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- Navigate this page:
- Justinian’s
- Cyril and Methodius
- Vladimir
- Chapter 9, Quiz Questions
- Essay Questions: Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe
- Chapter 10, A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe Summary
- Key Concepts: Stages of Postclassical Development
- Charlemagne
- Magna Carta , and parliaments
- Franciscans , the Order of Saint Clare
- Bernard of Clairvaux
- Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Post-Classical Centuries: Economic activity and social structure developed innovative common features
- Hanseatic League
- The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis: The devastation and anti-feudal innovations of the 14 th century’s Hundred Years War
- Black Death
- Chapter 10, Quiz Questions
The Byzantine Empire: Constantine built Constantinople as his capital in the 4th century, and the city became the capital of the Byzantine Empire when the Roman Empire split. Complex administration around a remote emperor, who was surrounded by elaborate ceremonies, increasingly defined the empire’s political style. Eventually Greek became the empire’s official language. Justinian’s positive contributions to the Byzantine Empire lay in rebuilding Constantinople, including the remarkable Hagia Sophia, and systematizing the Roman legal code. His 6th century military gains (made with the help of his general, Belisarius) were accomplished at great cost. Justinian’s successors were able to hold off Arab invaders from the east (“Greek fire” was instrumental in this process), but the empire’s size and strength was greatly reduced. The empire also successfully defeated challenges from Bulgaria. The Byzantine political system had remarkable similarities to the earlier patterns in China. The emperor was held to be ordained by God, head of church as well as state. Women could (and did) serve as emperor. An elaborate bureaucracy organized the empire militarily, socially and economically, while cultural life blended Hellenism and Orthodox Christianity. In 1054 longstanding disagreements came to a head, and the church split into two traditions: one Western (or Roman Catholic), and one Eastern (or Orthodox). The Byzantine Empire entered a long period of decline following the church schism. It was able to survive by careful diplomacy until Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe: Christian missionaries like Cyril and Methodius helped bring Orthodoxy northward into Russia and the Balkans, and created a new alphabet, Cyrillic. Roman Catholicism also competed for converts in Eastern Europe. Jews, who valued education and literacy, migrated into the region in large numbers, gaining strength in local commerce. Kievan Rus’, which began along the trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, gained influence and power after Vladimir converted to Orthodox Christianity around 1000. The state soon developed its own Russian Orthodox Christianity around 1000. The state soon developed its own Russian Orthodox Church, and Yaroslav issued a unifying code of laws. Russian culture borrowed much from Byzantium, though the bureaucracy and education system were not as developed. Boyars, the Russian nobility, were less powerful than their western counterparts. Mongol invasions (the Tartars), aided by rival princes and the fall of the Byzantine Empire, ended this period of Russian history. This cut the region off from western contacts, stifling economic, political, and cultural sophistication. Key Terms: Byzantine Empire Constantinople Boyars Hagia Sophia Roman Legal Code Justinian Sassanian Empire Cyril and Methodius Russian Orthodoxy Tartars Chapter 9, Quiz Questions 1) Which of the following is most correctly seen as a direct continuation of the Roman Empire? A) Frankish Empire B) Ottoman Empire C) Byzantine Empire D) Abbasid Empire E) Holy Roman Empire 2) The significance of the Byzantine Empire included all of the following EXCEPT A) the empire's ability to survive for almost a thousand years. B) the importance of the empire's capital at Constantinople as a major urban center. C) the ability of the empire to spread its cultural and political influence to the Balkans and southern Russia. D) the empire's conquest of the Ottoman Empire and its inclusion of all of the Middle East. E) its development of Orthodox Christianity, which broke off from Rome in 1054. 3) What was the most important "stepchild" of the Byzantine civilization? A) Italy B) Bulgaria C) Russia D) Poland E) Greece 4) Which of the following represents a difference between the spread of civilization in eastern and western Europe? A) They produced different versions of Christianity, culturally as well as organizationally separate. B) Only eastern Europe developed north-south commercial ties. C) Centralized government and well-organized bureaucracy was more a feature of western Europe than eastern Europe. D) Eastern Europe retained less fully the culture of the later Roman Empire than did the West. E) Only the East faced the threat of an Islamic invasion. 5) Which of the following does NOT represent a similarity between the spread of civilization in eastern and western Europe? A) Civilization spread northward from a Mediterranean base. B) Animism gave way to monotheism. C) Northern kingdoms dominated both areas. D) In both cases newly civilized areas looked back to the Greco-Roman past. E) Christianity was spread in both cases. 