Case Solvency
Land-based Aquaculture CP
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- Land-based aquaculture solves fish demand and avoids environment disads to offshore production
- 2NC Solvency – Commercially Viable
- It’s commercially viable – new production models
- 2NC NB – Environment DA
- CP resolves all the links to the environment DA
Land-based Aquaculture CP1NCText: The United States federal government should substantially increase grants and subsidies for the development of land-based aquaculture in the United States.CP massively expands land-based aquaculture – investor interest already existsWheeler 13 – JD candidate @ Golden Gate University School of Law Garrett, “A Feasible Alternative: The Legal Implications of Aquaculture in the United States and the Promise of Sustainable Urban Aquaculture Systems” Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal Vol. 6 Iss. 2 [http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=gguelj] // As the federal governm ent continu es to encourage the expansion of ocean-based aquaculture in the EEZ, not only will the environment be subject to an array of potential threats, but those looking to invest in the domestic production of seafood will al so be confounded by legal uncertainties and liabilities imposed by the CWA and other laws. Rather than continue to press for an unsusta inable system plagued by liability and staunch opposition from the environmental community and fishermen, new incentives in the form of grants, subsidies, and political support are needed to aid the development of a sustainable urban aquaculture industry. The alternativ e is to allow the American legal system to continue regulating through n that is both inefficient and costly. In more concrete terms, urban aquaculture may be the only way to provide fresh, local seafood while steering clear of environmental problems and possible legal liability. ¶ Although the extent to which sustainable aquaculture practices will be implemented in the United States is not clear, the promise of domestic seafood production flourishing within its cities is real. Minimal impact on the environment equates to minimal legal expenditure, and investors and entrepreneurs are already beginn ing to show interest. It is the challenge and duty of future gene rations “to encourage the art of aquaculture in urban areas and plan cr eatively for its beauty and utility in revitalized cities.” 181
Garrett, “A Feasible Alternative: The Legal Implications of Aquaculture in the United States and the Promise of Sustainable Urban Aquaculture Systems” Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal Vol. 6 Iss. 2 [http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=gguelj] // Although considerable scholarly analysis has been devoted to the environmental problems and legal complexities surrounding the development of open-ocean aquaculture, 11 little has been written on the alternative: sustainable land-based facilities. These systems are models of modern ecological engineering and can be located anywhere, including urban settings such as brownfields, 12 abandoned industrial sites, and warehouses. They can feed local populations and provide local jobs without compromising the health of our oceans and wild fish stocks. Sustainable land-based systems are already operating in American cities like Brooklyn, 13 Baltimore, 14 and Milwaukee. 15¶ Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) and aquaponic systems are closed-loop, land-based farms that re-use water and are capable of producing fish, vegetables, flowers, fruits, and herbs. 16 RAS technology eliminates the environmental probl ems associated with conventional aquaculture methods, such as outdoor pond systems and ocean net pen systems. RAS facilities are “susta inable, infinitely expandable, environmentally compatible, and have the ability to guarantee both the safety and the quality of fish produced.” 17 Unlike conventional systems, which are limited by environmental and geographic constraints, as well as the threat of disease transference, indoor systems can produce fish in completely controlled environments without risk of escapement or spread of disease. 18 Moreover, RAS conserves heat and water through water reuse, running on ninety to ninety-nine percent less water than conventional systems and providing environmentally safe waste- management treatment. 19¶ Growth and change are a ll but inevitable for the United States’ aquaculture industry. The environmental problems associated with ocean-based operations and their trad itional land-based counterparts are inexorably linked and therefore must inform both established and developing regulatory bodies of law. The current legal regimes affecting aquaculture production in the United States, in particular the federal Clean Water Act, will play a central role in shaping the development of the industry.¶ Sustainable, land-based aquaculture technologies, including recirculating systems, promise to provide environmentally sound aquaculture methods that are in many ways legally and economically preferable to ocean-based technologies. These systems are not only feasible, but essential to achieving an environmentally sustainable aquaculture industry. The implementation of such technologies should therefore be encouraged through the introduction of new law and policy initiatives. 2NC Solvency – Commercially ViableIt’s commercially viable even if start up costs are higher – spend less money on vaccines and feed, plus fish can be grown fasterBoychuck 14 Evelyn, “Farming salmon on land is possible, project suggests” [http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/farming-salmon-on-land-is-possible-project-suggests-1.2482754] January 6 // Summerfelt says that despite the price tag of start-up and maintenance, “land-based closed containment systems, when they’re at larger scales, are cost-competitive, we think, with the traditional production methods.”¶ The overall cost of land-based fish farming will likely be higher than that of a net-pen system. But money can be saved on land because fewer food pellets are wasted and “we have better survival because we keep the diseases out," said Summerfelt.¶ "We don’t have to vaccinate the fish, which is costly, we don’t have to use pesticides to treat sea lice, which is costly.”¶ These savings bring the cost of the two systems closer together, he says.¶ “We were told we couldn’t raise the salmon and get good growth or good survival in full freshwater, and we aren’t seeing that,” says Summerfelt.¶ The Namgis closed-containment project had a few hiccups with delivery times for some of the equipment, but Hildering says, “we’re applying the technology, and it’s working."¶ The first cohort of salmon entered the system on March 18, 2013, and “the first premium fish [three to five kilograms each] will be harvested in March, a year after entry,” says Hildering.¶ Atlantic salmon, reared on land, grow to market size in about a year, which is “six to nine months sooner than in a net-pen,” Summerfelt added, “and we get very good survival.”¶ Market projections suggest that there may ultimately be as much as a 30 per cent mark up in the price of land-reared salmon over other Atlantic salmon already available in the supermarkets. But a significant portion of her organization’s fish are already pre-sold, says Hildering, showing that people are willing to pay more for a sustainable, antibiotic and pesticide-free product.¶ According to Summerfelt, land-based aquaculture systems can be located anywhere, even in the prairies. Their location can help minimize the cost of transporting fish to the market, or they can be located where there’s less expensive power.
