Catalog of Invasive Plants
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Potentially invasive
Can form dense stands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Rapid growth rate, salt and drought tolerant, air pollution tolerant, pH adaptable. Roots will clog drain tiles, sewers and water channels because of the dense stands it forms. Spreads abundantly by root suckers. Outcompetes native plants. Produces large seed crops and easily resprouts. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Eurasia
Introduced to North America in 1748 as an ornamental.
Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Deciduous tree, flowers March and April. Reproduces vegetatively and by seed. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Seed germination rate is low, and each fruit contains many seeds. Seeds are dispersed by the wind.
Hand pulling of seedlings, application of herbicide onto stumps, girdling and herbicide SPECIES NAME
Curly pondweed FAMILY Potamogetonaceae NPS CODE POTCRI
Invasive
Can form dense mats that prohibit sunlight penetration. Easily dispersed down-stream. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Often survives through the winter and can germinate under ice. Turions form in summer. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe
Introduce to the United States over 100 years ago.
Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS SAIR
Submersed aquatic perennial, flowers from June through September. Reproduces via rhizomes and by seed.
Produces fruits in early summer. No part of the plant except for the fruits and turions survive through the summer. CONTROL Herbicide SPECIES NAME
Kudzu
Fabaceae
PUEMON
Invasive
Forms impenetrable climbing mat that covers native vegetation and everything else. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows well at forest edges, roadsides and disturbed areas. Smothers and girdles native vegetation. Breaks branches and uproots trees due to its weight. Grows rapidly, up to one foot per day. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan
Introduced in 1876 at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition where it was shown as a forage crop and ornamental. Farmers in the South were encouraged to plant it until 1950.
Massachusetts and south NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Rapidly growing perennial vine flowers rarely, spreads primarily via runners and rhizomes. Many seeds are not fertile.
Each pod contains 3 to 10 seeds CONTROL Cutting, grazing, digging, prescribed burning, herbicides SPECIES NAME
Callery pear FAMILY Rosaceae
PYRCAL
Invasive
Can produce many bird-dispersed fruits that can become established in minimally managed habitats.
Fast growth rate, very adaptable to many different soils, tolerant of dry and hot conditions, pollution tolerant, many cultivars fireblight resistant. Forms dense monocultures and self-sows. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Korea, China and Japan HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States in 1918 to be used in breeding populations to introduce fire blight resistance to edible pears. Escaped from cultivation. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Maryland and Virginia NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Deciduous tree, flowers in early spring. Reproduces by cuttings and seed. Seeds are bird dispersed.
Many seeds per drupe CONTROL Hand pulling seedlings, foliar herbicide SPECIES NAME
Lesser celandine FAMILY Ranunculaceae NPS CODE RANFIC
Invasive
Forms large monotypic mats on forest floor; displaces other species. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Spring ephemeral – emerges ahead of native plants. Forms solid, spreading mounds which exclude other plants. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe
HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States as an ornamental. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast except for Vermont and Maine NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Herbaceous perennial, flowers March and April. Reproduces vegetatively by copious tuber production and also by seed.
Fruits mature in May CONTROL Hand pulling or digging, herbicide SPECIES NAME
Buckthorn FAMILY Rhamnaceae NPS CODE RHACAT
Invasive
Can create thickets of numerous individuals. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast growth rate, suckers, tolerant of most conditions, creates thickets under which native vegetation can not survive. Alternative host for crown rust. Can regenerate after being cut or burned. Proliferates in calcareous soils. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe and western and northern Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States before 1800 and began to invade around the early 1900s. Often used along fence rows and as shelter for wildlife. HABITAT Woodlands, savannas, prairies and wet areas. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION All New England NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS CACO, BOHA, MIMA REPRODUCTION Small deciduous tree or coarse shrub, flowers in the spring and reproduces by seed. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits contain 3 to 4 seeds each, appear in the fall and are eaten by birds. Seed dispersed by birds and small mammals. CONTROL Hand pulling, digging, girdling, herbicides, annual prescribed burning, and flooding. SPECIES NAME
Jetbead
Rosaceae
RHOSCA
Potentially invasive
Can produce many individuals in forest understories. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast growth rate, tolerant of many soil types including clay, pH adaptable, tolerant of crowding, most light conditions and polluted conditions. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan and central China HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States in 1866. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast except Maine, Rhode Island and Maryland. NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Deciduous shrub, flowers in late spring to early summer. Reproduces by softwood cuttings and from seed.