6) What was the difference in the military organization of Byzantine and western Roman empires? A) The western Roman Empire depended on citizen soldiers until the 5th century. B) The Byzantine Empire recruited armies from the Middle East. C) The Byzantine Empire recruited barbarians almost exclusively while the Roman Empire of the West depended on Islamic mercenaries. D) The Byzantine Empire depended on the strength of Constantinople's walls and did not recruit an army. E) The Byzantine Empire gave higher status to the infantry than the West did. 7) The Byzantine Empire began A) in the 9th century C.E., with the missionary work of Cyril and Methodius. B) in the 4th century C.E., with the building of Constantinople. C) in the 1st century C.E., during the reign of Augustus. D) in the 5th century C.E., with the fall of Rome. E) in the 11th century C.E., with the first Crusades. 8) Which of the following was a result of the conflict between the Byzantine Empire and the Arab Muslims? A) The Arab threat to the Byzantine Empire was permanently removed. B) The position of small farmers in the empire was weakened as a result of heavy taxation, resulting in greater aristocratic estates. C) The Byzantine Empire was able to recover the provinces of Syria and Egypt, thus regaining valuable agricultural land and increased wealth. D) The commercial significance of Constantinople was destroyed by the 8th century, forcing the Byzantine Empire to depend increasingly on trade with the West. E) The Byzantines made an alliance with Kievan Rus, which led to greater cooperation between the two empires. 9) Which of the following conclusions that might be drawn about the Byzantine Empire as the result of its conflicts with its neighbors is most true? A) Despite all of its difficulties, its wars with its neighbors demonstrate that the empire had real core strength. B) The outcomes of the wars demonstrate that by the 10th century the empire was completely decadent and incapable of defending itself. C) The wars with Islamic powers demonstrate the inherent weakness of the Byzantine military. D) The role of Theodora and other women in the wars demonstrate that the intrusion of women into Byzantine politics was highly destructive. E) The Byzantine Empire continued to lose tax revenues through the loss of territory in the Balkans. 10) In which of the following ways were the Byzantine bureaucracy and the Chinese bureaucracy similar? A) There was an extensive state exam system in both. B) Emperors played little role in either government. C) There was no linkage of the bureaucracies to local administration. D) Both bureaucracies were open to talented commoners, not just aristocrats. E) They were driven by the authority of the religious authorities. 11) Which of the following statements concerning the Byzantine bureaucracy is NOT accurate? A) Many of the officials closest to the emperor were eunuchs. B) Aristocrats predominated, but there was some openness to talent. C) An elaborate system of spies maintained loyalty to the central government. D) Bureaucrats had limited education and ability. E) Provincial governors kept tabs on the military. 12) Which of the following statements concerning urbanization within the Byzantine Empire is most correct? A) Constantinople controlled the economy and grew to enormous size, but other cities were relatively small. B) Constantinople began to decline in population in the later years of the Byzantine Empire and was surpassed by the growth of other urban centers. C) Like China, the Byzantine Empire was heavily urbanized with many cities numbering more than 100,000. D) Most people in the Byzantine Empire lived in five great cities: Constantinople, Nicaea, Smyrna, Rome, and Athens. E) Constantinople was never a center of trade, but dominated the empire culturally. 13) Which of the following statements concerning the merchant class of the Byzantine Empire is most accurate? A) Because of its lack of export products, Byzantine commerce was controlled completely by foreign merchants. B) Byzantine merchants, because of their wealth, rapidly became the most powerful force in the government of Constantinople and the empire. C) The Byzantine merchant class never recovered from the loss of territories to the Muslims and was not a significant factor within the empire. D) There was a large and wealthy merchant class in the Byzantine Empire, but it never gained significant political power because of the elaborate network of government controls. E) By comparison to western Europe, the merchant class was relatively small but was very influential in Byzantine political circles. 14) Why did Vladimir I prefer Orthodox Christianity to Roman Catholicism? A) He preferred to avoid the pitfalls of the veneration of icons. B) He believed that Roman Catholicism implied papal interference, while Orthodoxy embraced the control of the church by the state. C) He was not familiar with Roman Catholicism, because the Western form of Christianity had not penetrated into eastern Europe. D) He did not believe in clerical celibacy, which was required of the Roman Catholic priesthood. E) He rejected the Roman Catholics' emphasis on the sacraments and the use of the trinity. 15) What was the extent of western European influence in Kievan Russia? A) Despite the adoption of Orthodox Christianity, most of the ecclesiastical influences were Roman Catholic. B) There was direct Western influence in Russia in both music and art forms. C) Like western Europe, Russia also moved away from the popular veneration of icons and representational images. D) Russia's religious culture and social and economic patterns developed separately from western Europe's. E) Russia borrowed many customs and artistic forms from both Rome and the Byzantines. 