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- Chapter 17, Quiz Questions
- Essay Questions: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750
- Chapter 18, The Rise of Russia Summary
- Key Concepts: Russia’s Expansionist Politics under the Tsars
- Cossacks
- Time of Troubles
- Themes in Early Modern Russian History
- Chapter 18, Quiz Questions
The West by 1750: Political forms crystallized around 1750, with few important developments. Only Prussia under Frederick the Great showed any dynamism, improving agriculture and expanding religious toleration. The Enlightenment, the spread of the Scientific Revolution to all areas of intellectual endeavor, took hold in the 18th century. With great faith in the goodness and capacity of humanity, and the power of the human intellect, Enlightenment thinkers set out to fix the world. The movement took place in salons, in coffee houses, in lecture halls, and was promoted by the growth of scholarly journals. Consumer demand for imported products influenced colonization. Agriculture developed with improved drainage and the importation of New World crops. Manufacturing, fueled by capitalism and employing large numbers of workers, increasingly drove the economy. Developments in commerce, the economy, and political forms were largely independent, but together they transformed the West. Key Terms: Humanism Scientific Revolution Enlightenment Capitalism Johannes Gutenburg Martin Luther Niccolo Machiavelli Isaac Newton Proletariat Jesuits Chapter 17, Quiz Questions 1) In characterizing the period from 1450 to 1750 in the West, which of the following statements is NOT accurate? A) What was once an agricultural society had become a predominantly manufacturing economy. B) Government powers had expanded as nation-states began to evolve. C) Science came to form the centerpiece of Western intellectual life. D) The popular outlook, including ideas about personality and family as well as concepts of nature, had shifted. E) The idea of Christian unity started to decline, which led to religious wars. 2) Which of the following statements about the Renaissance is NOT accurate? A) The Renaissance challenged medieval intellectual values and styles. B) The Renaissance was largely an artistic movement that began in Italy. C) The Renaissance failed to develop any new ideas concerning political organization. D) The Renaissance was built on a more commercialized economy. E) The Renaissance had a southern and northern phase. 3) Which of the following statements concerning Italian humanism is most accurate? A) Humanists focused on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor. B) Humanists attacked Christianity as rife with superstition and witchcraft. C) Humanists carved out new literary styles without reference to classical or medieval models. D) Humanists de-emphasized the corporate and communal aspects of human society. E) Humanists rejected scientific explanations in favor of spiritual ones. 4) Which of the following accounts in part for the decline of the Italian Renaissance circa 1500? A) Routes through Russia to the East undercut the Italian monopoly of trade. B) The creation of a single nation-state in northern Italy sapped the vitality of artistic patronage. C) French and Spanish monarchs invaded the peninsula, cutting down on political independence. D) Much of Italy was conquered by the Ottoman Turks after the battle of Lepanto. E) Atlantic trade routes increased the importance of Italian cities and their role in the slave trade. 5) What was one of the primary differences between the Northern and Italian Renaissances? A) The Northern Renaissance occurred a century earlier than the Italian Renaissance. B) Northern humanists focused more on religion than their Italian counterparts. C) There were no major literary figures in the Northern Renaissance. D) The Northern Renaissance did not make use of the classical languages typical of the Italian Renaissance. E) Northern kings did not become patrons of the arts. 6) What was the European-style family pattern that emerged in the 15th century? A) Extended families, early marriage ages B) Nuclear families, early marriage ages C) Extended families, late marriage ages D) Nuclear families, late marriage ages E) Extended families, marriage optional 7) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the reason Luther picked up widespread support among the German elite? A) Luther proposed moving the papacy from Rome to Germany. B) Luther's support for a more centralized German government under the control of the Holy Roman emperor struck a responsive chord in German nationalism. C) German princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence from the emperor, seize church lands, and control the church in their territories. D) Luther proposed that indulgences should be collected by the Holy Roman emperor instead of the pope. E) Luther was seen as anti-Muslim and many German princes saw a way to expand their power into eastern Europe. 8) Which of the following reasons suggests why common people supported the Lutheran Reformation? A) Luther advocated the overthrow of the authority of the German princes. B) Lutheranism sanctioned money-making and other earthly pursuits more wholeheartedly than did traditional Catholicism. C) Luther's reforms meant that indulgences and other ecclesiastical means of salvation would become less expensive and more readily available to the poor. D) Luther advocated redistribution of land and property throughout Germany. E) Luther supported the Peasant Revolt that broke out throughout Germany. 