Fruits ripen in October and persist through winter CONTROL SPECIES NAME Robinia pseudoacacia L. COMMON NAME Black locust FAMILY Fabaceae
ROBPSE
Invasive
Can form dense stands of many individuals. May change soil chemistry.
Easily grown, tolerant of most soils, performs well in dry, sterile, sandy soils, fixes nitrogen, tolerant of salt, heat, salinity and pollution. Can form tall, dense, monotypic stands. Can outcompete native plants for pollinators by producing abundant nectar. HABITAT Pastures, woodlots, thickets, old fields and roadsides; occasionally upland forests, prairies and savannas. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Central and southeastern United States HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States for erosion control and for its wood. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, BOHA, CACO, DEWA, ROVA, SARA REPRODUCTION Fast growing deciduous tree, flowers in May and June. Reproduces by seeds and vegetative root suckers. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits mature in October and persist into winter. Each contains 4 to 10 seeds. CONTROL Cutting and herbicides SPECIES NAME
Multiflora rose FAMILY Rosaceae
Rosa cathayensis (Rehd. & Wilson) Bailey NPS CODE ROSMUL
Invasive
Forms dense, impenetrable thickets. Individual plants can produce many bird-dispersed seeds. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast growth rate, pH adaptable and salt tolerant. Tolerant of many soil and environmental condition. Outcompetes surrounding vegetation. Seeds readily into wild and waste areas. Often forms an impenetrable tangle of brush. Easy to grow. Tolerant of dry, heavy soils. A single plant can produce over 500,000 seeds and are viable for 10 to 20 years in the seed bank. HABITAT Pastures, riparian areas, thickets, roadsides and woodlands. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan and Korea HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States in 1886 as rootstock for cultivated roses. Advocated as a component of living fences and erosion control plans. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, BOHA, CACO, DEWA, GATE, MIMA, SAIR, WEFA REPRODUCTION Densely spreading perennial shrub, flowers in May and June. Reproduces by seeds and cuttings. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits mature in August and persist into winter. Fruits and seeds dispersed by birds, especially the cedar waxwing, mockingbird and American robin. CONTROL Hand pulling, cutting, mowing, and herbicides. SPECIES NAME
Japanese rose FAMILY Rosaceae
ROSRUG
Potentially invasive THREAT Can form impenetrable thickets on coastal beaches and dunes, just above high tide line. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast growth rate, easy to grow, pH adaptable, salt tolerant, suckers and forms colonies. Has disease resistant foliage. Often used as a landscape plant because of its salt tolerance. HABITAT Often maritime habitats. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Northern China, Korea and Japan HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States in 1845. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, CACO REPRODUCTION Perennial deciduous small sprouting shrub, flowers throughout the summer. Reproduces vegetatively and by seed (often takes two years). Water dispersed. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits mature in August through fall. Dispersed by animals who eat the hip. CONTROL Hand pulling and grubbing. SPECIES NAME
Wineberry FAMILY Rosaceae
RUBPHO
Invasive
Produces many bird-dispersed fruits per plant and can form dense thickets.
Often forms thickets, will spread, biennial canes root where they touch the soil. HABITAT Roadsides, thickets and open woods. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Asia
NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast except Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont(?). NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS DEWA, WEFA REPRODUCTION Deciduous shrub, flowers in May and June. Reproduces vegetatively and by seed. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits mature in June and July. CONTROL SPECIES NAME Salvinia molesta Mitchell COMMON NAME Giant salvinia FAMILY Salviniaceae NPS CODE SALMOL
Potentially invasive
Can form dense monotypic mats on the surface of ponds, lakes and slow-moving waterways. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Forms dense floating mats, new plants can develop from stem fragments. Withstands stress, low temperature and little water as dormant buds. Shades and crowds out native plants. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Southeastern Brazil HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States via the aquarium and landscaping trades. This species has been reported in many water garden nurseries. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION No Northeastern records to date. NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Free-floating aquatic fern, reproduces vegetatively. Dispersed by the aquarium and garden pond trades.
Possibly not fertile in the United States. CONTROL Herbicide, prevention, biocontrol SPECIES NAME
Tansy ragwort, Stinking willie FAMILY Asteraceae NPS CODE SENJAC
Potentially invasive
This species disperses easily and can produce many individuals in some coastal habitats. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Causes liver damage in livestock. Tolerant of most soil conditions, hot, dry summers, and cold temperatures. Seeds can lie dormant for up to 15 years. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Eurasia
Introduced to the United States in 1922.
