Class Study Guide Packet Number
The Era of Warrior Dominance
Download 2.22 Mb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- Taira and Minamoto
- Korea: Between China and Japan
- Trinh
- Chapter 13, Quiz Questions
- Essay Questions: The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
- Chapter 14, The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur Summary
- Key Concepts: The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan
The Era of Warrior Dominance: Chinese influence, and direct contact with China, waned in the 9th century. From the 11th century, court families, in conjunction with bushi allies, split the court with open rivalry. Eventually, open war broke out between the Taira and Minamoto families in the 1180’s. The Gempei Wars ended with the ascendancy of the Minamoto at their new capital at Kamakura. The bakufu government of the first Minamoto ruler, Yoritomo, was supported by shoguns, military leaders. The following centuries saw a complex system with titular emperors and Minamoto shoguns, real power being wielded by the Hojo family. The latter were supplanted by the Ashikaga Shogunate. Royal authority was a mere shadow, but the shoguns also lost power in the late 15th century, replaced by 300 daimyo kingdoms. Court manners became irrelevant as making war took center stage. The plight of the peasants became desperate, leading to unsuccessful revolts. At the same time, the dynamism of some daimyos led to economic growth and the emergence of a merchant class. Among the merchant and artisans, women had a more prominent role, while women of elite families saw their lives constrained. Korea: Between China and Japan: Korea, although strongly linked to Chinese cultural and political developments, had distinct origins, and long followed its own path of development. The peninsula’s first kingdom, Choson, was conquered by China in 109 B.C.E., and subsequently Chinese settlers arrived. Korea broke form Chinese dominance, forming three kingdoms: Koguryo, Silla, and Paekche. As in Japan, Sinification adoption of Chinese culture was largely mediated by Buddhism. The Koguryo ruler applied a Chinese style law code. Internal conflict int eh Three Kingdoms Era left Korea vulnerable to Chinese attack. The Tang allied with the Silla to destroy Paekche and koguryo, leaving the Silla a subject kingdom. Sinification peaked under the Silla and Koryo rulers. Tribute and acknowledgement of Chinese authority created peaceful relations that stimulated Korean borrowing from Chinese culture. Under the Silla, their capital at Kumsong copied the Tang capital. Both the royal family and the Korean elite supported Buddhism. While Korean borrowing from China was heavy, in the areas of pottery and printing, they exceeded their teachers. Sinification was limited to Korean elite, while indigenous artisanry was allowed to decline. All of Korean society was arranged to serve the needs of the aristocracy. Periodic popular revolts were successful only in weakening the Silla and Koryo monarchies. The Mongol invasion in 1231 began a period of strife, ending with the founding of the Yi dynasty in 1392. Between China and Southeast Asia: The Making of Vietnam The early history of the Viet people is little known. Early Chinese raids into Vietnam in the 220’s B.C.E increased trade. Intermarriage with Mon-Khmer and Tai language groups furthered the development of a distinct Vietnamese ethnicity. Many early traditions separated them from the Chinese, such as the nuclear family pattern and a greater role for women. The Han became dissatisfied with merely exacting tribute from the Viet rulers and began direct rule in 111 B.C.E Sinification increased, and was used by the Viet rulers to consolidate their power over both their own peoples and those to the west and south. In spite of Chinese expectations, the Viets never became assimilated to Chinese culture. Indeed, a culture of anti-Chinese resistance developed. The rising of the Trung sisters in 39 C.E. underlined the continuing prominent role of Vietnamese women. Continuing Chinese influence in Vietnam depended on overcoming physical barriers, and on the competence of Chinese rulers. Following the fall of the Tang, the Vietnamese freed themselves completely by 939. Yet Chinese influence continued, particularly in the administration. An important exception was the scholar-gentry who never gained an important role in the Vietnamese regime. The lands of the Chams and Khmers attracted the Vietnamese. From the 11th to the 18th centuries, the latter steadily expanded their territory at the expense of the Chams. Subsequently, they attacked the Khmers in the Mekong delta. The new southern territories were controlled only with difficulty by Hanoi. The Trinh family, ruling the north, was challenged by the southern Nguyen family. The conflict left the Vietnamese oblivious to an outside threat: the French and the Catholic Church. Key Terms: Taika Reforms Fujiwara Family Seppuku Bakufu Tale of Genji Middle Kingdom Shintoism Shogans Trung Sisters Yi Dynasty Chapter 13, Quiz Questions 1) What was the central purpose of the reforms of 646 in Japan? A) To remake the Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor B) To destroy the Confucian scholar-gentry in favor of a military aristocracy C) To increase the power of the Buddhist monastic structure D) The destruction of the traditional peasant-conscript army E) To decentralize the imperial government 2) What was the immediate impact of the imperial move to Heian? A) Buddhism ceased to play a major role in Japanese society. B) The scholar-gentry was able to assert itself through the state's acceptance of a formal examination system modeled on the Chinese bureaucracy. C) The aristocracy was restored to counterbalance the power of the Buddhist monasteries and took over most of the positions in the central government. D) Shintoism was formally suppressed following the marriage of the Empress Koken to a former monk. E) The aristocrats gave up positions in the central government under pressure from the Buddhists. 