 –8, 75, 82, 85, 109, 112, 151, 157 –158, 179 –180, 208 –209




excess conceptual control, 207 –208




fitness of, 8, 182, 210




motivation to transmit, 44, 54, 103, 113, 122, 142, 179, 181, 185, 189 –190, 199, 211 –212, 217




participant of, 15, 103, 132, 134, 155, 181 –182, 185, 188, 194, 199, 201 –202, 206, 208, 210 –213, 218




stability of, 8, 109, 139, 181 –182, 185 –186, 192 –193, 198, 200, 207




transmission of, 54, 66, 75, 103, 107, 112




unbalanced, 181 –185, 187, 192, 198 –202, 207 –208, 210 –211







representation, x, 4, 6, 8, 11 –12, 17, 19 –32, 34 –35, 39 –40, 43 –45, 49 –53, 69 –70, 85 –86, 113, 115 –116, 146, 159, 163, 188 –189




cognitive, 4, 8, 13, 17, 35, 49, 100, 105, 115, 126




cultural, 38 –42, 44 –45, 50 –51, 53, 64, 69 –70, 112 –113, 158, 179 –181, 190, 193




mental, 11, 24, 39 –42, 44 –46, 214




public, 38 –39, 41, 46, 66 –67




religious, 6, 50 –51, 103, 126, 185, 187




ritual, 6, 8, 10 –11, 13, 17, 19 –20, 23, 25 –30, 35, 103, 113, 115, 126, 143







retention, 52, 55, 82, 85, 88




revelation, 79, 94, 96, 107, 160, 174, 192, 197 –198, 212, 219




revelatory potential, 104 –108, 110, 126, 140 –141, 219




Ŗġveda, 154




ritual




act, 1, 2, 13 –14, 16 –18, 22, 25 –26, 29 –30, 36, 66, 88, 115 –117, 121, 124, 216




action, 1, 2, 13 –14, 16 –18, 22, 25 –26, 29 –30, 36, 66, 88, 115 –117, 121, 124, 216




activity, 2, 50, 70, 92, 103, 125, 143, 146, 152, 186, 197




agent, x, 12 –13, 15, 16 –18, 23, 26 –34, 44, 116 –118, 120 –122, 131, 134, 143 –144, 164, 166, 168, 189, 191




behavior, 5, 8, 145




bringing about of change, 13 –14, 33, 50, 123, 135, 161, 170, 181 –182, 193, 206, 209




change, 2, 7, 42, 44 –45, 48, 71, 82 –83, 85 –87, 95 –6, 101, 111, 141, 154, 158 –160, 162 –164, 167, 169, 172 –177, 179 –180, 183 –184, 186 –187, 189 –191, 193 –200, 203, 205 –206, 209, 212, 219




comparative centrality to religious system, 33 –35




criterion of relevance, 127 –129, 132, 217




depth, 25, 28, 33 –34, 116 –118, 120, 216




efficacy, 5, 17 –18, 29 –30, 32




eligibility to participate, 10, 15 –17, 19, 29, 121, 133 –135, 144, 179, 21




embedded, 16, 19, 28 –29, 134




enabling, 18 –19, 23, 27 –28, 116, 213




even-numbered, 28, 30 –33, 42, 44, 117 –122, 125 –126, 132, 135, 142 –144, 146 –153, 155, 162, 164 –167, 171 –172, 175 –178, 180 –181, 216 –219




experts, 70 –72




failure, 17, 29, 84, 97 –98, 167, 169 –170, 176, 178, 194 –196, 199 –200, 205 –207, 209




form, x, 6, 7 –8, 9, 10, 12, 26, 28, 38, 42, 100, 112, 114, 119 –120, 137 –138, 140, 142, 160, 175




hypothesis: see hypothesis, ritual form structural description of, 12 –13, 18 –19, 25 –29, 32 –35, 115 –118, 124, 134, 153, 159 –160, 217







frequency




hypothesis: see hypothesis, ritual frequency




of exposure, 107 –108




of reproduction, 106, 110




of transmission, 104, 106 –108, 110, 141, 219







hypothetical, 23, 25, 86




instrument, 12 –13, 17 –18, 26 –27, 29, 31 –33, 117, 120, 122, 131, 213




justified repetition of, 166 –167, 195




knowledge, 36, 67 –69, 74 –75, 82 –83, 86, 88, 90, 116, 215




least direct connections criterion (LDC), 134 –139, 147, 149 –150, 155 –157, 166, 179, 218