16) Which of the following statements concerning the Tatar invasion of Russia is most accurate? A) Tatar control of Russia lasted for four decades. B) The Tatars used Russia as a springboard for their successful invasion of western Europe. C) Tatar supervision did not destroy Russian Christianity or a native Russian aristocracy. D) The Tatars rapidly devised a closely supervised local administration for the Russian cities. E) Russia became a Mongol possession permanently. Essay Questions: Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe Compare and contrast the spread of European civilization in eastern and Western Europe. What was the political organization of the Byzantine Empire? What were the factors in the decline of the Byzantine Empire? In what ways was the culture of Kievan Russia an extension of the Byzantine Empire? Chapter 10, A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe Summary: The Postclassical period in Western Europe, known as the Middle Ages, stretches between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century. Typical postclassical themes prevailed. Civilization spread gradually beyond the Mediterranean zone. Christian missionaries converted Europeans from polytheistic faiths. Medieval Europe participated in the emerging international community. New tools and crops expanded agricultural output; advanced technologies improved manufacturing. Mathematics, science, and philosophy were stimulated by new concepts. Key Concepts: Stages of Postclassical Development: The postclassical West suffered from several key problems, including the political fragmentation of Italy, the Muslim conquest of Spain, Viking raids, and a decline in intellectual life. Effective political organization was usually local, and manorialism created an oppressive system of political and economic organization between landlords and peasants, many of whom were serfs. The moldboard and three-field system gradually improved agriculture. The Christian church was the most organized institution in Western Europe. It had a relatively clear hierarchy and established a chain of monasteries. Clovis’s conversion to Christianity helped him gain power over the Franks. Charlemagne established a substantial empire in France and Germany around the year 800, but his empire did not survive his death as Europe split increasingly into regional monarchies. Agricultural advances, population increases, and growing towns helped breathe economic and cultural vitality into Europe after 900. The key military and political system in the Middle Ages was feudalism, a system in which greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords, called vassals; vassals, in turn, owed their lords military service, some goods or payments, and advice. The introduction of feudal monarchy generally took time, though and advice. The introduction of feudal monarchy generally took time, though William the Conqueror introduced feudal monarchy to England following his invasion in 1066. Feudal lords cut into aristocratic power. In 1215 noblemen forced King John to sign the Magna Carta, and parliaments swerved as further checks on royal authority. Western Europe’s expansionist impulse led to the conquest of Spain, the first European steps in the Americas, and (spurred on by pope Urban II) the Crusades. Though the Crusades ultimately ended in defeat, they opened Western Europe’s eyes to new possibilities, particularly for trade. Several important reforms impacted the church, including those advocated by Franciscans, the Order of Saint Clare, and pope Gregory VII. The investiture controversy helped give the church power over monarchies. Several key creative tensions characterized the High Middle Ages. Western Culture in the Post-Classical Era: Theologians like Peter Abelard and Thomas Aquinas helped to assimilate Greek philosophical ideas into the Catholic religious tradition. Bernard of Clairvaux opposed this process, but ultimately scholasticism prevailed. Though some pagan traditions continued, Christian devotion among lay people increased. Medieval architecture, literature, and art reflected religious themes. Gothic cathedrals rose up around western Europe. Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Post-Classical Centuries: Economic activity and social structure developed innovative common features around Western Europe, and the region became a growing commercial zone. Peasants gained more freedom with agricultural advances. Urban growth allowed more specialized manufacturing and commercial activities, which, in turn, promoted still greater trade. The Hanseatic League is perhaps the best example of cities working together for mutual economic benefit. Guilds grouped people in the same business or trade in a single city, stressing security and mutual control. Men placed new limits on the condition of women, and patriarchal structures seemed to be taking deeper root. The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis: The devastation and anti-feudal innovations of the 14th century’s Hundred Years War suggested that change was at hand. Agricultural resources could no longer sustain increasing population, and devastating plagues like the Black Death swept Europe. The growth of professional armies shook the authority of feudal lords, who turned to a ceremonial style of life. A series of controversies over papal authority distanced the church from everyday devotion. Intellectual and artistic life gradually moved out form under Church influence. The legacy of the Medieval period includes academic institutions, political ideas, and a marked change in the relationship between the West and the regions around it. Key Terms: Three Estates Scholasticism Magna Carta Charlemagne Three-Field System Manorialism Romanesque Pope