Catalog of Invasive Plants
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SPECIES NAME
European fly-honeysuckle FAMILY Caprifoliaceae NPS CODE LONXYL
Invasive
Can produce many fruits giving rise to many offspring. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast growth rate, easy to grow, tolerant of difficult growing sites, adaptable to most soils. Urban tolerant, adaptable, tolerant of poor soils, pH tolerant, tolerant of drought, salt spray and heavy pruning. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe
NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Shrub, flowers in early May and June. Reproduces by rooted stem cuttings and seeds.
Fruits mature in July and August CONTROL Hand pulling of seedlings, cutting, herbicide and prescribed burning. SPECIES NAME
Oakforest woodrush FAMILY Juncaceae SYNONYMS Juncoides nemorosum (Pollard) Kuntze NPS CODE LUZLUZ
Potentially invasive
Many individuals can form dense stands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe
NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION CONTROL SPECIES NAME Lythrum salicaria L. COMMON NAME Purple loosestrife FAMILY Lythraceae NPS CODE LYTSAL
Invasive
Individuals can produce high numbers of seeds. Forms dense stands that many exclude other species. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Crowds and shades out native vegetation, tolerant of a wide range of soils, pH and shade tolerant. Creates dense, monospecific stands, has an extended flowering season, invades wetlands, produces over 2.5 million seeds per mature plant annually. HABITAT Low-lying coastal areas, wetlands, banks of streams and ponds, flood plains, wet pastures, irrigation canals, ditches and waterways. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Eurasia
First reported in 1814 in the United States. Introduced as an ornamental and for medicinal uses.
Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, BAHA, CACO, DEWA, MIMA, SAGA, SAIR, SARA, UPDE REPRODUCTION Perennial subshrub, flowers in July through October. Reproduces by seed and vegetatively through underground stems. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Seeds are dispersed by water, wind, waterfowl and birds. CONTROL Mowing, plowing, herbicide, hand pulling, replacement with other species, biological control. SPECIES NAME Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus COMMON NAME Japanese stiltgrass FAMILY Poaceae
Andropogon vimineu Trin., Eulalia viminea (Trin.) Kuntze NPS CODE MICVIM
Invasive
This highly invasive annual produces many seeds that give rise to many individuals. Rapidly forms dense carpets in upland woods and wetland forests. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Able to form dense stands that dominate habitats, displace native understories and wetland species. Easily invades disturbed areas and can produce seeds in low light. Forms monotypic stands and produces many seeds. Seed banks are fire resistant and remain in the soil for three years. HABITAT Flood plains, stream banks, woodland edges, moist fields and meadows and swamps. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Asia
Introduced to the United States in Tennessee in 1919 possibly as packing material. Reached southern New England by the 1980s.
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and southwards. NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS DEWA, MORR REPRODUCTION Annual grass, flowers beginning in mid-September. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits mature from late September through early October. Seeds are mechanically dispersed, and dispersed over long distances by humans and animals. CONTROL Prevention, hand pulling, herbicide, and prolonged flooding SPECIES NAME
Eulalia
Poaceae
MISSIN
Potentially invasive
Can escape and become established especially in sandy soils; clumps can form dense stands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Adaptable to poor soil, compacted soil, a large pH range, heat and drought. Clump-forming. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN China
Cultivated in the United States as an ornamental and later escaped.
Entire Northeast, except for Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Perennial grass, flowers in late July through frost. Reproduces by crown division.
Early flowering cultivars set seed, however seed doesn’t mature in late flowering cultivars. CONTROL SPECIES NAME Morus alba L. COMMON NAME White mulberry FAMILY Moraceae
Morus tatarica L. NPS CODE MORALB
Potentially invasive
Produces large amounts of bird-dispersed fruits, each with many seeds. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast growing, tolerant of drought, urban and seaside conditions, can also exist in disturbed woodlands. Low pH, frost, poor soil, shade, slope and weed tolerant. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN China
Introduced to the United States in early Colonial times for silkworm culture.
Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Monoecious or dioecious shrub or tree, flowers in May. Reproduces by cuttings or seed.
Fruits mature in June to July and contain numerous seeds. CONTROL Cutting, girdling, and herbicide. SPECIES NAME
Aneilima
Commelinaceae
MURKEI
Potentially invasive
Forms dense stands in open wetlands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Crowds out native plants, forms a solid growth mat, establishes itself in freshwater wetlands, and forms monoculture growths. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN China, Japan, Korea, Tibet HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Imported to the United States before the 1920s with rice intended for growth in this country. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Maryland, Virigina NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Annual, flowers in August through late September. Reproduces vegetatively and by seed.