3) What was the military organization of the Heian government in Japan? A) The emperor formalized the creation of a peasant-conscript army on the model of the Chinese. B) The emperor accepted the introduction of Chinese troops as the basis for the Japanese army. C) Formal military organization was abandoned by the emperor as a way to control the bushi. D) Local members of the aristocracy were ordered to organize militia forces. E) Buddhist monasteries depended on the bushi for protection. 4) What appears to have been the primary concerns at the imperial Japanese court at Heian? A) Military exercise B) Science and technology C) Social interaction and status D) Commerce and trade E) Interpreting laws 5) Which of the following statements concerning the rise of a provincial military elite during the 10th century in Japan is NOT correct? A) Provincial elite families often arose from local landowners, estate managers, or local state officials. B) The provincial elite came to control land and labor locally and to deny these resources to the imperial court. C) The rise of the provincial elite corresponded to the recovery of the imperial government and its overthrow of the aristocracy of the court. D) Within their little kingdoms, warrior leaders administered law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenue. E) A warrior code developed that stressed family honor and death rather than retreat or defeat. 6) Which of the following statements concerning the relationship of the imperial court to the provincial military elite is most accurate? A) The provincial military elite was kept in check by the continued development of the imperial peasant-conscript army. B) The provincial military elite was rapidly subjected to the aristocratic armies of the imperial court. C) In the absence of an imperial military force, law and order broke down, leading both the emperor and high officials to hire provincial lords and their military retainers. D) The emperor created an alliance with the Chinese that permitted him to crush the regional military lords. E) The imperial court worked with the military elite to fight the growing civil unrest that was due to an unhappy peasantry. 7) Which of the following statements concerning the nature of warfare among the bushi is most accurate? A) The bushi depended on infantry tactics, equipping the samurai initially with long spears. B) The introduction of gunpowder in the 11th century allowed the bushi to rely on cannon and rockets as their primary means of assault. C) Battles depended on the Japanese phalanx of mounted samurai and massed assaults predicated on the willingness of the retainers to sacrifice themselves for their leaders. D) Battles hinged on man-to-man duels of great champions typical of the heroic stage of warfare. E) The bushi made possible the building of conscript armies using new techniques of fighting obtained from the European kingdoms. 8) What was the impact of the rise of the samurai on the peasantry in Japan? A) Japanese peasants were reduced to the status of serfs bound to the land they worked. B) The samurai were critical to the development of a free peasantry on which the warriors depended for supplies of food and arms. C) The creation of the samurai created a period of great social mobility in Japan during which people rapidly moved out of the peasantry and into the class of warriors. D) Although separated from the warriors by rigid class barriers, the peasantry achieved greater levels of personal freedom and economic prosperity. E) Peasants who were willing to be trained could become samurai. 9) By the 11th and 12th centuries, what was the status of the Japanese court aristocracy? A) They continued to dominate the imperial government and to depend on their alliance with the Buddhist monasteries. B) Aristocratic families at the court depended on alliances with the provincial warrior elite in order to exercise any power. C) The resuscitation of the emperor led to the destruction of the court aristocracy and the suppression of the regional warrior elite. D) The court aristocracy succeeded by the 11th century in setting aside the emperor in favor of regionalized government. E) The aristocracy increased in power due to the influence of the Taira and Minamoto families. 10) The victory of the Minamoto marks the beginning of what period in Japanese history? A) The Taika period B) The feudal age C) The Onin wars D) The Tokugawa Shogunate E) The Fujiwara empire 11) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of the Japanese government following the death of Yoritomo? A) Real power rested in the Hojo family, who manipulated the Minamoto shoguns, who in turn claimed to rule in the name of the emperor at Kyoto. B) There was a two-tiered system of government with power resting with the restored emperor at Heian who commanded a body of aristocratic warriors associated with the bakufu at Kyoto. C) Power was rapidly dissipated after the emperor was officially deposed without a successor. D) The successors of Yoritomo seized the imperial throne in their own name and set off a civil war between the old imperial family at Nara and the new one in Kamakura. E) Japanese unity was achieved and feudal rule was ended under the leadership of the shoguns. 