Urban II Vikings Ferdinand & Isabella Chapter 10, Quiz Questions 1) Which of the following statements concerning the impact of Christianity on polytheistic religions in western Europe is most accurate? A) Christianity eradicated all traces of those earlier religions as the new religion became universal in western Europe. B) The process of conversion produced a religious blend in which beliefs in magic and supernatural spirits coexisted with Christianity. C) Although Christianity made inroads, many areas of Europe retained polytheistic beliefs and rejected the new religion. D) Small islands of polytheistic belief remained, but most Europeans converted from polytheistic faiths in the initial post-classical centuries. E) Few polytheistic religions existed in Europe during the Middle Ages, but their influences grew. 2) Which of the following statements concerning the intellectual activity of the medieval West prior to the 8th century is most accurate? A) Classical rational traditions were actively united with Christian mysticism to carve out a new intellectual world. B) With the few literate people concentrated in monasteries, little was achieved other than copying older manuscripts. C) Universities rapidly created a new intellectual climate in which logic was applied to matters of Christian doctrine. D) All literacy and contact with the ancient culture was lost in the centuries following the fall of Rome. E) Western scholars achieved more during this period than their Islamic counterparts. 3) Which of the following statements about the manorial system is NOT true? A) It was technologically sophisticated. B) It had originated in the Roman Empire. C) Its obligations bore heavily on serfs. D) Agricultural productivity was low. E) It was practically self-sufficient. 4) Which of the following statements concerning the three-field rotation system is most accurate? A) Introduced in the 8th century, the three-field rotation left a third of the land unplanted to regain fertility, B) The three-field system removed more land from production than before by reserving one-third for fallow. C) The three-field system was rapidly replaced after the 8th century by the two-field system that offered greater flexibility in terms of crop rotation. D) The three-field system removed fallow fields and replaced them with nitrogen-bearing crops. E) It represented a net increase in productivity where it was used because although crops were rotated, no fields were left fallow. 5) What belief did the conversion of Germanic kings create among Western religious leaders, particularly the pope? A) That the Church was subordinate to the secular monarchs B) That the Church was superior to the secular rulers C) That the Church should avoid conversion of northern Germanic kings D) That such conversion represented a danger to the papal hierarchy E) That the church should fear powerful kings 6) Which of the following was NOT a benefit of the monastic movement in western Europe? A) They disciplined the intense spirituality of the medieval West in order to promote Christian unity. B) Many monasteries helped improve the cultivation of the land. C) By copying ancient texts, monks preserved classical culture for later intellectual inquiry. D) Their political organization provided the foundation for the political order established in France, Germany, and England. E) Monks exemplified holy lives for church members and church leadership. 7) Which of the following statements concerning the Holy Roman Emperors after the 10th century is most accurate? A) They built upon the Carolingian foundations to establish the most centralized government found in the medieval West. B) Building on a feudal framework rather than the Carolingian Germanic foundations, the Holy Roman emperors created a strongly centralized government. C) Discarding much of the former Carolingian Empire, the Holy Roman emperors reestablished a centralized government in northern Italy. D) The rule of the Holy Roman emperors became increasingly hollow, because they did not build a solid monarchy from regional foundations. E) Dukedoms and city-states yielded political authority to the Holy Roman Empire throughout western Europe. 8) Which of the following was NOT a positive development that introduced new sources of strength by the 9th and 10th centuries to western Europe? A) New agricultural techniques B) End of Viking raids C) Development of imperial government D) Greater regional political stability E) Towns served as trade centers 9) What was the impact of the improved economy after the 10th century on the social system of western Europe? A) The improvements in the agricultural system retarded the development of towns and restricted social mobility. B) Harsh serfdom became the rule throughout western Europe. C) The increased pace of economic life created a less rigid structure. D) Despite the improved economy, the rigid social system associated with feudalism continued to dominate western Europe. E) The merchants lost considerable power to the monarchs. 10) Which of the following statements about feudalism is most accurate? A) Although it inhibited the development of strong central states, some kings were able to use feudalism to build their own power. B) Although it provided initial political stability, feudalism was rapidly replaced by a western European imperial system. C) Feudalism represented only a brief, and largely unsatisfactory, attempt to create political stability in western Europe. D) Feudalism produced centralized monarchies by the 8th century. E) Feudalism caused rapid economic gains in all parts of Europe including England. 