9) What was the political impact of Calvinism? A) Due to the location of the center of Calvinism in Switzerland, most governments that accepted the new religion were city-states. B) Because of the insistence of Calvinism of the acceptance of a single ecclesiastical authority, Calvinism spread rapidly among the absolute monarchies. C) Calvinism was regarded as so potentially revolutionary that it failed to find a foothold outside of Germany. D) Calvinists sought the participation of all believers in church administration, which encouraged the idea of a wider access to government. E) Calvinist doctrine held that kings should appoint bishops and local priests. 10) Which of the following was NOT a result of the Thirty Years War? A) It reduced German prosperity and power for a full century. B) The treaty that ended the war established Spain as the principal power of western Europe. C) The treaty that ended the war granted political independence to the Protestant Netherlands. D) The population of the German territories was reduced by almost 60 percent. E) The war established the principle of territorial toleration. 11) The religious wars that followed the Protestant Reformation led generally to A) the restoration of Catholic unity. B) the establishment of Protestant dominance. C) a limited acceptance of the idea of religious pluralism. D) the end of the involvement of the state in religion. E) a monolithic Protestantism in Europe. 12) Which of the following statements most accurately describes a change in popular mentality as a result of the Protestant Reformation? A) Protestants were more likely to credit miracles or divine interruptions in nature's course. B) Protestant churches, as physical structures, were more closely connected to market activities in the cities, encouraging the idea that religion and daily life were related. C) Protestants and Catholics considered the family in more positive terms, not simply as an institution necessary because of human lust. D) Religious change tended to discourage the growth of literacy in the era following the Protestant Reformation. E) Protestants tended to believe what church authorities told them whereas Catholics began to question church doctrines. 13) Which of the following was a Western response to the commercial revolution of the 16th century that was proletarian in outlook? A) A more caring attitude toward the problems of the poor B) A more elaborate family life including greater material wealth C) A wave of popular protests resulting in uprisings caused by social tensions D) Greater belief in personal achievement and the demystification of nature E) Greater admiration for the merchant class and the Catholic church 14) Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the view of Deists? A) While there may be a divinity, its role is only to set natural laws in motion. B) God can be found in all elements of creation, whether plant, animal, or mineral. C) The authority of the church is paramount, and all political power is derived from divine sanction. D) The institutional church has failed Western society, and it is necessary for the reestablishment of the church through new institutions founded by the state. E) God establishes governments on Earth, and kings are his instruments. 15) How did the Western view of science compare with that of other civilizations? A) The West was the only civilization to develop scientific and technological expertise. B) In China, science was based on practical, empirical advances. C) The West was not alone in developing crucial scientific data, but its thinkers were the only ones to see science in broader philosophical terms as central to intellectual life. D) Islam remained vastly ahead of the West in terms of scientific knowledge, despite the clear advances made during the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries. E) In the West, science was seen as separate from religion leading to a more religious outlook in the long run. 16) Which of the following descriptions most accurately defines mercantilism? A) Mercantilism was a scientific theory that attempted to limit the growing dominance of merchants within society. B) Mercantilism held that government should promote the internal economy in order to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations. C) Mercantilism was an economic philosophy that argued that natural laws would determine the flow of goods according to supply and demand. D) Mercantilism argued that the money supply should be freed from the supply of bullion and based instead on the flow of goods within regional markets. E) Mercantilism is the idea that all trade should be international and free of any restraints. 17) Adam Smith's economic theory advocated A) government intervention in order to control the flow of bullion through extensive tariff systems. B) the use of a controlled money supply as a means of limiting inflation. C) that governments avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces. D) the institution of state-controlled guilds to fix standards of production and wages. E) that governments should allocate labor and capital whenever they engaged in warfare. 18) Which of the following was NOT a basic principle of the Enlightenment? A) Society's goals should center on improvements in material and social life. B) Religions that relied on faith or refused to tolerate diversity were wrong. C) If people were not controlled, general social decline was inevitable. D) Human beings are naturally good and can be educated to do better. E) Humans behave according to natural laws based on reason. 19) Which of the following changes associated with treatment of children was associated with the Enlightenment? A) Parents became more interested in freer movement and greater interaction for young children. B) Physical discipline of children to encourage their development became more common. C) Swaddling of infants continued as a means of protecting infants from injury. D) Childhood was no longer perceived as a stage for learning and growth. E) Childhood became a period of time where the labor of the children was freely available to the family. 20) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of manufacturing in the later 18th century? A) The factory system was well established since the commercial revolution of the 16th century and continued to develop during this period. B) By the 18th century the economic growth typical of the 16th century had halted, and manufacturing suffered from the withdrawal of capital. C) The 18th century witnessed a rapid spread of household production of textiles and metal products, mostly by rural workers who alternated manufacturing with some agriculture. D) The lack of new technology caused a bottleneck in the manufacturing processes and led to stagnation in European productivity. E) Large scale mass production was begun in places like France and Germany. 21) Which of the following statements concerning mid-18th-century Western society is most accurate? A) Agricultural changes, commercialism, and manufacturing had combined to produce a rapidly growing population in the West. B) Radical changes in the nature of government resulted in the creation of essentially new political forms. C) As a result of the Enlightenment, established churches no longer were forces to be reckoned with in Western society. D) The spread of domestic manufacturing destroyed the traditional habits and family patterns of earlier Europe. E) Most people believed that population growth was self-regulating due to the occurrence of famines. 22) By 1750, the strands of commercial, cultural, and political changes in Europe had combined to create A) an unstable political environment that would eventually regress backwards. B) proof of the innate superiority of Western civilization. C) rapid adaptation not found in other civilizations. D) an unusual version of an agricultural civilization. E) a truly socialistic society based on Marxian principles. Essay Questions: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 In what ways was Western Europe in 1750 different from the medieval West? How would you contrast the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution? In what ways did the commercial revolution of the 16th century change the social structure of the West? How was the absolute monarchy of the 17th century different from the political forms of the Middle Ages? How did the Enlightenment affect changes in popular outlook in European society? Chapter 18, The Rise of Russia Summary: The rise of the Russian Empire, unlike the rise of Western colonial empires, although altering power balances through Eurasia, involved only limited commercial exchange. After freeing themselves form Mongol domination by 1480, the Russians pushed eastward. Some extension of territory also occurred in Eastern Europe. Regional states, many differing from Russia, were present, with Lithuania and Poland rivaling Russia into the 17th century. Russia, with its Byzantine-influenced culture, had been unimportant in world affairs before the 15th century. Russia then entered into new contacts with the West without losing its distinct identity. Between 1450 and 1750, many lasting characteristics of the eastern European world were formed. Key Concepts: Russia’s Expansionist Politics under the Tsars: Mongol dominance of Russia lasted until the mid-15th century. Under Ivan III, Russia was liberated, and began its rise to power. Russian culture was not deeply changed by Mongol rule, but it had stagnated. The tsars began the process of reviving and recreating Russian culture, largely by tying its past to that of the Byzantine Empire. For the tsars, Russian independence meant territorial expansion, pushing back the Mongols. Cossacks, peasant-adventurers, were used to settle the newly-taken lands. The lands, in turn, could be used to buy the loyalty of the boyars or nobility. Russian expansion put an end to the periodic emergence of nomadic people from central Asia. The tsars began a deliberate policy of contact with the West, both commercially and culturally, establishing the enduring practice of following the Western lead. The Time of Troubles, a period of rebellion and invasion, was ended by the new Romanov dynasty. Russia’s First Westernization, 1690-1790: Peter I, the Great, looked with confidence to the west for guidance in restructuring his empire. Ruling as autocrat, Peter the Great used bureaucrats to avoid reliance on the nobility. He also instituted the long-lived tradition of a secret police force. Peter regularized the organization of Russia’s government, including provincial and urban governments. These changes, along with increased manufacturing output, added to the power of the central government, including provincial and urban governments. These changes, along with increased manufacturing output, added to the power of the central government. The tsar also undertook cultural changes, attempting to bring Russian dress and manners in line with other European countries. While his reforms brought change, they were also partial and were deeply resented by many. Catherine the Great, taking control of the Russian government from her husband, Peter III, continued many of Peter I’s policies. Her reforms, too, were selective, restricting the freedom of peasants, and intellectuals wanting further reforms. Her dynamic leadership added to the territory of the Russian state, and improved the position of Russia in European politics. The reigns of Peter I and Catherine completely changed the political and cultural place of Russia in European developments. Themes in Early Modern Russian History: Russian nobles had a more important role than their western counterparts, who, by