Corbicula an annotated bibliography 1774 2005

Cahn, A. R. 1951. Clam Culture in Japan. Report No. 146, Natural Resources Section, Supreme Commander, Allied Powers, Tokyo. 133 pp. [Also reprinted as U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fishery Leaflet 399.]

Systematics, reproduction, development, life cycle, distribution, aquaculture, harvesting methods and gear, and use of Corbicula sandai, Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana are presented.

Corbicula sandai was once peculiar only to Lake Biwa but is now reported from Kyoto City. The species was transplanted to Lake Suwa in Nagano Prefecture. They are dioecious. Spawning is reported during April and May. Two harvest methods involving net dredges and small boats are described.

Corbicula leana is distributed in Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku, where it inhabits areas with sandy bottoms. They are monoecious and incubate the larvae. Spawning season extends from June to October. The meat of these bivalves is eaten fresh or canned.

Corbicula japonica is found in brackish water of river mouths. It is found in Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku at about 8 m on bottoms 70% sand and mud. The species is dioecious and non incubatory. Intensive fishing occurs in the mouth of the Tone River at Shiishiba, Chiba Prefecture. Iron rakes, baskets, and bamboo poles are used to harvest the clams. The Japanese believe a soup made from these clams is an effective remedy for jaundice.

Cahoon, L. B., W. D. Grater and D. L. Covington. 1992. Phenotypic and Genotypic Differences between Two Adjacent Populations of the Asiatic Clam, Corbicula fluminea. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 108(2):57-63.

Cahoon, L. B. and D. A. Owen. 1996. Can suspension feeding by bivalves regulate phytoplankton biomass in Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina? Hydrobiologia 325(3):193-200.

Suspension feeding by bivalves has been hypothesized to control phytoplankton biomass in shallow aquatic ecosystems. Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina, USA is a shallow lake with a diverse bivalve assemblage and low to moderate phytoplankton biomass levels. Filtration and ingestion rates of two relatively abundant species in the lake, the endemic unionid, Elliptio waccamawensis, and an introduced species, Corbicula fluminea, were measured in experiments using natural phytoplankton for durations of 1 to 6 days. Measured filtration and ingestion rates averaged 1.78 and 1.12l/ind./d, much too low to control phytoplankton at the observed phytoplankton biomass levels and growth rates. Measured ingestion rates averaged 4.80 and 1.50 μg chlorophyll a/ind./d, too low to support individuals of either species. The abundance of benthic microalgae in Lake Waccamaw reaches 200 mg chlorophyll a/m² in the littoral zone and averages almost an order of magnitude higher than depth-integrated phytoplankton chlorophyll a. Total microalgal biomass in the lake is therefore not controlled by suspension feeding by bivalves.

Cai, Y., C. Deng and Z. Liu. 1992. Studies on the ecology of Crassostrea rivularis (Gould) in Zhanjiang Bay. Tropic Oceanology/Redai Haiyang, Guangzhou 11(3):37-44.

Crassostrea rivularis is cultured in Zhanjiang Bay mainly from the mid-tidal zone to 2 meters below low tide. C. rivularis grows rapidly during the first three years and slows down gradually. The majority of its food comes from Coscinodiscus sp., Nitzschia sp. and Cyclotella sp. The reproductive season is between April and June, most of the attached seeds can be obtained on the shade sides of the sedentary medium. Apart from C. rivularis, bivalvia growing in the area involves Saccostrea glomerata, Corbicula fluminea, Anomia cyteum, etc. Harmful organisms include Thais gradata and Balanus sp., the former is harmful to the one-year-old oysters, and the latter competes for sedentary medium and feed. The extermination of T. gradata can be carried out by catching them or their egg capsules.

Cailliaud, F. 1827. Voyage au Meroe. Vol. 4. p. 263. and Atlas.

Callil, C. T. and M. C. D. Mansur. 2002. Corbiculidae in the Pantanal: history of invasion in southeast and central South America and biometrical data. Amazoniana 17(1-2):153-167.

The chronology of the invasion by Corbicula of the Central and the eastern part of South America is revised based on the literature and museum collection records. The occurrence of Corbicula largillierti (Philippi, 1844) and Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) are reported for the first time for the northern part of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, at the upper part of the Paraguay River, a tributary of the large Parana Basin. Corbiculidae were sampled at three different localities, on the banks of the Cuiaba River, near Cuiaba, capital of Mato Grosso State. The highest population density was 192/m². The shell length of the sampled population of Corbicula largillierti varied between 5.42 and 17.53 mm and Corbicula fluminea varied between 14.74 and 27.33 mm. The age for the sampled specimens of C. fluminea was estimated to be near three years and the date of arrival of the species in the Pantanal is probably 1996 or 97. The relationship between shell length, height, width and weight (shell and wet tissues) was also calculated and multivariate ANOVA test revealed significant differences between the species. The standard curve for the weight and length relationship, reflecting growth, was estimated using the exponential pattern.