11) Which of the following was NOT a power of the papacy immediately after 500? A) The ability to send directives and receive information B) Regulation of doctrine or dogma C) Sponsorship of missionary activity D) The appointment of all bishops E) Excommunication 12) How did the introduction of feudal monarchy into England compare to the political experience of France? A) English feudal monarchy developed more gradually and slowly in response to the improving economy. B) English feudal monarchy was introduced abruptly following 1066, while French feudal monarchy developed more slowly. C) French feudal monarchy arose almost immediately in the 10th century as a result of the defeat of the Normans. D) France failed to develop feudal monarchy until the 15th century unlike England. E) England never developed a strong feudal monarchy similar to what happened in France. 13) Which of the following did NOT occur as a result of the Crusades? A) The Kingdom of Jerusalem was established and controlled by the West for nearly a century in the Holy Land. B) The Fourth Crusade resulted in the temporary conquest of Constantinople. C) The Crusades helped to open the West to new cultural and economic influences from the Middle East. D) The Crusades demonstrated a new Western superiority in the wider world. E) As far as the Muslims were concerned, the Crusades had little impact on the Islamic world 14) In what way was the educational system of the medieval West different from that of China? A) The West abandoned its classical heritage. B) The universities were not tied into a single bureaucratic system. C) In the West, there were no state bureaucracies to hire university graduates. D) The West lacked a formal system of education. E) University education was secular-based. 15) Which of the following developments was NOT a result of the improved economy of the High Middle Ages? A) Urban growth allowed more specialized manufacturing and commercial activities, including banking. B) Some peasants were able to throw off the most severe constraints of manorialism, becoming almost free farmers. C) Rising trade permitted the redevelopment of commerce within the Mediterranean and beyond. D) Conflicts between peasants and the landlords became rare, if they did not disappear altogether. E) A money economy began to replace the traditional barter system used throughout western Europe. 16) All of the following were functions of the merchant and artisan guilds EXCEPT A) limitation of membership. B) regulation of apprenticeship. C) ensuring a free-market economy. D) guaranteeing good workmanship in their products. E) giving its members an equal share in resources. 17) Which of the following was NOT true of the career of Jacques Coeur? A) He used his wealth to arrange for his 16-year-old son to become an archbishop. B) He died a rich and honored advisor to the king of France. C) He was tortured, admitted to various crimes, and had his property confiscated. D) He had the largest fleet ever owned by a French subject. E) Coeur built an elaborate palace at Bourges. 18) Which of the following was a result of the Hundred Years War during the 14th and 15th centuries? A) Kings reduced their reliance on feudal forces in favor of paid armies B) An English victory, but only after an invasion of France by Richard the Lionhearted C) Mounted knights continued their dominance over foot soldiers and archers D) Major battles resulted in enormous loss of life over the course of the war E) Physical destruction of both France and England, with loss of trade as well 19) Which of the following was NOT a threat to the sources of Western vitality at the end of the Middle Ages? A) The Black Death B) The increasing inability of agriculture to keep pace with population growth C) The economic tail-spin and impending depression D) New social disputes, involving both peasants and landlords and artisans and their employees. E) Manufacturing and technology developed more quickly 20) Which of the following was NOT typical of the challenges to typical medieval institutions in the 15th century? A) The landowning aristocracy lost its dominance as the chief military force B) The balance between church and state began to favor the dominance of the state C) The medieval intellectual and artistic synthesis was breaking down D) A single imperial government replaced the smaller kingdoms of the Middle Ages E) Parliaments limited the power of kings and provided major support to the merchant class 21) Which of the following statements concerning the medieval economy is most true? A) Medieval economic thought and practice was of no consequence to later Western economic thinkers and actors. B) Medieval economics was a combination of capitalistic and feudal practices C) Medieval economics simply repeated the thought and practice of earlier economic thinkers. D) Medieval economics, overall, tended to discourage merchant activity and technical innovation. E) Medieval economic systems were based on global trade with China and India. Essay Questions: Directory: cms -> lib09 -> UT01001306 -> Centricity -> Domain Domain -> Millennial Speech & Debate Okinawa Withdrawal March pf lib09 -> Assignment – Read the article below, then answer the questions in your own words. Upload to Google classroom lib09 -> Marketing College Athletics Popularity of Amateur Sports lib09 -> Delaware cte program of study application local education agency information lib09 -> Gifted ortalentededucationresourceguid e lib09 -> Pirates of Silicon Valley Domain -> Fashion A: Standard 4: The Fashion Industry Domain -> Cost of Living Reality Check: Scenario Download 2.22 Mb. Share with your friends:
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