Catalog of Invasive Plants



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HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Introduced to the Northeast by waterfowl or boats from the South.


NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

REPRODUCTION

Submersed freshwater perennial. Reproduces vegetatively.
FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

CONTROL


Inspection of boats and equipment before leaving an infested body of water. Biological control includes grass carp. Raking, seining and herbicide.

SPECIES NAME



Cardamine impatiens L.
COMMON NAME

Narrowleaf bittercress


FAMILY

Brassicaceae


NPS CODE

CARIMP
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Potentially invasive
THREAT

Produces many viable seeds per plant that can form dense stands in rich wooded communities.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Grows well in edge, early successional forest, floodplain forest, herbaceous wetland, vacant lot, river or stream, roadside, and yard or garden habitats. Grows well in shade, can form dense areas and outcompete native species.


HABITAT

Shady woods


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Europe
HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Introduced to the U.S. from Europe before 1916. Appears in Connecticut and then in Acadia National Park in Maine in 1994.
NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey.


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

ACAD


REPRODUCTION

FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

Fruits ripen from May to September and contain 10-24 seeds each. Seeds project from fruits; long distance dispersal mechanisms are unknown.
CONTROL

SPECIES NAME



Carduus nutans L.
COMMON NAME

Nodding thistle


FAMILY

Asteraceae


NPS CODE

CARNUT
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Potentially invasive
THREAT

Can produce large numbers of individual plants.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Grows well in disturbed areas, unpalatable to livestock, acid soil tolerant, forms dense stands


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Europe and Asia


HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Introduced to the eastern United States in the early 1800s


NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

Entire Northeast except Maine and Vermont


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

REPRODUCTION

Aggressive biennial herb, flowers in May and August. Reproduces from seed.
FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

Seeds disperse one month after flowers form. One flower head produces about 1200 seeds, one plant about 120,000 seeds. Seeds are wind dispersed and are viable for about 10 years.


CONTROL

Hand pulling, biocontrol (two European weevils), and herbicide

SPECIES NAME

Carex kobomugi Ohwi
COMMON NAME

Asiatic sand sedge


FAMILY

Cyperaceae


NPS CODE

CARKOB
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Invasive
THREAT

Forms dense stands by vegetative spread.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Grows on dunes, tolerant of salt spray and wind, spreads by underground stems. Forms low, dense mats and crowds out native plants.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Japan, Korea, Russia, China


HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Introduced in 1929 to New Jersey from shipwrecked barrels containing porcelain from Asia.


NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

Northeast south of and including Massachusetts


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

REPRODUCTION

Perennial sedge, spreads vegetatively by fragmenting rhizomes.
FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION
CONTROL

Hand pulling or digging, herbicide

SPECIES NAME

Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.
COMMON NAME

Asiatic bittersweet


FAMILY

Celastraceae


NPS CODE

CELORB
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Invasive
THREAT

Mechanical damage from “strangling” and increased surface area. Dense growth shades out other species and produces many seedlings.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Thrives in disturbed areas. Will grow over anything in its path including native plants. Shades and girdles native plants. Often spread by humans because of its use in floral arrangements. Produces prolific amounts of fruit.


HABITAT

Invades disturbed and open areas such as roadsides, fence rows, abandoned fields and forest edges.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

East Asia, Japan, Korea, and China


HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Introduced to the U.S. from China as an ornamental around 1860.


NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

All Northeastern states


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

ACAD, ALPO, BOHA, CACO, DEWA, GATE, MIMA, SAHI, WEFA


REPRODUCTION

Deciduous woody perennial vine. Reproduces from seed and also some vegetative spread by root suckering.


FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

Fruits produced from July to October. Fruit splits at maturity and contains 3 to 6 seed-containing axils. Seeds are bird, water, and human dispersed.


CONTROL

Prevention through avoiding planting as an ornamental, herbicides and mowing.

SPECIES NAME

Centaurea biebersteinii DC.
COMMON NAME

Spotted knapweed


FAMILY

Asteraceae


SYNONYMS

Centaurea maculosa L.
NPS CODE

CENBIE
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Invasive
THREAT

Can form stands with many plants.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Prefers disturbed areas and edges; does well in dry, coarse, sandy soil. Aggressive, little grazing value for livestock. Increases soil erosion, decreases plant diversity and is a wildfire hazard.


HABITAT

Well-drained, light textured soils with summer rainfall. Rangelands, road ditches, field margins and other disturbed areas, prairies, oak and pine barrens.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Central Europe


HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Introduced to the Pacific Northwest in 1893 from Asia Minor or from Germany with alfalfa seed.


NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

Entire Northeast


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

ACAD, DEWA, MIMA, SARA


REPRODUCTION

Biennial or weak perennial, flowers June through October, reproduced by seed


FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

Produces over 400 seeds per stalk. Mechanic dispersal, and dispersal by rodents, livestock, hay, commercial seed or on vehicles.


CONTROL

Herbicide, grazing, mowing, tilling, and several biocontrol insects.

SPECIES NAME

Clematis terniflora DC.
COMMON NAME

Yam clematis


FAMILY

Ranunculaceae


SYNONYMS

Clematis dioscoreifolia Levl. & Vaniot
NPS CODE

CLETER
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Potentially invasive
THREAT

Dense growth shades out other species.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Grows rampantly and is hard to control. With overgrow anything in its path. Fleshy, deep root system, difficult to remove.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Japan
HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Introduced in 1864; escaped from cultivation.
NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

Entire Northeast, except Maine


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

REPRODUCTION

Semi-evergreen or deciduous vine, flowers from late summer through fall. Reproduces from seed or cuttings.
FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

Seeds contained in seed heads


CONTROL

SPECIES NAME



Coronilla varia L.
COMMON NAME

Purple crown vetch


FAMILY

Fabaceae
SYNONYMS



Securigera varia (L.) Lassen
NPS CODE

CORVAR
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Invasive
THREAT

Can form dense, monotypic stands. Individual plants can give rise to more plants vegetatively and by seed.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Has creeping stems and rhizomes. Grows best in open areas but is also shade tolerant, outcompetes natives and has a dense mat growth habit.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Europe and North Africa


HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Planted in the United States in areas prone to erosion.


NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

Entire Northeast


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

DEWA


REPRODUCTION

Herbaceous perennial forb, flowers in May through September. Reproduces by crown division, rooted stem cuttings and seeds.


FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

Fruits inconspicuous


CONTROL

Prescribed burning and mowing over successive seasons, herbicide

SPECIES NAME

Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi
COMMON NAME

Black swallow-wort


FAMILY

Asclepiadaceae


SYNONYMS

Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers., non Cav., Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench
NPS CODE

CYNLOU
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Invasive
THREAT

Forms dense stands of many individuals.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Thrives in almost any upland habitat. Grows rapidly and overgrows native vegetation. Wind dispersal allows dispersal over long distances. Can resprout vigorously from a cut shoot.


HABITAT

Woods, moist sunny places, grassy slopes and stream banks.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Europe
HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

First New England record is from Cambridge in 1876.
NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

Entire Northeast


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

MIMA, WEFA

REPRODUCTION

Perennial twining herb, flowers in May through July. Reproduces from seed and vegetative rhizomes.


FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

Seeds released in August through October and dispersed by wind and occasionally water.


CONTROL

Digging up root crowns, manual removal of fruit and the use of herbicides are effective control methods.

SPECIES NAME

Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopov) Barbarich
COMMON NAME

European Swallow-wort


FAMILY

Asclepiadaceae


SYNONYMS

Cynanchum medium acut. Non R. Br., Vincetoxicum medium acut. Non (R. Br.) Dcne., Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopov) Barbarich
NPS CODE

CYNROS
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Invasive
THREAT

Forms dense stands of many individuals.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Can grow rapidly over native vegetation. Can dominate the edge of an open woodland. Wind-dispersed seeds can travel long distances; resprouts vigorously when cut.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Europe
HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Initial introduction unknown, the first record in New England is from New Haven, CT.
NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

REPRODUCTION

Herbaceous perennial vine, reproduces vegetatively with rhizomes and from seed.
FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

Abundant seeds released in late summer into fall. Seeds dispersed by wind and occasionally water.

CONTROL

Pulling of root crowns, removal of fruits, and herbicides.



SPECIES NAME

Dactylis glomerata L.
COMMON NAME

Orchard grass


FAMILY

Poaceae
NPS CODE

DACGLO
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Potentially invasive in an anthropogenic landscape.


THREAT

Can disperse into and become established in minimally managed habitats.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Shade tolerant, tolerant of poor drainage, shallow, infertile and poorly drained soils. Withstands heavy grazing. Has a high seed set.


HABITAT

Roadsides, lawns, fields, ditch banks and open woodlands.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Eurasia, North Africa


HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Introduced intentionally in 1760 from Europe as a hay and pasture grass.


NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

Entire Northeast


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

ACAD, DEWA, MIMA

REPRODUCTION

Perennial bunchgrass, flowers in April through July. Forms seeds and tillers.


FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION
CONTROL

Hand pulling young plants and herbicide.