Maine, New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and New Jersey NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Biennial to short-lived perennial, flowers mid July to mid October. Reproduces vegetatively from the root or by seed. Dispersed mechanically or by the wind.
Each plant is capable of producing 150,000 seeds. CONTROL Biocontrol, hand pulling, tilling and herbicide SPECIES NAME
Johnson grass FAMILY Poaceae
Holcus halepensis L., Sorghum miliaceum (Roxb.) Snowden NPS CODE SORHAL
Invasive in anthropogenic landscapes.
Can produce many seeds per plant and can form dense stands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Seeds can remain viable in the soil for about 6 years. Well adapted to a large range of conditions and soil types. Has a creeping rhizome system that grows quickly and produces a prolific number of seeds which makes it highly competitive and invasive. Shades native plants and decreases nutrient and moisture availability. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe
Introduced to the United States in the early 1800s as a potential forage crop.
Entire Northeast except for Maine NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Perennial grass, flowers in the summer. Reproduces vegetatively and by seed. Dispersed by water, wind, animals and contaminated crop seeds.
Produces an immense number of seeds CONTROL Removal of rhizomes by tilling and plowing, herbicide, prescribed burning, mowing and grazing. SPECIES NAME
Japanese spirea FAMILY Rosaceae
SPIJAP
Potentially invasive THREAT Often used in cultivation, this species can escape and become established in many habitat types. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Soil tolerant, extremely durable. Suckers. Has a fast growth rate and forms dense stands. Outcompetes native plants, and its seeds last for many years in the soil. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan, Korea, China HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States in 1870 as an ornamental landscape plant. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast except for Maine, New Jersey and Delaware NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Perennial deciduous shrub, flowers in late spring to mid summer. Reproduces by softwood cuttings and seeds. Dispersed by water and in contaminated fill dirt.
Fruits hold through the winter. Each plant may produce 100s of small seeds. CONTROL Cutting, mowing and herbicide SPECIES NAME
Japanese tree lilac FAMILY Oleaceae
SYRRET
Potentially invasive THREAT Can escape into and become established in minimally managed habitats. INVASIVE ECOLOGY pH adaptable, poor soil and compact soil tolerant. Tolerant of drought and salt. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan
Introduced to the United States in 1876.
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York and Pennsylvania NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS SAGA
Deciduous large shrub or small tree, flowers in the late spring to early summer. Reproduces by cuttings or by seed.
Fruits mature in the fall and often persist through winter. CONTROL SPECIES NAME Trapa natans L. COMMON NAME Water chestnut FAMILY Trapaceae NPS CODE TRANAT
Invasive
Forms dense monotypic mats that cover surface and prohibit sunlight penetration. Each seed gives rise to multiple rosettes that each produce many seeds themselves. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Forms surface mats and competes for nutrients and space. Little nutritional value for wildlife. Leads to low levels of dissolved oxygen. Impedes fishing, swimming and boating. HABITAT Freshwater lakes and rivers. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Eurasia
Before 1879, intentionally planted at the Cambridge Botanical Garden in Massachusetts, as well as in other Massachusetts ponds by a gardener. Became invasive and spread to much of the Northeast.
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire and Connecticut NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Aquatic annual flowers in July and continues until frost. Dispersed by rosettes carrying ripening seeds can be dispersed by water. Waterfowl and boats also disperse seeds.
Fruits ripen in a month and can remain viable for up to twelve years. CONTROL Mechanical harvesting of floating mats SPECIES NAME
Coltsfoot FAMILY Asteraceae NPS CODE TUSFAR
Invasive
Can invade rich woodlands seeps and displace native species. Produces many seeds per plant. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Able to form large colonies that crowd out native species. Rhizomes often very deep. Seeds can travel long distances and the plant flowers early, enabling it to disperse seeds earlier than native plants. HABITAT Disturbed and waste places, stream banks, pastures, fields, and roadsides. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe
Introduced to the United States by European settlers for medicine, tea, candy and tobacco. Planted in herb gardens and spread via plantings or rhizomes.
Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD
Herbaceous perennial, flowers from April to June, with spreading rhizomes for clonal growth. Also reproduces from seed.