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motivation to re-perform and/or transmit, 122, 187, 189, 191, 205, 208, 217




observation of, 3 –4, 9, 15, 35, 55, 65 –66, 74 –75, 95, 127 –128, 156 –157, 188, 194, 217




odd-numbered, 28, 30, 32 –33, 42, 47, 55, 117 –118, 120 –121, 123, 125 –127, 129, 133, 135, 138, 142 –143, 146 –147, 155, 157, 159 –160, 162, 164, 166, 170 –172, 180 –181, 216, 218




participant of, ix —x, 1 –3, 5, 9 –10, 12 –13, 16 –18, 23, 25 –26, 29, 31 –32, 34 –38, 42 –43, 49 –50, 53, 55, 75 –6, 83 –84, 85 –88, 93, 99, 102 –103, 107, 113, 116, 119 –123, 127, 129 –130, 132 –135, 138, 141, 143, 147, 149, 151 –153, 157, 163 –166, 169, 177, 181, 185, 187 –193, 199 –202, 205, 209 –211, 213 –215, 217 –218




patient, 12 –13, 16 –17, 26, 29, 31 –33, 42, 116 –118, 120 –122, 129 –135, 138, 143, 146 –147, 157 –158, 162 –167, 187 –188, 191, 193, 199, 206, 213




performance frequency, 2 –3, 6 –7, 32, 34, 38, 42 –44, 47 –50, 55 –56, 65, 68, 70, 73 –74, 86 –88, 90, 93, 99 –100, 103 –105, 107 –113, 119 –120, 124 –132, 135 –138, 140 –142, 144, 146 –153, 155 –159, 161 –163, 167, 171 –173, 176, 184, 186 –188, 190, 198, 206, 210, 214, 217 –220




performance of, 2, 5 –6, 15, 18, 31 –32, 38, 46, 48 –51, 53, 64 –65, 69, 71, 82 –83, 86, 88, 93, 97, 100, 125 –129, 132 –136, 140, 142, 147 –159, 161 –179, 181 –184, 186 –187, 190, 194 –197, 199, 202 –203, 205, 209, 211 –212, 214 –215, 218 –219 rate, 126, 136, 152, 168, 173 –176 raw count, 135 –136, 168, 173 –175




permanent/super-permanent effects or changes, 14, 31 –33, 120, 122 –123, 133, 155, 187, 191, 194




practice, x, 1, 8, 14, 23, 35 –37, 74 –75, 83, 99, 109, 125, 150, 161, 163, 173, 200




practitioner, 18, 48, 53, 86, 116, 121, 127, 129, 132 –133, 154, 167, 188, 190




profile, 26, 28, 30, 42, 116 –117, 119, 121, 170, 177, 188, 191 –192, 196, 217




relevant performance of, 127, 129, 133 –136, 157




repeatability of, 27, 30 –32, 42 –43, 47 –49, 55 –56, 65, 68 –69, 74, 109, 120 –122, 129, 132 –135, 138, 147, 149 –150, 152, 155 –156, 159 –160, 162 –163, 165 –167, 171 –172, 177, 187 –188, 193, 195 –196, 197, 205, 207 –208, 211, 214 –215, 217 –218




repetition of, 2, 30, 50, 88, 93, 101, 107 –108, 110, 138, 158, 163, 166 –167, 176, 193, 196, 198 –199, 206, 209




reversibility of consequences, 3, 27, 31, 132 –134, 150, 152, 157, 218




role, 8, 10, 12 –13, 17, 21, 23 –24, 26, 28 –29, 31 –33, 42, 61, 63 –64, 72, 74, 86, 114, 116 –117, 121, 129 –132, 134, 139, 146, 189, 213, 218




sense of continuity, 74, 83, 85, 142, 215




special agent, 26 –33, 42, 44, 47, 55 –56, 68, 74, 116 –118, 120 –123, 125 –127, 129 –130, 132 –135, 137 –138, 142 –144, 147 –148, 150, 155 –164, 166 –178, 180 –184, 187 –202, 205 –212, 216 –220




conceptual control of, 181 –182, 200, 202, 205 –207, 209 –210, 212







special instrument, 26 –28, 30 –32, 42, 44, 68, 116 –120, 122, 125 –127, 132, 135, 137, 142 –143, 146 –151, 153, 180 –183, 188, 200, 202, 206 –207, 210, 211 –213, 218, 220




special patient, 24, 26, 30 –33, 42, 44, 116 –120, 122, 125 –127, 132, 135, 137 –138, 142 –143, 146, 148 –150, 152 –153, 159, 162, 165 –166, 175, 179 –183, 187 –188, 190 –193, 198, 200, 202, 206, 210 –212, 218, 220




substitution of elements, 3, 27, 30 –33, 213




temporary effects, 14, 31 –32, 120




transmission of, 38, 42 –43, 46 –47, 54 –56, 64 –65, 72 –73, 81, 85, 87 –88, 108, 151, 153, 189, 211, 216




type




Agnicayana, 151 –155




Agnyadhana, 35




baptism, 18, 27 –28, 33 –34, 116, 121 –122, 128 –129, 147, 156, 191 –192, 196




bar mitzvah, 16, 35, 121, 127, 132, 147







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