12) What was the relationship between the Ashikaga Shogunate and the emperor? A) The Ashikaga shoguns unseated the emperor at Heian and took the imperial title for themselves. B) The Ashikaga shoguns swore fealty to the emperor at Kyoto and restored imperial authority. C) The Ashikaga shoguns fought the emperor at Kyoto who refused to recognize their authority. D) The Ashikaga shoguns brought the imperial family to Kamakura in order to more closely control their activities. E) The emperor and the Ashikaga shoguns formed an alliance and worked together to defeat their enemies. 13) What was the political result of the wars that destroyed the Ashikaga Shogunate? A) Restored authority for the emperor B) Restored authority for the court aristocracy C) Division of Japan into 300 little states under the daimyos D) The rise of four large aristocratic states under powerful bushi E) The China model seemed more relevant to the Japanese. 14) How did the principles of warfare change under the daimyos? A) Heroic combat between champions remained the rule, but the weapon of choice changed from the bow to the curved sword. B) Peasant forces were reduced in significance, as they were replaced by professional soldiers. C) Warfare based on spying, timely assaults, wise command, and organization of massive armies replaced heroic combat. D) The rise of gunpowder and cannon made the fortresses and castles of the warrior elite obsolete. E) They introduced new military techniques and strategies learned from contacts with Islamic traders. 15) Which of the following statements concerning the society and economy of the warlord or shogun era in Japanese history is most accurate? A) Due to the incessant warfare, the Japanese economy was reduced to barbarism. B) The peasantry were further reduced in status as the agricultural economy experienced rapid reductions in the acreage under production. C) Despite political chaos, improvements in agricultural techniques and incentives led to occupation of previously uncultivated areas. D) The frequent combat of the warlord era suppressed the development of artisan or merchant classes in Japan. E) The farm economy continued to improve due to the introduction of the three field system from Europe. 16) Which of the following statements concerning the status of women during the era of the daimyos is most accurate? A) Women's status among the elite certainly improved during the era of the warlords, as they gained rights to inheritance. B) Women often participated in martial training during the era of the warlords, thus improving their social status. C) Women were excluded from inheritance and treated as defenseless appendages of their warrior fathers or husbands. D) While the status of women among the artisan and merchant classes declined, the status of women among the warrior elite probably improved marginally. E) The rise of the handicraft industry caused the status of women to decline throughout the period. 17) During the period of the warring daimyos, what was the factor that led to a revival of Chinese influence on the cultural level? A) Confucianism B) The strength of the merchant class C) Chinese military technology D) Zen Buddhism E) Legalism 18) Which of the following statements concerning the Korean bureaucracy under the influence of China is most accurate? A) With the establishment of the Confucian examination system, advancement within the civil service was determined almost exclusively by test scores. B) Although Korea emulated the Chinese bureaucratic structure, the satellite never created a Confucian examination system as a means of qualification. C) Korea established a Confucian examination system on the Chinese model, but admission to the bureaucracy was determined almost exclusively by birth. D) Korean absolutism depended more on a warrior elite than administrative sophistication, so a formal bureaucracy was never established. E) Korean nobility did not welcome Chinese bureaucratic institutions and tried to introduce Korean models. 19) Which of the following statements concerning the nature of the Korean society is most accurate? A) Like the Japanese during the same period, Korean society is typified by the rise of strong merchant and artisan classes. B) Like the Chinese, a wealthy merchant class arose in Korea, but according to Confucian dictates it never achieved high social status. C) Because of the monopolization of all things Chinese by the tiny Korean elite, neither a merchant nor an artisan class developed in Korea. D) Korean society followed the Chinese model of a strong scholar-gentry, a weak aristocracy, and a highly regarded though politically impotent peasantry. E) Korean universities fought the trend toward Sinification by using Korean examination systems. 