Cars Bad Dartmouth 2012 1 Mass Transit aff – ddi 2012
Improving transportation is key to solve inequality – creates a more connected society
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- Access to transportation solves poverty, inequality, and social exclusion
- Transportation policy change is a critical to change poverty and racism
Improving transportation is key to solve inequality – creates a more connected societyBroadus 10 (Victoria Broadus, Writer for The City Fix, July 26, 2010, http://thecityfix.com/blog/transport-and-inequality-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/) Acknowledging that poverty reduction programs in the region have too often focused on specific, piece-meal solutions, rather than addressing the deep-seated roots of poverty and inequality, the report calls for more comprehensive public social policies across the region. The policies must recognize and work to amend the “structural causes of political and social origin that reflect historical factors of social inequality, including lack of equal opportunity and lack of empowerment that result in marginalization, oppression, and domination.” Lower inequality would mean a more connected and cohesive society, which would foster greater and more equitable economic growth. Safe, reliable, affordable and sustainable public transport options could be integral to this comprehensive policy to address inequality in the region. After all, linking cities through fast and affordable bus systems like Bogotá’s TransMilenio certainly makes them more connected and cohesive, while providing poorer residents with improved access to cities’ economic centers. Improving access to schools and workplaces can help historically marginalized and economically excluded groups break from the cycle of poverty and inequality. And indeed, transport is mentioned a few times throughout the report. The report highlights, for instance, that while the benefits of achieving a healthy lifestyle and a high level of education might, in theory, be equal for all people, the costs of achieving these goals are quite different for a family living far from a city center and a family living nearby. Farther distances imply reduced access to schools and health services, greater transport costs, and higher opportunity costs: more time spent in transit reduces the amount of time that children can contribute to family tasks or even work outside of the home, for example. This analysis of human development from the “operative restrictions” perspective implies that policymakers and planners must account for the interaction between services that are available for families — for instance, health and education — and these families’ capacity to take full advantage of these services. Improved transport is crucial, in this respect, for advances in human development and reduced inequality in LAC. Access to transportation solves poverty, inequality, and social exclusionLewis 11 (David Lewis, PhD, FCIT, Senior Vice President of HDR, 4/2011/, Economic Perspectives on Transport and Equality, http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DP201109.pdf) According to transport scholar Martin Wachs, mobility and access to transportation are two of the most important global economic forces for the alleviation of poverty, inequality and social exclusion. 1 While the degree of empirical strength in this conclusion may be debated, most investigators agree that poverty, inequality and social exclusion are tied to personal mobility and to the accessibility of goods and services. In richer and poorer countries alike, Wachs notes that people with disabilities, women and girls and other disadvantaged people suffer from measurable deficits in nutrition, health care, employment and education. While such deficits reflect an array of simultaneously occurring causes (from poor housing to weak governance), problems traveling and moving goods at affordable cost can rank among them. Recognizing weak transport and energy infrastructure as key constraints to poverty reduction in Africa, the African Development Bank (ADB) has made infrastructure development a cornerstone in its development agenda and promotes private and public sector infrastructure development through the provision of financial and technical resources.‖ 2 A link between improved transport and diminished regional disparities in income and well-being is evident in emerging and developed economies alike -- mobility and transport have a role to play in diminishing economic and social gaps between rich and poor in literally all the world‘s economies. 3 In coordination with other sectoral policies, transport represents an important policy instrument for reducing poverty and diminishing social exclusion. Germany, for example, is reported to have witnessed a larger reduction in sub-regional income disparity since the mid-1990s than most other OECD nations. Analysis attributes this convergence in part to national and European Union funds for infrastructure (as well as to research and development, education and the transfer of some manufacturing jobs from factories in the western states to the east). 4 As shown in Section 3 below, large infrastructure investment programs can promote productivity growth, one of the key factors in reducing income inequalities between regions and raising a real personal incomes. Transportation policy change is a critical to change poverty and racismBullard 04 (Robert Doyle Bullard, PhD, professor of sociology, Dean of Public Affais at Texas Southern, Jan 1, 2004, http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NB_lJoyiF2cC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=%22Racism%22+%22transportation%22&ots=GWUJak2CQL&sig=pIexHRQlEh8LI5INLy2-lbBgFZM#v=onepage&q=%22Racism%22%20%22transportation%22&f=false) From Rosa Parks and the brave souls who risked their lives in the Montgomery Bus Boycott to John Lewis and the Freedom Riders, individual and organizational frontal assaults on racist transportation policies and practices represent attempts to literally dismantle the infrastructure of oppression. Natural heirs of the civil rights legacy, the Los Angeles Bus Riders Union in the 1990s and hundreds of grassroots groups in the early years of the new millennium have taken to our nation's buses, trains, streets, and highways and joined the battle against transportation racism. Transportation racism hurts people of color communities by depriving their residents of valuable resources, investments, and mobility. This book represents a small but significant part of the transportation equity movement—a movement that is redefining transportation as an environmental, economic, civil, and human right. The need for transportation touches every aspect of our lives and daily routines. The course of one day could necessitate a range of activities: working, shopping, visiting friends, attending church, or going to the doctor. Furthermore, transportation provides access to opportunity and serves as a key component in addressing poverty, unemployment, and equal opportunity goals while ensuring equal access to education, employment, and other public services. Lest anyone dismiss transportation as a tangential expense, consider that except for housing, Americans spend more on transportation than any other household disbursement, including (bod, education, and health care. The average American household spends one fifth of its income—or about $6,000 a year—for each car that it owns and operates.’ It is not uncommon for many low-income, people of color households to spend up to one-third of their income on transportation. This book affirms that transportation is neither a marginal cost nor an irrelevant need, but a necessity. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 366.47 Kb. Share with your friends:
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