SPECIES NAME

Egeria densa Planch.
COMMON NAME

Brazilian water-weed


FAMILY

Hydrocharitaceae


SYNONYMS

Elodea densa (Planch.) Caspary
NPS CODE

EGEDEN
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Invasive
THREAT

Dense growth can choke a water body.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Grows well in aquatic, river or stream and lake or pond habitats. Can form dense monotypic stands and crowd out native aquatics. Reproduces easily via plant fragments. Creates a poor habitat for fish.


HABITAT

Freshwater lakes and ponds


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay


HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

First offered for sale in the U.S. in 1915 as a popular aquarium plant.


NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

All of the Northeast except Maine and Rhode Island


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

REPRODUCTION

Submersed, aquatic, dioecious herb. Vegetative reproduction only.
FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

Only the staminate form has been reported in the Northeast. Dispersed by water birds, attached to boats and from aquariums and water gardens.


CONTROL

Herbicide, drawing down of the water, shading of the invaded area with an opaque cover, and harvesting after the plant has completely invaded an area.


N.B. Readily available in most aquarium stores as an “oxygenating plant.”

SPECIES NAME



Elaeagnus angustifolia L.
COMMON NAME

Russian olive


FAMILY

Elaeagnaceae


NPS CODE

ELAANG
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Potentially invasive
THREAT

Can produce many offspring.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Fast growth rate, salt tolerant, very tough and adaptable, fixes nitrogen, can grow in any soil. A serious problem in the Midwest where it has outcompeted the native plains cottonwood. In the Northeast, it only rarely escapes. Can form root shoots and suckers.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Southern Europe, Asia and through the Himalayas


HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Introduced to the United States in the late 1800s. Escaped from cultivation in the west in the 1940s-1960s. Introduced the Northeast when planted along roadsides and in gardens.


NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

Maine, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island.


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

ALPO
REPRODUCTION

Deciduous shrub or small tree, flowers in June and July. Reproduces vegetatively and from seed.
FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

Fruits mature in August to September and contain one large seed each. Seeds dispersed by birds and small mammals.


CONTROL

Mowing of seedlings and sprouts, cutting or girdling of stems, prescribed burning and herbicide application.

SPECIES NAME

Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.
COMMON NAME

Autumn olive


FAMILY

Elaeagnaceae


NPS CODE

ELAUMB
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Invasive
THREAT

Produces prodigious amounts of bird-dispersed fruits that can give rise to dense, near monotypic stands; outcompetes native species and grows rapidly producing fruits within five years.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Fast growth rate, weedy appearance. Tolerant of drought, heat and wind. Thrives in low-fertility, acid, loamy and sandy soils. Nitrogen-fixes. Can produce up to 80 pounds of fruit per season. Resprouts abundantly if cut.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

China, Korea and Japan


HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

First cultivated in the U.S. in 1830 from Japan. Used to revegetate disturbed habitats.


NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

Entire Northeast


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

DEWA, MIMA, WEFA


REPRODUCTION

Deciduous shrub or small tree, flowers in May. Reproduces vegetatively and from seed.


FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

Fruits ripen in September to October, and are dispersed by birds and small mammals.


CONTROL

Cutting the plant and painting the stem with herbicide, or hand pulling young seedlings.

SPECIES NAME

Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold
COMMON NAME

Winged euonymus


FAMILY

Celastraceae


NPS CODE

EUOALA
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Invasive
THREAT

High seedling production gives rise to dense stands. Grows well and produces fruits in closed-canopy forests. Often found along trails and woodland openings.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Tolerant of many conditions and soil types, pH adaptable, has no serious pest problems. Grows well in open or disturbed areas as well as an understory plant in forests. Can form dense thickets and crowd and shade out native plants. Produces abundant seeds.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Northeastern Asia, Japan, central China


HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Introduced as an ornamental shrub around 1860.


NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

Entire Northeast


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

MIMA, WEFA


REPRODUCTION

Deciduous shrub, flowers in late April to June. Cultivar “Compactus” reproduced from cuttings – its seeds produce typically winged individuals.


FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

Fruits ripen from September to October and contain up to four seeds each. Seeds are usually bird dispersed or fall below the plant.


CONTROL

Foliar herbicide or herbicide pained onto cut stem.