20) Which of the following was NOT a difference between the Viet and Chinese cultures prior to their conquest by the Han emperors? A) Language B) Village autonomy among the Viets C) Higher social status for Viet women D) Viet tendency to extended families and clan groups E) Political institutions 21) What was the political result of the Vietnamese drive to conquer regions south of the Red River basin? A) The creation of a highly centralized kingdom with its capital at Hanoi B) The defeat of the Vietnamese and the fragmentation of the kingdom into 300 small kingdoms ruled by a warrior elite C) The reconquest of the Red River valley by the Chinese during the Southern Song era D) The division of the Vietnamese into two kingdoms with capitals at Hue and Hanoi E) Vietnamese domination of the South Pacific and the Philippines 22) Which of the following cultural traits was NOT introduced into Vietnam from China following the Han conquest of 111 B.C.E.? A) Chinese examination system and bureaucracy B) Chinese agricultural cropping techniques and irrigation technology C) Chinese reliance on the nuclear family D) Chinese military organization E) Chinese-style schools 23) Which of the following was a critical factor in the failure of the Chinese to conquer or assimilate the Vietnamese? A) The Vietnamese resistance to Chinese crossed both class and gender barriers B) The failure of the Chinese to introduce Buddhism C) The continued cultural impact of Indian culture in Southeast Asia, particularly among the Vietnamese D) The widespread destruction of the Vietnamese elite E) The proximity of Vietnam to Chinese centers of power 24) Following the assertion of Vietnamese independence from China in the tenth century, what aspects of Chinese culture were retained by the Vietnamese rulers? A) Chinese family organization B) The Chinese administrative system based on the Confucian examination system C) A highly centralized administrative system manned by a powerful scholar-gentry D) The successful suppression of the peasantry E) Chinese popular culture, such as cockfights Essay Questions: The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam How did the Japanese importation of Chinese culture differ from that of Vietnam and Korea? Discuss the government of Japan between the Gempei wars and the Tokugawa Shogunate. How did the social development of post classical Japan differ from the development of Korea during the period of Chinese influence? Why was China unable to assimilate the Vietnamese despite direct rule for almost a millennium? How did the extension of Chinese culture to its satellite civilizations differ from other global civilizations such as Islam? Chapter 14, The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur Summary: The nomads of central Asia returned to center stage in world history during the 13th century. The Mongols ended or interrupted the great postclassical empires while extending the world network. Led by Chinggis Khan and his successors, they brought central Asia, China, Persia, Tibet, Iraq, Asia Minor, and Southern Russia under their control and dominated most of Asia for one and a half centuries. The Mongols were the most formidable nomadic challenge to the sedentary civilizations since the first century C.E. The Mongols are often portrayed as barbarians and destructive conquerors, but generally in their vast possessions people lived in peace, enjoyed religious tolerance, and had a unified law code. Peaceful contacts over long distances opened. Mongol territory was a bridge between the civilizations of the East as products and ideas moved among civilized and nomadic peoples. Key Concepts: The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan: Mongols were typical nomads: living off of their herds and trade, organized around the tribe, forming short-lived confederations, electing leaders, and valuing warrior virtues. Kabul Khan, in the early 1100s defeated a Chinese Qin army. His grandson, Temujin emerged from Kabul Khan’s fragmented dominions. A kurlitai or meeting of the Mongol leaders convened in 1206. Temujin was chosen khagan supreme ruler as Chinggis Khan, in 1206. The Mongol army relied on mounted archers. Chinggis Khan brought unity and organization, creating tumens of 10,000 warriors. Scouting parties and messengers allowed the khan to hold together large areas, as did swift punishment for disloyalty. Information gathering supplied Chinggis Khan with maps that facilitated his conquests. Chinggis Khan’s ambition led him to attack the northern Chinese Xi Xia kingdom, then the Jin Empire of the Jurchens. The Mongolian Kara Khitai Empire was next conquered by Chinggis Khan’s forces. Subsequently, the Mongols defeated Muhammad Shah’s Khwarazm Empire. By the time of Chinggis Khan’s death in 1227, the Mongol Empire extended from Persia to the North China Sea. Chinggis Khan, although capable of great brutality, patronized artists and intellectuals in the realms he conquered. At his capital at Karakorum, he gathered the greatest thinkers from China and from Muslim lands. The Mongol imperium meant lasting peace for much of Asia. Merchants in particular profited from the calm. Following the death of Chinggis Khan, his empire was divided by his sons and his grandson Batu. The kuriltai then chose Ogedai as the next great khan. Ogedai extended the empire to the east and north. Directory: cms -> lib09 -> UT01001306 -> Centricity -> Domain Domain -> Millennial Speech & Debate Okinawa Withdrawal March pf lib09 -> Assignment – Read the article below, then answer the questions in your own words. Upload to Google classroom lib09 -> Marketing College Athletics Popularity of Amateur Sports lib09 -> Delaware cte program of study application local education agency information lib09 -> Gifted ortalentededucationresourceguid e lib09 -> Pirates of Silicon Valley Domain -> Fashion A: Standard 4: The Fashion Industry Domain -> Cost of Living Reality Check: Scenario Download 2.22 Mb. Share with your friends:
|