Produces 1000s of very small seeds. Dispersed by ducks and other waterfowl. CONTROL Herbicide SPECIES NAME
Variable watermilfoil FAMILY Haloragaceae NPS CODE MYRHET
Invasive
Forms dense monotypic mats that prohibit sunlight penetration. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Able to completely cover waterways and crowd out native aquatics. Provides mosquito breeding areas and degrades water quality for fish and other aquatic wildlife. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Southern United States; naturalized in New England. Native to parts of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Dispersed to New England around 1932 via waterways. Possibly intentionally introduced. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION New England and southwards NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Herbaceous aquatic plant, flowers from June through September. Reproduces vegetatively and by seed. Vegetative parts are dispersed by people and animals.
Fruits appear from June through September. CONTROL SPECIES NAME Myriophyllum spicatum L. COMMON NAME European watermilfoil FAMILY Haloragaceae NPS CODE MYRSPI
Invasive
Forms dense monotypic mats that prohibit sunlight penetration. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows in both still and running water, tolerant of highly alkaline conditions and of brackish water. Forms dense mats and crowds out native aquatics. Tolerant of eutrophic conditions. Creates mosquito habitat and reduced oxygen levels in the water. Also cause a change in temperature and pH. Roots can overwinter. HABITAT Aquatic habitats such as ponds, lakes and rivers. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe, Asia and North Africa HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION First recorded in the United States in Washington, D.C. in 1942. Introduced via escape from cultivation and as an aquarium plant NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast except Maine NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Aquatic perennial, vegetatively dispersed
Fruits contain four seeds each CONTROL Herbicides, blocking sunlight, water level drawdowns, cutting and harvesting after the plant has filled the available niche, possibly insects, and grass carp. Boaters should clean their boats and trailers before leaving boat ramps. SPECIES NAME
Star of Bethlehem FAMILY Liliaceae NPS CODE ORNUMB
Potentially invasive
Seeds and vegetative propagules (bulbs) easily dispersed, especially in flood plains. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Tolerant of summer drought. Spring geophyte. Appears to infrequently set seed in New England. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe and Asia Minor HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States as an ornamental. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS WEFA
REPRODUCTION Herbaceous perennial, flowers April through June. Reproduces via bulbs. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruit contains several seeds. CONTROL Hand digging SPECIES NAME
Empress tree FAMILY Scrophulariaceae NPS CODE PAUTOM
Invasive
Each tree produces many seeds which are easily dispersed by wind; can form dense stands in some areas. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast growth rate, salt tolerant, drought tolerant. Tolerates infertile and acidic soils, easily adapts to disturbed conditions, burned areas, forests, defoliated areas, landslides, rocky cliffs. Survives fire, cutting and bulldozing. In New England, appears to be restricted to coastal areas. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN China
HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced in 1834 as an ornamental landscape tree. Escaped from cultivation from southern New York to Georgia. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Deciduous tree, flowers in the spring. Reproduces by seed and root sprouts.
Fruit capsules can contain up to 2000 winged seeds and each tree produces around 20 million seeds annually. CONTROL Hand pulling seedlings, cutting and applying herbicide, foliar herbicide and girdling. SPECIES NAME
Reed canary-grass FAMILY Poaceae
Phalaris arundinacea (L.) Raeusch. NPS CODE PHAARU
Potentially invasive
Forms very dense stands of many individuals. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Spreads rapidly via rhizomes. Forms dense monocultures. Has little value for wildlife and increases siltation in irrigation banks and ditches. Produces abundant pollen and chaff. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe, some native to the United States HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION European cultivars introduced to the United States in the early 1800s as forage grasses and is still used for hay. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS DEWA
REPRODUCTION Perennial grass, flowers from late May to August. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Seeds are mechanically dispersed and form a dense seed bank. CONTROL Herbicides and burning SPECIES NAME
Amur cork tree FAMILY Rutaceae
PHEAMU
Potentially invasive THREAT Trees produce many offspring. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Tolerant of many soil types and pHs, tolerant of drought and pollution. Very pest free. Tends to self sow. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN China, Manchuria and Japan HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced in 1856. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Massachusetts and Connecticut NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Deciduous tree, flowers in June. Reproduces from seed.
Fruits ripen in October and persist into the winter; each contain 5 seeds. CONTROL SPECIES NAME Phellodendron japonicum Maxim. COMMON NAME Amur cork tree FAMILY Rutaceae
PHEJAP
Invasive
Trees produce many offspring.
Tolerant of many soil types and pHs, tolerant of drought and pollution. Very pest free. Tends to self sow. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN East Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Five seeds per fruit CONTROL SPECIES NAME Phellodendron lavallei Dode. COMMON NAME Cork tree FAMILY Rutaceae
Phellodendron amurense var. lavaleii NPS CODE PHELAV
Potentially invasive
Trees produce many offspring. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Tolerant of many soil types and pHs, tolerant of drought and pollution. Very pest free. Tends to self sow. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan
Introduced to the United States in 1862.
REPRODUCTION Deciduous tree, flowers in June through July. Reproduces by seed, cuttings and root cuttings.