Cairns, J., Jr. and J. R. Bidwell. 1996. Discontinuities in technological and natural systems caused by exotic species. Biodiversity and Conservation 5(9):1085-1094.

This discussion focuses on discontinuities in both natural and technological systems caused by the introduction of exotic species into areas which they would not have been able to reach without human assistance or other alterations to native communities. The case histories of both the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) and the zebra mussel (Dreisenna polymorpha) are particularly instructive because of their recent introductions and the dramatic impact they have had on both natural and technological systems. Control of these mollusc species in technological systems (e.g. water intake systems) is effective to a degree but requires constant attention and utilization of resources. If control is neglected there could be extremely serious consequences. At present, no inexpensive means exist for controlling their effects, and further geographical distribution in North America is highly probable. The mollusc case histories do not appear to be linear and, in some instances, may not be continuous. Some importations of exotic species were deliberate (such as the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar), but their escape into natural systems has often been 'accidental' or, a less charitable person might say, careless. A viable strategy for coping with discontinuities is elusive. Discontinuities will, undoubtedly, have a major effect on the possibility of sustainable use of the planet or, to use the currently popular term, sustainable development.

Cairns, J., Jr. and D. S. Cherry. 1980. Development of Biological Indices for Identifying and Evaluating Impacts of Pollutants on Freshwater Ecosystems. U.S. Department of Energy DOE/EV/04939 T2. 353 pp. [Also NTIS DE83002856]

Cairns, J. and D. S. Cherry. 1983. A site specific field and laboratory evaluation of fish and Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea population responses to coal fired power plant discharge. Water Science and Technology 15(10):31 38.

A combined effort of field receiving system monitoring and field located laboratory and formal laboratory bioassay testing was used to evaluate and compare responses of fish and the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea [Müller, 1774]) to power plant discharges. Discharges and effluents evaluated during an 8 yr. period included thermal and chlorinated discharges and pH excursions from fly ash effluent released into a lotic receiving system of the New River drainage in Glen Lyn, Virginia. Constituents within the fly ash effluent studied included the effects of particulate ash fraction, heavy metals, and pH (acidic and alkaline) excursions. The field laboratory was used for testing fish preference avoidance behavioral and lethal temperature responses to elevated temperatures and in chlorinated, thermal plumes. Formal laboratory protocol included static, flow through, and artificial stream bioassays of fly ash, pH excursions, and selected heavy metals to fish and clams.

Results showed that fish populations preferred and avoided heated waters, depending upon their seasonal acclimation requirements, both in the field laboratory and in the field receiving system of the New River. Fish populations avoided sublethal chlorinated discharges from laboratory intermittent chlorine bioassays after attraction into the laboratory and field thermal plumes. The interactions of fish populations with fly ash showed that responses were more difficult to predict in the laboratory and field systems employed. The complex variables of elevated temperature, ash particles, heavy metals, and pH excursions associated with fly ash require more research effort in order to predict the validity of data between laboratory and field systems for hazard evaluation.

The Asiatic clam has invaded the New River at the rate of 9 miles/yr. from the Kanawha River near Charleston, West Virginia (138 river miles north), that enters downstream from the Glen Lyn coal powered generating plant in Virginia at the West Virginia border. During the period of investigation, October 1976   September 1978, clams were more numerous in the vicinity of the thermal discharge of the plant than they were in unheated waters, and their population fell sharply during the winter months when the water temperature dropped to approximately 2^oC. The temperature (35^oC) of the heated discharge water in late summer did not adversely affect the clam since in laboratory thermal tolerance studies mortality occurred at temperatures greater than 36^oC. The clam proved to be highly resistant to the conventional biocidal practice of intermittent chlorination and exposure to heavy metals in both static and artificial stream bioassays. Copper was more toxic than either zinc or a combination of zinc and copper. Potassium was not an effective biocidal (gaping) agent at low concentrations (<100 mg/l). Although only minor incidents of C. fluminea infestation have been observed in the cooling system of the power plant, such infestation has become a serious problem in other parts of the United States. The ability of the clam to use heated discharge areas as overwintering sites has allowed them to expand their range into frozen northern aquatic systems of the United States.

Calhoun, A. and P. Hubbell. 1970. Effects of artificial destratification on distribution of bottom organisms in El Capitan Reservoir. Fisheries Bulletin, California, No. 148:5 30.