this period, were largely ornamental. The position of serfs declined in the 1600s and 1700s, satisfying the nobility, who, in turn, effectively managed this agrarian population for the tsars. In fact, Russian serfdom closely resembled slavery. In other areas of Eastern Europe, peasants were similarly exploited. While peasant society was largely self-governed, the status of the peasants declined throughout the 18th century. Russian society tended towards polarization, with only a small merchant class. Agricultural practices saw little improvement. Russian intellectuals, influenced by western ideas, called for reform. Peasant revolts were brutally represses, including the Pugachev rebellion, put down by Catherine the Great. Eastern Europe in this period tended to fall into the western European sphere in this period. Copernicus, a Pole, was an example of an intellectual with close ties to western European developments. Some smaller countries were engulfed by more powerful neighbors. Poland is a notable example. Key Terms: Old Believers Alexis de Tocqueville Catherine the Great Cossacks Boyars Ivan III Peter I Romanov Dynasty Serfdom Obruk Chapter 18, Quiz Questions 1) What was the state of the Russian economy immediately after the expulsion of the Mongols in the 15th century? A) Russia was already a dependent region within the global economy dominated by the West. B) Fueled by the establishment of the Tatar trade routes with the East, Russia had developed a significant export trade and merchant class. C) Russia had become a more purely agricultural economy, dependent on peasant labor. D) Russia's economic ties were almost exclusively with the Ottoman Empire and hence with Africa. E) Russia was following the West into an economy dominated by merchants and capitalists. 2) Ivan IV, called Ivan the Terrible, A) wished to confirm tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of boyars. B) abandoned the principles of territorial expansion in favor of centralizing power at home. C) allied himself with the Russian aristocracy in a policy of political decentralization. D) was responsible for the incorporation of Poland into the Russian empire. E) destroyed the hold of the Vikings on Russia and eastern Europe. 3) Why did the Russian expansion policy focus particularly on central Asia? A) The Russians wished to seize control of the trade routes with China. B) Most of the Russian population remained ethnically Mongol with clear cultural ties to central Asia. C) There were natural barriers to westward expansion. D) The Russians were motivated by a desire to push the former Mongol overlords farther back to prevent renewed invasion. E) Russians wanted to control the lucrative fur trade in Siberia. 4) What was the impact of early Russian expansion on central Asia? A) There was no impact at first but as time went by, there was a gradual assimilation of the Chinese speaking groups B) Independent central Asia, the source of nomadic cultures and invasion forces, was eliminated. C) Chinese trade was refocused through Russia and eastern Europe. D) Russian society became more culturally and ethnically homogeneous. E) Central Asia revived economically as a result of the expansion. 5) Which of the following was NOT a form of contact with the West during the reigns of the Ivans? A) Diplomatic missions were sent to leading Western states. B) Western merchants established outposts in Moscow and other centers. C) Italian artists and craftsmen were imported for building projects. D) Military alliances were signed with Spain and Portugal. E) Territorial expansion along the Polish and Lithuanian border 6) Which of the following was NOT an accomplishment of Tsar Michael? A) The reestablishment of internal order B) Driving out foreign invaders C) Updating practices in the Orthodox Church D) Inclusion of part of the Ukraine, including Kiev, in the Russian empire E) A successful war against Poland 7) Politically, what aspects of Western culture did Peter the Great emulate in Russia? A) Parliamentary government B) Aristocratic control of the bureaucracy C) Royal control over the bureaucracy and reorganized military D) Republicanism E) Separation of church and state 8) In what way did Peter the Great shift the foreign policy interests of Russia? A) Peter the Great initiated the Russian invasion of China. B) Peter abandoned the Russian policies of expansion in favor of consolidation at the center. C) Peter allied himself with the traditional Russian enemy, the Ottoman Empire. D) Peter's wars with the Ottoman Empire and Sweden indicated a westward shift in Russian expansion. E) Peter began Russian expansion into North America and Japan. 9) Which of the following was NOT one of Peter the Great's political reforms? A) Improved military weaponry B) Elimination of noble councils C) Reduction of taxes on the peasantry D) Systemization of law codes E) Specialized bureaucracy 10) What was the purpose of Peter the Great's policy of economic development? A) To create a free working class devoted to industry rather than agriculture B) To create a wealthy merchant class capable of financing further expansion C) To raise the standard of living of all Russians D) To avoid the need of importing military armaments E) To create a peasant class that could support the nobility 11) What was the limitation of Peter the Great's policies of cultural Westernization? A) He made no attempt to introduce Western education, particularly in technological subjects. B) Westernization was limited to the elite. C) Peter made no attempt to enforce cultural reforms. D) Despite tsarist proclamations, Westernization failed to have any impact on Russian society. E) He did not have firsthand knowledge of Western institutions. 