SPECIES NAME Phleum pratense L. COMMON NAME Timothy
Poaceae
PHLPRA
Potentially invasive in an anthropogenic landscape.
Individuals can disperse into and become established in minimally managed habitats. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Tolerant of disease, frost, low pH and weeds. Adaptable to clay soil. HABITAT Roadsides, along waterways and meadows and pastures. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Eurasia
Introduced to the United States before 1711 for cultivation as a hay and pasture grass.
Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, DEWA REPRODUCTION Perennial bunch grass, flowers in June through July. Reproduces vegetatively and by seed. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Produces seed June through August. Seeds dispersed by wind. CONTROL Cutting and mowing, herbicide SPECIES NAME
Common reed FAMILY Poaceae
Phragmites communis Trin., Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst. NPS CODE PHRAUS
Invasive
Forms very dense monotypic stands that can displace native species. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Tolerant of fire, frost, high pH, salt, weeds and waterlogging. Forms dense monospecific stands. Is aggressive and eliminates other marsh species. Destroys habitat, increases soil nitrate levels and speeds eutrophication in bodies of water. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Eurasia and Africa. Possibly also native to the United States. HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Some genotypes introduced to the United States from Europe and Asia. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS BOHA, CACO, DEWA, FIIS, MIMA, SAIR REPRODUCTION Perennial grass, flowers July through October. Reproduces vegetatively. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Seeds produced July through September. Great quantities of seed produced. Seeds dispersed November through January by birds and wind. CONTROL Herbicide, cutting, grazing, dredging, draining, and shading with plastic. Vegetative spread can be controlled by barriers. SPECIES NAME
Bamboo
Poaceae
NPS NORTHEASTERN STATUS Invasive
Spreads by rhizomes and can form dense stands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast-growing, spread rapidly via runners, forms dense stands GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Eastern Asia and the Himalayas HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Massachusetts, New Jersey, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS FIIS
Woody, stemmed perennial grass, usually evergreen, reproduce vegetatively
Digging, cutting, creating a root barrier to stop spread SPECIES NAME
Atlantic ninebark FAMILY Rosaceae
PHYOPU
Potentially invasive THREAT Individuals can give rise to many offspring. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Easy to grow, adaptable to many conditions, tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions. Adaptable to dry sites, and pollution tolerant. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Native to the Northeast and Central North America HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast
REPRODUCTION Deciduous shrub, flowers May and June. Reproduces by cuttings and underground suckers.
Fruits ripen in September to October CONTROL SPECIES NAME Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. COMMON NAME Japanese knotweed FAMILY Polygonaceae SYNONYMS Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Dcne. NPS CODE POLCUS
Invasive
Forms dense impenetrable thickets. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows aggressively, crowds out other vegetation. Tolerant of full shade, high temperatures, high salinity, drought. Forms dense stands and deep dense mats of rhizomes. Can be a fire hazard, and can resprout from fragments. Can hybridize with P. sachalinense. HABITAT Waste areas, open sunny habitats, along rivers and riparian ecosystems. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan
Introduced to the United States from England in the late 1800s as an ornamental and for erosion control and landscape screening.
Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, DEWA, SAIR, SARA, ROVA, UPDE REPRODUCTION Shrub-like herbaceous perennial, flowers August and September. Reproduces mainly vegetatively and sometimes by seed. Mechanical and water dispersal. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Produces many seeds with low seedling survival. CONTROL Grubbing, pulling, repeated cutting, application of herbicide to cut stems, foliar herbicide SPECIES NAME
Mile-a-minute vine FAMILY Polygonaceae SYNONYMS Ampelygonum perfoliatum (L.) Roberty & Vautier NPS CODE POLPER
Invasive
Forms dense climbing mats that cover vegetation. Easily dispersed and grows exceedingly fast. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows well in open disturbed areas and abandoned agricultural fields. Very fast growing, up to six inches per day. Can overgrow and outcompete native vegetation. Prolific seeder. HABITAT Roadsides, ditches, stream banks, wet meadows and clearcuts. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN East Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States in Oregon with ship ballast in 1890. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Herbaceous annual vine, reproduces from seed.
Fruits contain one seed each. Bird, small mammal and water dispersed. CONTROL Hand pulling and herbicides SPECIES NAME
Giant knotweed FAMILY Polygonaceae SYNONYMS Fallopia sachalinensis (F. Schmidt ex Maxim.) Dcne. NPS CODE POLSAC
Potentially invasive
Can form dense stands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Spreads rapidly and monopolizes vegetation, can grow in nutrient poor areas, pH tolerant. Can hybridize with P. cuspidatum. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN East Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Probably introduced to the United States as an ornamental NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast, currently much less common than P. cuspidatum. NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ALPO
Herbaceous perennial, flowers from July to October. Reproduces via rhizomes.
Seeds appear two weeks after flowering and are wind dispersed. CONTROL Shading and herbicide. SPECIES NAME
White poplar FAMILY Salicaceae NPS CODE POPALB
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