The distribution of Corbicula manilensis in El Capitan Reservoir was seen to change due to the artificial destratification of its waters.

California. Department of Water Resources. 1967. Water quality and biologic conditions, South Bay Aqueduct, 1962-1966. California. Department of Water Resources (Sacramento). xiv + 180 pp.

Calvert, W. R., A. L. Beekly, V. H. Barnett and M. A. Pishel. 1914. Geology of the Standing Rock and Cheyenne River Indian reservations North and South Dakota. Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey 575:1 49.

Cameron, G. N., J. M. Symons, S. R. Spencer and J. Y. Ma. 1989. Minimizing THM formation during control of the Asiatic clam: A comparison of biocides. Journal of the American Water Works Association 81(10):53-62.

In many parts of the United States, water utilities with highly organic source waters and long source water transmission lines are troubled by Corbicula fluminea, the Asiatic clam. The traditional method of control, free chlorination, often can no longer be used because of the formation of excessive amounts of trihalomethanes (THMs). The effectiveness of six biocides (potassium permanganate, copper, chloramine, free chlorine, bromamine, and chlorine dioxide) for controlling the juvenile Asiatic clam was compared. Because hydraulic detention time in the distribution pipeline was short (15-18 h) and animals could exit the system and hence minimize exposure to biocides, biocide effectiveness was monitored in an arbitrarily-selected 24-h period. The study showed that, in a 24-h period, free chlorine (which also produced THMs), copper, and potassium permanganate were ineffective; bromamines, although somewhat effective, produced THMs; and chlorine dioxide and chloramines were effective. From a cost and ease-of-handling point of view, chloramine was the biocide of choice.

Cameron, G. N., J. M. Symons, D. Bushek and R. Kulkarni. 1989. Effect of Temperature and pH on the toxicity of monochloramine to the Asiatic clam. Journal of the American Water Works Association 81(10):62-71.

The Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) has become a pest to many users of freshwater transmission systems. Monochloramine has been suggested as a biocide because it is effective and the formation of trihalomethanes is low. Flow-through aquariums, a laboratory incubator, and a pilot-scale pipeline were used to show that monochloramine concentrations between 1 and 10 milligrams per liter effectively killed juvenile clams over a wide range of water temperatures, with mortality increasing significantly with temperature. The reduction in clam mortality as water temperature decreases can be overcome by corresponding increases in biocide concentration. An equation is provided that predicts the kill that would be achieved at a given biocide residual and water temperature. The pH did not affect the efficacy of the biocide.

Cantelmo Cristini, A., F. Hospod and R. Lazell. 1983. In situ studies on the adenylate energy charge of population of Corbicula fluminea in a fresh water system. Proceedings of the Council Meeting, 1983, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. 16 pp.

To gain clearer understanding of the responses of organisms to environmental levels of stress, the AEC, lipid, and glycogen content were monitored in the bivalve Corbicula fluminea while caged in the Raritan River, New Jersey. The AEC, lipid, and glycogen content were measured in one natural population and in clams caged at four different sites in the river for six months. Two pairs of cages were located above the combined outfall of an organic chemical products plant and the Somerset-Raritan Valley Sewage Authority and two pairs of cages were below the outfall. The data suggest that AEC can be a sensitive indicator of stress in this species.

Cantelmo Cristini, A., F. Hospod and R. Lazell. 1983. In situ studies on the physiology of naturally occurring populations of Corbicula fluminea in a freshwater system. American Zoologist 22(4):872. [Abstract]

Many aquatic ecosystems in the United States serve as the depository for a myriad of waste materials. The biota in such systems are continuously exposed to varying concentrations of mixtures of organic chemicals. In order to gain clearer understanding of the effects of an environmental perturbation a study was performed to monitor the adenylate energy charge (AEC) of the mollusc Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the Raritan River, New Jersey. The AEC was measured in three populations of caged clams and one natural population in the river for an 8 month period. One caged population was located below the outfall of the American Cyanamid Organic Chemical Plant. The AEC was measured enzymatically on the foot muscle. Differences in AEC with season were recorded for all populations. Clams caged below the outfall had AEC values that were consistently lower than other populations. These data suggest that AEC can be a sensitive indicator of stress in this species.

Cantelmo Cristini, A., F. E. Hospod and R. J. Lazell. 1985. An in situ study on the adenylate energy charge of Corbicula fluminea in a freshwater system. IN: Marine Pollution and Physiology: Recent Advances, F. J. Vernberg, F. P. Thurberg, A. Calabrese, and W. B. Vernberg, Eds. Belle W. Baruch Library of Marine Science, University of South Carolina Press (Columbia). pp. 45 62.

