Ch. 1 Manufacturing Introduction : Manufacturing

Synthesis

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  Ideate: The designers here brainstorm different ideas, solutions for their design problem. The ideal brainstorming session does not involve any bias or judgment, but instead builds on original ideas.
  
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  Select: By now, the designers have narrowed down their ideas to a select few, which can be guaranteed successes and from there they can outline their plan to make the product.
  
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  Implement: This is where the prototypes are built, the plan outlined in the previous step is realized and the product starts to become an actual object.
  
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  Evaluate: In the last stage, the product is tested, and from there, improvements are made. Although this is the last stage, it does not mean that the process is over. The finished prototype may not work as well as hoped so new ideas need to be brainstormed
  

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  The manufacturer is concerned with production cost; in the end, the manufacturer wants an economically produced product.
  
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  The purchaser looks at price, appearance, and prestige value.
  
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  The end user is concerned with usability and functionality of the final product.
  
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  The maintenance and repair department focuses on how well the final product can be maintained: is the product easily reassembled, disassembled, diagnosed, and serviced?
  

The economy is at risk. A short sentence which ultimately describes the unprecedented decline of economic conditions in Egypt

- Poverty rates currently stand at 70%;

- Economic growth has dropped to between 1% and 2%;

- Hard currency reserves have declined from $36 billion to $28 billion

- The flow of foreign investments is down to zero;

- Budget deficit has reached EGP1290 billion;

- The general debt is calculated at EGP1080 billion, i.e. 90% of GDP;

- The proceeds from tourism are down by 40%.

- The Stock Exchange has lost EGP20 billion.

- To create an atmosphere suitable for attracting investments and tourists.

- To create the economic conditions likely to ensure the re-launch of the money market. 
- To develop the banking system and to institutionalize investment transparency.
- To fight corruption and consolidate democracy.
- To protect the country’s financial and monetary sectors

Ch.2

programming software

CAD:-

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design.^[1] CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing.^[2] CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations.

Computer-aided design is one of the many tools used by engineers and designers and is used in many ways depending on the profession of the user


CAD



CAM

CNC

CAE

FEA

We will talk about some of this types

Most machining progresses through many stages,^[9] each of which is implemented by a variety of basic and sophisticated strategies, depending on the material and the software available. The stages are:

This process begins with raw stock, known as billet, and cuts it very roughly to shape of the final model. In milling, the result often gives the appearance of terraces, because the strategy has taken advantage of the ability to cut the model horizontally. Common strategies are zig-zag clearing, offset clearing, plunge roughing, rest-roughing.

This process begins with a roughed part that unevenly approximates the model and cuts to within a fixed offset distance from the model. The semi-finishing pass must leave a small amount of material so the tool can cut accurately while finishing, but not so little that the tool and material deflect instead of shearing. Common strategies are raster passes, waterline passes, constant step-over passes, pencil milling.

Finishing involves a slow pass across the material in very fine steps to produce the finished part. In finishing, the step between one pass and another is minimal. Feed rates are low and spindle speeds are raised to produce an accurate surface.

In milling applications on hardware with five or more axes, a separate finishing process called contouring can be performed. Instead of stepping down in fine-grained increments to approximate a surface, the workpiece is rotated to make the cutting surfaces of the tool tangent to the ideal part features. This produces an excellent surface finish with high dimensional accuracy.