SPECIES NAME

Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Maz.
COMMON NAME

Winter creeper, Climbing euonymus


FAMILY

Celastraceae


NPS CODE

EUOFOR
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Potentially invasive
THREAT

Can form dense thicket or climb existing trees.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Fast growth rate, easy to propagate, tolerant of most conditions except wet sites, pH adaptable, shade tolerant. Can form dense groundcover, outcompetes native vegetation by depleting soil moisture and nutrients and by blocking sunlight. Forms dense vegetative mats. Is rarely seen far from cultivation.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

China
HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Introduced in 1907 as an ornamental groundcover. There are many cultivars of this species.
NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

REPRODUCTION

Evergreen clinging vine, flowers from June to July. Reproduces vegetatively. Bird, wildlife and water dispersed. Seedlings appear to be uncommon.
FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

Fruits ripen in October and persist.


CONTROL

Grubbing, hand pulling, herbicide and herbicide applied to cut stems.

SPECIES NAME

Euphorbia esula L.
COMMON NAME

Leafy spurge


FAMILY

Euphorbiaceae


NPS CODE

EUPESU
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Potentially invasive
THREAT

Forms dense, near monotypic stands.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Displaces natives by shading, usurping water and nutrients, and has a toxin that prevents plants from growing underneath. Aggressive, tolerant of many soil conditions. Grows well in disturbed sites. High seed germination rate and long seed bank time. Emerges early in the season.


HABITAT

Open habitats, waste areas, pastures, roadsides and cultivated fields.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Europe and Asia


HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Introduced in the early 1800s most likely from a seed impurity.


NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

Entire Northeast


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

MIMA


REPRODUCTION

Perennial herb, flowers mid June. Reproduces vegetatively and from seed. Mechanical explosive seed dispersal as well as by water and wildlife.


FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

About 200 seeds per stalk. Seeds disperse in July.


CONTROL

Biocontrol including insects and sheep, herbicides with mowing.

SPECIES NAME

Festuca elatior L.
COMMON NAME

Tall fescue


FAMILY

Poaceae
SYNONYMS



Lolium pratense (Huds.) S.J. Darbyshire, Festuca pratensis Huds.
NPS CODE

FESELA
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Potentially invasive in anthropogenic landscapes.
THREAT

Individuals can disperse into minimally managed habitats.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Tolerant of wide moisture, temperature and pH ranges. Can grow in calcareous and sandy soils. Crowds out native plants.


HABITAT

Pastures, roadsides, valleys, moist to dry sites along roadsides and waterways in meadows, fallow fields and other disturbed sites.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Northern Europe and east to central Asia, south to Caucasus and to Asia Minor.


HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Introduced from England to the United States for pasture and hay.


NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

Entire Northeast


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

REPRODUCTION

Perennial bunchgrass, flowers from May to July.
FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

Dispersed by horse and cattle manure, and intentionally by humans.


CONTROL

Prescribed burning and herbicide

SPECIES NAME

Festuca filiformis, Lam.
COMMON NAME

Hair fescue


FAMILY

Poaceae
SYNONYMS



Leptochloa panicea spp. Brachiata (Steudl.) N. Snow, Festuca capillata Lam.
NPS CODE

FESFIL
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Potentially invasive
THREAT

Individuals can disperse into and become established in minimally managed habitats.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Grows well in sand and in well-drained soils.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN
HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION
NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

Entire Northeast


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

REPRODUCTION


FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION
CONTROL

SPECIES NAME



Frangula alnus P. Mill
COMMON NAME

Glossy buckthorn


FAMILY

Rhamnaceae


SYNONYMS

Rhamnus frangula L.
NPS CODE

FRAALN
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS

Invasive
THREAT

Produces high numbers of seeds, forming dense, near monotypic stands.


INVASIVE ECOLOGY

Can form dense stands in wetlands that shade and prevent growth of other species. Withstands nutrient poor soils. Readily dispersed by birds and able to be dispersed through the summer and fall. Host to crown rust fungi (infects oats). Flowers in spring and has produced some ripe fruits by mid-summer. Some ripe fruits usually available until frost.


HABITAT

Wetlands, disturbed areas such as forest edges, fence rows, abandoned fields, roadsides, and in thickets, rocky sites, riparian woods and prairies.


GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Europe, North Africa and Central Asia


HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION

Introduced to the United States before 1800, began to invade in early 1900s.


NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION

Maine south to Pennsylvania and New Jersey


NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS

ACAD, MABI, MIMA


REPRODUCTION

Deciduous small tree, flowers in May to September. Flowers in May and June


FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION

Fruits mature in July to August. Seeds each contain three to four seeds and are dispersed by birds, waterfowl and some small mammals.


CONTROL

Hand pulling, mowing or burning for several consecutive years, girdling, underplanting, excavating and applying herbicides on leaves or cut stems.

SPECIES NAME

Hedera helix L.


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