Seeds are wind and water dispersed CONTROL Avoid planting along roadsides, hand pulling, herbicide. SPECIES NAME
Chinese elm FAMILY Ulmaceae
Ulmus chinensis Pers. NPS CODE ULMPAR
Potentially invasive
Can produce many seeds. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast growth rate, pH adaptable, adaptable to many soil types. Tolerant of urban air and soils and resistant to Dutch Elm disease. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN China, Japan, Korea HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States from Asia by Frank Meyer in the early 1900s as an ornamental. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Maryland, West Virginia and Virginia NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Large deciduous tree, flowers in August through early September. Reproduces from seed.
Fruits ripen in September and October and contain one seed each. CONTROL SPECIES NAME Valeriana officinalis L. COMMON NAME Garden heliotrope FAMILY Valerianaceae NPS CODE VALOFF
Potentially invasive
This species can become dominant in old fields. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Invasive in old fields GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Eastern and central Europe HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States by colonists. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast except for Virginia, Delaware and Rhode Island NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Perennial herb, flowers in June and July. Reproduces from seed.
One seed per fruit. Seeds are wind dispersed. CONTROL SPECIES NAME Verbascum thapsus L. COMMON NAME Common mullein FAMILY Scrophulariaceae NPS CODE VERTHA
Invasive
Can produce many individuals in open fields and disturbed habitats. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Adaptable to a wide variety of conditions. Grows more vigorously than natives. Prolific seeder who’s seeds last a long time in the soil. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe and Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States in the mid 1700s as a medicinal herb and insecticide. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS DEWA
REPRODUCTION Perennial herb, flowers from July through September. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Each plant is capable of producing 100,000 to 180,000 seeds that are viable for over 100 years. Seeds are dispersed mechanically. CONTROL Hand pulling, biocontrol and herbicide SPECIES NAME
Linden viburnum FAMILY Caprifoliaceae NPS CODE VIBDIL
Invasive
Can easily become established in closed-canopy woodlands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Easily established and shade tolerant GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Eastern Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States before 1845. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Multi-stemmed deciduous shrub, flowers in late spring to early summer. Reproduces by cuttings and from seed.
Fruits ripen in September and October and persist into December. Seeds are bird dispersed. CONTROL SPECIES NAME Viburnum sieboldii Miq. COMMON NAME Siebold’s arrowwood FAMILY Caprifoliaceae NPS CODE VIVSIE
Potentially invasive
Can easily become established in closed-canopy woodlands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Very easy to grow, pH adaptable, tolerant of dry soils. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan
Introduced to the United States in 1880.
New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS MORR
REPRODUCTION Deciduous shrub, flowers in late May. Reproduces by cuttings and from seed. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits ripen in September through early October; eaten by birds. CONTROL SPECIES NAME Viburnum plicatum Thunb. COMMON NAME Japanese snowball FAMILY Caprifoliaceae SYNONYMS Viburnum tomentosum Thunb. NPS CODE VIBPLI
Potentially invasive
Can easily become established in closed-canopy woodlands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Soil adaptable, and tolerant of drought. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN China and Japan HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States by R.F. Michaud to Surrey, B.C. in the early 1960s from Japan. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Deciduous shrub, flowers from May through the end of Fall. Reproduces by cuttings and from seed.
Fruits mature in August, and seeds are bird dispersed. CONTROL SPECIES NAME Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. COMMON NAME Japanese wisteria FAMILY Fabaceae
WISFLO
Invasive
Can climb on associated vegetation forming a dense thicket.
Tolerant of many soils and relatively tough sites. pH adaptable. Hefty vine that grows by twining around structures. Rampant grower, can be hard to contain. Takes over native shrubs by strangling and shading them. Forms dense thickets. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan
Introduced to the United States in 1830 from Japan as an ornamental.
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Deciduous woody climbing vine, flowers from April to May. Reproduces vegetatively or from seed. Seeds are water dispersed.
Fruits ripen in October and persist into the winter. CONTROL Cutting, grubbing, painting cut stems with herbicide, foliar herbicide. SPECIES NAME
Chinese wisteria FAMILY Fabaceae
WISSIN
Invasive
Can climb on associated vegetation forming a dense thicket.
Shade and full sun tolerant, tolerant of many soil types. Can overtake native plants by strangling and overshading them. Forms dense thickets. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN China
Introduced to the United States in 1816 as an ornamental.
Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia and Virginia NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Deciduous climbing vine, flowers from April to May. Reproduces vegetatively or from seed.
One to three seeds per fruit. CONTROL Cutting, grubbing, painting herbicide on cut stems, foliar herbicide. Download 461.49 Kb. Share with your friends:
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