Colonize Mars 1ac contention 1: Inherency
AT: OVERVIEW EFFECT ADVANTAGE
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- Only actually GOING to space instills the overview effect Okushi 2007
- Plan doesn’t solve. We don’t have to go to space to experience the overview effect White 98
- Technology can induce Overview Effect. Humans not necessary (neg card) White 98
- Technology can induce Overview Effect with more benefits. (neg) White 98
- Non-Unique: Humans have had access to satellite imagery which means the Overview Effect should have happened. (neg) White 98
- More Evidence: Remote Sensing Satellites (neg) White 98
AT: OVERVIEW EFFECT ADVANTAGEThe overview effect is fundamentally empirically denied and can never be effectuated because the average human has not gone to space and only experiences the wholeness of the world through pictures or conceptual images Okushi 2007 (Jun, Director of Japanese Operations for Space Projects Group, “Space and Perceptions of Space in Spacecraft: An Astrosociological Perspective” http://www.astrosociology.com/Library/PDF/Contributions/Space%202007%20Articles/Space%20and%20Perceptions.pdf) The average human being has not experienced the view from space on a personal basis, although these pictures from space have been around for upwards to 40 years. Subsequent years have brought more space missions, both human and robotic, with fabulous imagery. Robotically, we have stood on the ground on Mars, we have seen up close mighty impacts on Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, and towering dune fields on Titan. We have even seen the great columns of hydrogen clouds spanning light years that are the incubation places of stars and looked back in time toward the very birth of the Cosmos. Why haven’t the peoples of the Earth been subsumed by this overwhelming experience of viewing things in space and the world from the space? Why haven’t they beaten their swords into plow shares, held hands and sang Kum Bah Yah, and turned their attention to turning the tide against global warming, a fairly immediate threat as time is kept over generations that can kill more people than all of the wars of the Earth put together? A. Searching for Answers A clue to this enigma lies in a prediction that failed to come true that was made by Sir Arthur C. Clarke in his novel 2061: Odyssey 3 (1987, p. 4).6 In the story, the Earth had become relatively peaceful once everyone had access to free long-distance telephone calling service. With the Internet and the quality of communications technology today, we can make free long-distance telephone calls. At least those of us who can access, can operate, and can afford the technology can make those calls. One can be in London and make a phone call to someone in Peshawar and the other party sounds like he is speaking from the next room. But, there are still wars, India and Pakistan might yet fight a limited nuclear exchange, and the large part of Earth’s population hasn’t yet caught on to the impending devastation of global warming. What is the problem? The answer to that has to do with the inadequacy of the delivery systems of these images from space and to the fact that studies of how humans comprehend spatial and other types of relationships on the ground, in space, and across cultures are still in the infancy of synthesis and application.††† Lack of political will is another problem. In An Inconvenient Truth, both the documentary and the book,7 Albert Gore also spoke of the “backburner” attitude that his American congressional colleagues demonstrated when he gave them slide shows about global warming. The problems on the radar screens of congressional constituents were more immediate so their representatives did not move to act to hammer out legislation to help offset the more overwhelming planetary issue. Sitting in the gravity well of the Earth, with some people being able to see pretty pictures from space, and with some people being able to talk to other people cheaply at a distance still hasn’t communicated the gravity of our situation. The planetary situation awareness of the average person is poor. It isn’t very real to most people that Earth is a planet in space, that it is in danger from global warming, and that seeing it from space helps us assess the condition of the planet and provides us with direction how to keep it livable. A science fiction story by Ray Bradbury provides a clue to the solution. “The Rocket” tells the story of Fiorello Bodoni, a poor junk dealer, who uses his family’s savings to build a replica rocket from an old mock-up and outfits it with virtual reality simulations to provide his children with the trip of a lifetime.8 To communicate the isolation of the Earth in space, to emphasize our interconnectivity on this one world, and to impart to any human being his/her planetary situation awareness just in the way that an astronaut knows it requires that a diversity of people must be able to connect in an intimate way to the reality of the Earth as a planet in space. Only actually GOING to space instills the overview effect Okushi 2007 (Jun, Director of Japanese Operations for Space Projects Group, “Space and Perceptions of Space in Spacecraft: An Astrosociological Perspective” http://www.astrosociology.com/Library/PDF/Contributions/Space%202007%20Articles/Space%20and%20Perceptions.pdf) Conclusion Establishment of a planetary situation awareness, which is what we mean by “planetary consciousness” in this report, may doubtless prove difficult to achieve due to the many obstacles outlined above and those we have not yet reckoned. We can witness the fact that all of the space missions of the past