12) What was Catherine the Great's attitude toward the program of Westernization? A) Catherine flirted vigorously with the ideas of the French Enlightenment, but failed to take steps to abolish serfdom. B) Catherine rejected the concepts of Westernization in favor of a distinctive Russian culture. C) Catherine earned the title of Enlightened monarch by fully embracing the ideas of the French Enlightenment, including the abolition of the serfs. D) Catherine was eager to continue the policy of Westernization, but was unable to attract Western philosophers to backward Russia. E) She was more interested in the process of Asianization and reforming the aristocracy. 13) What was the relationship between Catherine the Great's government and local administration? A) The government established by Catherine the Great exercised exclusive control over both central and local government. B) The tsarist government combined a real monopoly of formal politics by a central administration, but had little power over the noble-owned estates. C) The powers of the government were exercised almost entirely by the nobility and little formal authority was exercised by the central administration. D) Under Catherine the Great, there was little central authority, but village governments under the jurisdiction of peasant headmen continued to function. E) The local bureaucracy held most of the judicial power whereas the tsarist government controlled tax revenues. 14) Which of the following statements concerning the political voice of the Russian nobility is most accurate? A) The politics of the Russian nobility were expressed through service in the tsarist state and the preeminent power they wielded over the peasant serfs. B) The Russian nobility exercised enormous influence through the powerful assemblies that continued to legislate through the 18th century. C) The exclusion of the Russian nobility under Catherine the Great from any role in the central government or the military relegated them to strictly local authority. D) Under Catherine the Great the Russian nobility was virtually exterminated. E) The nobility virtually ran the Russian empire with very little interference from the central government. 15) The development of coercive labor systems in eastern Europe was indicative of A) Russia's economic dominance over Asian trade. B) eastern Europe's growing economic subordination to the West. C) the creation of a core economic zone in Russia. D) the development of industrial strength in the region. E) poor race relations in the East. 16) What was one of the primary differences between the social organization of the West and Russia in the 17th and 18th centuries? A) Russia's merchant class was more fully developed than that of the West. B) The West had no formal aristocracy by the 18th century, but in Russia the nobility retained their political and social function. C) Russia saw a progressive intensification of serfdom while the West was relaxing this institution in favor of other labor systems. D) The agricultural labor of the West was subject to a more restrictive form of serfdom than that of Russia. E) There was much more forced labor in Western Europe than in Russia due to the needs of the growing industrial base. 17) What was one of the primary limitations on the expansion of the agricultural economy? A) The lack of cheap labor B) The lack of markets for Russian surpluses C) Lack of technological improvement D) The lack of estate agricultural systems in Russia E) The lack of available and arable land 18) Which of the following is NOT indicative of Russia's growing economic dependence on the West during the 18th century? A) Exportation of raw materials-furs, grain, and timber B) Importation of luxuries and some manufactured goods C) A coercive labor system D) Self-sufficiency in metals and weapons E) The need to imitate the West 19) A substantial merchant class in Russia during the 18th century A) was restricted to the cities of Moscow, Novgorod, and St. Petersburg. B) sprang from peasant origins. C) emerged among the lesser nobility within the Russian cities. D) failed to develop. E) gained political power. 20) Compared to Western governments, how great a role did the Russian government play in economic development? A) Because of the absence of a merchant class, the Russian government played a greater role than was common in Western states. B) Like the West, the government's role in the economy was largely restricted to establishing tariffs and protective measures for domestic industries. C) Because of the dependent nature of the Russian economy, the government played a relatively less significant role in economic development. D) The Russian government had no role in economic development, a task it abandoned to foreign investors. E) Unlike the West, all production and distribution of goods was controlled by the government. 21) How did the Polish government differ from the Russian model after 1600? A) Poland was more urbanized. B) The central government was powerless. C) There was an absence of a merchant class. D) Poland lacked a landed aristocracy. E) It was a monarchy. Essay Questions: Directory: cms -> lib09 -> UT01001306 -> Centricity -> Domain Domain -> Millennial Speech & Debate Okinawa Withdrawal March pf lib09 -> Assignment – Read the article below, then answer the questions in your own words. Upload to Google classroom lib09 -> Marketing College Athletics Popularity of Amateur Sports lib09 -> Delaware cte program of study application local education agency information lib09 -> Gifted ortalentededucationresourceguid e lib09 -> Pirates of Silicon Valley Domain -> Fashion A: Standard 4: The Fashion Industry Domain -> Cost of Living Reality Check: Scenario Download 2.22 Mb. Share with your friends:
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