David, “Closed containment is affordable” [http://www.davidsuzuki.org/issues/oceans/science/sustainable-fisheries-and-aquaculture/closed-containment-is-affordable/] We know that net-pen aquaculture threatens wild salmon, and we also know that the industry is a profitable one that contributes significantly to local, provincial and national economic accounts. The good news is that an increasing body of evidence shows that land-based, closed-containment aquaculture is an environmentally, technically and economically viable option to net-pen aquaculture.¶ It's generally accepted that closed containment aquaculture has the ability to drastically reduce environmental impacts on the marine environment, but there is still debate whether the technology is adequate for commercial-scale production and if it economically feasible? At a Speaking for the Salmon workshop on land-based closed-containment aquaculture, Dr. Andrew Wright presented his study "Technologies for Viable Salmon Aquaculture: An Examination of Land-Based Closed Containment Aquaculture".¶ Dr. Wright, an engineer by training who holds a handful of patents, demonstrated that land-based closed containment is technically viable on a commercial scale by designing a system using widely available, off-the-shelf components. He further demonstrated that his system is economically viable, with a capital investment that is reasonable and in-line with new technology, and low operating expenses, resulting in a healthy cash flow that materializes in the early years of the operation. The study even finds that profits can be significantly increased when waste is used as a feedstock for a secondary product, such as lettuce.¶ The bottom line: for a $12-million investment, you can expect anywhere from $5- to $13-million in yearly profits. Not a bad investment!
Land-based aquaculture avoids the disad – isolated facilities means no disease spread or invasive speciesWheeler 13 – JD candidate @ Golden Gate University School of Law Garrett, “A Feasible Alternative: The Legal Implications of Aquaculture in the United States and the Promise of Sustainable Urban Aquaculture Systems” Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal Vol. 6 Iss. 2 [http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=gguelj] // Compared to the negative environmental impacts of ocean-based aquaculture facilities, the negative impacts of land-based systems are easily minimized. Unlike ocean-based operations, isolated terrestrial facilities have fewer problems with escapement. 49 The spread of disease is also easier to control because fecal matter and feed waste are not in direct contact with the surrounding marine ecosystem. CP resolves all the links to the environment DAFoodandWaterWatch.org 8 “Land-Based Recirculating Aquaculture Systems” [http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/reports/land-based-recirculating-aquaculture-systems/#] November 26 // Widespread open-water fish farming methods, such as coastal ponds and open-ocean aquaculture (OOA), can seriously damage marine ecosystems and are far from providing the safe and sustainable seafood many consumers want. In particular, OOA – the mass production of fish in huge floating net pens or cages in open ocean waters – raises concerns about consumer safety, pollution of the marine environment and conflicts with other ocean uses.¶ Fortunately, RAS can likely provide a cleaner, greener, safer alternative to open-water farms that does not compete with other ocean uses. These systems are usually land-based and reuse virtually all of the water initially put into the system. As a result, RAS can reduce the discharge of waste and the need for antibiotics or chemicals used to combat disease and fish and parasite escapes – all serious concerns associated with OOA and pond aquaculture. Directory: file -> view view -> Western Europe after wwii view -> Author study: paul fleischman view -> Qpa1 7ela study Guide view -> Arctic Oil/Gas Neg view -> November 1970 Approximately 150,000-500,000 deaths Bhola Cyclone Bangladesh view -> Grade Level: 6 Unit of Study: Caribbean glce view -> Citation: Duffield, Katy view -> Table of Contents Lesson # view -> Chinese Wind Energy Disad Download 404.01 Kb. Share with your friends:
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