have inspired many people on a particular level, but such a level of inspiration is much less profound for ordinary people than the space elites (e.g., astronauts and cosmonauts) who actually experienced what it was like “up there.” Plan doesn’t solve. We don’t have to go to space to experience the overview effect White 98 (Frank White, senior associate of the Space Studies Institute in Princeton, The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution, 1, 6-25-11, DS) There are ways to experience the Overview Effect without going into outer space. Anyone who flies in an airplane and looks out the window has the opportunity to experience a mild version of it. My effort to confirm the reality of the Overview Effect had its origins in a cross-country flight in the late 1970s. As the plane flew north of Washington, D.C., I found myself looking down at the Capitol Building and Washington Monument. From thirty thousand feet, they looked like little toys sparkling in the sunshine. From that altitude, all of Washington looked small and insignificant. However, I knew that people down there were making life and death decisions on my behalf and taking themselves very seriously as they did so. From high in the jet stream, it seemed absurd that they could have an impact on my life. It was like ants making laws for humans. On the other hand, I knew that it was all a matter of perspective. When the plane landed, everyone on it would act just like the people over whom we flew. This line of thought led to a simple but important realization: mental processes and views of life cannot be separated from physical location. Our "world view" as a conceptual framework depends quite literally on our view of the world from a physical place in the universe. Technology can induce Overview Effect. Humans not necessary (neg card) White 98 (Frank White, senior associate of the Space Studies Institute in Princeton, The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution, 59, 6-26-11, DS) In general, the flights that allow us to look back at the earth or communicate from point to point on the Earth reinforce the Over view Effect. These include satellites in Low Earth Orbit and in Geosynchronous Orbit. Flights that help us to understand the solar system and our place in it coincide with the Copernican Perspective. These include probes that orbit other planets or satellites, probes that "flyby" other planets or satellites, and those that land on other planets or satellites. Flights that help us better understand the universe as a whole, to achieve Universal Insight, consist primarily of telescopes and other monitoring devices placed in Earth orbit, with their "eyes and ears" pointed outward. Technology can induce Overview Effect with more benefits. (neg) White 98 (Frank White, senior associate of the Space Studies Institute in Princeton, The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution, 59, 6-26-11, DS) Earth-orbiting satellites provide a technological parallel to the Overview Effect experienced by astronauts in orbit, building in the Overview Effect on a continuing basis. Experiencing the over- view as an astronaut is a stunning emotional experience. Experiencing it on Earth while looking at a picture or a film is less dramatic but still analogous. When astronauts see the Earth from space, they comprehend that it is a natural unity. Satellites embody the message that the planet is also becoming a social unity. Just as the Overview Effect can be broken down into a variety of experiences, Earth-orbiting satellites can be categorized by function, and the variety of experiences provided by unmanned flights becomes more apparent. Earth-orbiting satellites can be used for a number of purposes, including weather prediction, remote sensing, telecommunications, navigation and location determination, and military intelligence. Non-Unique: Humans have had access to satellite imagery which means the Overview Effect should have happened. (neg) White 98 (Frank White, senior associate of the Space Studies Institute in Princeton, The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution, 60, 6-2611, DS) Weather prediction is a common example of the institutionalization of the Overview Effect. Every night, television viewers see a picture of the Earth taken from a satellite, and the meteorologist uses the photograph to predict the future on the basis of the over- view. Monitoring and predicting weather via satellites brings the technological version of the Overview Effect down to mundane reality. The existence of a satellite in orbit, "seeing" exactly what the astronauts see, helps people and societies make decisions every day. Before 1957, no human beings, regardless of their wealth, power, or influence, could do that because there were no satellites. Today, everyone can benefit from this capability. More Evidence: Remote Sensing Satellites (neg) White 98 (Frank White, senior associate of the Space Studies Institute in Princeton, The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution, 60, 6-26-11, DS) Earth remote sensing satellites are similar to weather satellites in that they look down on Earth from orbit and send back information on what they see. The difference is that they focus on the Earth and its resources rather than on weather patterns. They generate information that may, for example, reveal the existence of previously unsuspected natural resources or changes in vegetation color that may, along with weather data, indicate the onset of a drought. Like weather satellites, remote sensing systems are catalysts for interdisciplinary research. 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