To gain clearer understanding of the responses of organisms to environmental levels of stress, the adenylate energy charge (AEC), lipid, and glycogen content were monitored in the bivalve Corbicula fluminea while caged in the Raritan River, New Jersey. The AEC, lipid, and glycogen content were measured in one natural population and in clams caged at four different sites in the river for six months. Two pairs of cages were located above the combined outfall of an organic chemical products plant and the Somerset Raritan Valley Sewage Authority and two pairs of cages were below the outfall. The data suggest that AEC can be a sensitive indicator of stress in this species.

Carbonnel, J. P. and G. Delbrias. 1968. Premiers datations absolues de trois gisements neolithiques Cambodgiens. Comptes Rendus Hebdomaires Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Series D, Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 267(18):1432 1434.

The first absolute datings of the neolithic deposits of Samrong Sen, Phnom Kbal Romea and Phnom Laang in Cambodia are presented. Inhabitants of Samrong Sen hunted deer and ate fish (mainly molluscs). The village was built on piles; debris and large numbers of shells (Corbicula and Paludina) were found there. The approximate date of this deposit was 120 B.C. Sea and brackish water shells (Anadana granosa, Cyrena sumatrensis, Telescopium telescopium, Ellobium sp.) were found at Phnom Kbal Romeas. The approximate age was 3420 B.C. At Phnom Laang there were bone accumulations of mammiferae, some purposely cut and some polished; half a human jaw was also found, dated 2420 B.C.

Carlton, J. T. 1973. Corbicula in San Francisco, California. The Nautilus 87(3):87.

Carpenter, C. M. 2000. Utility of the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, as a biomonitor for free-living amoebae. Master of Science Thesis, Virginia Commonwealth University. vi + 57 pp.

Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1863. pp. 517 686.

Corbicula convexa Deshayes, 1854, is reported from Mazatlan, Mexico.

Casey, R. 1955. The pelecypod family Corbiculidae in the Mesozoic of Europe and the Near East. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 45(12):366 372.

A polyphyletic origin of the family Corbiculidae is proposed with a correlation between hinge teeth and ecologic station. Thus, despite the fact that the order of appearance of the two families is the reverse of that formerly supposed, the generalization that the Corbiculidae was derived in different degrees of removal from the exclusively marine Veneridae may not be wholly incorrect. It is probable that the venerid genera like Resatrix, Clava, and Dosiniopsis represent a morphologic type which throughout the Cretaceous and Tertiary times was a potential source of the Corbiculidae.

Cataldo, D. and D. Boltovskoy. 1998. Population dynamics of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) in the Paraná River Delta. Hydrobiologia 380(1/3):153-163.

Benthic individuals and drifting planktonic juveniles of Corbicula fluminea were sampled in the Lower Delta of the Parana River at monthly intervals between October 1995 and October 1996. Densities of settled clams above 1 mm, around 300-1000/m² varied little throughout the year. Below 1 mm benthic juveniles, on the other hand, showed a single conspicuous abundance peak in October-November (up to 1722/m²), and were practically absent during the rest of the year (overall annual mean: 1070 plus or minus 797/m²). Drifting juveniles showed one major peak in December 1995 (160/m³), and a minor one at the end of March (24/m³). Length-frequency analyses of the monthly field data clearly indicate a highly structured population with a single well defined reproduction period centered on October-November. Population parameters derived from the seasonally oscillating version of von Bertalanffy's growth formula were as follows: maximum shell length: 32 mm (maximum observed shell length: 33 mm); growth constant: 0.65; growth seasonality (i.e., span of summer-to-winter growth-rate difference): 0.7; winter point (i.e., time of the year when growth is minimum): 0.5 (June-July); estimated size range for one year-old individuals: 15.3-22.4 mm; for two years: 23.5-27 mm, and three years: 27.5-29.3 mm. Comparison with previous data confirm the influence of water temperature on the clam's reproduction and growth and furnish additional evidence suggesting that food availability may be as important for recruitment as thermic regimes. Contrasts between traits of the population analyzed herein with those described previously from a nearby (ca. 10 km) site more influenced by industrial pollution point at the influence of water quality on Corbicula's recruitment and growth.

Cataldo, D. H., D. Boltovskoy, J. Stripeikis and M. Pose. 2001. Condition index and growth rates of field caged Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) as biomarkers of pollution gradients in the Parana River delta (Argentina). Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 4(2):187-201.

In 1995-1996, Corbicula fluminea was collected at monthly intervals at two sites in the delta of the lower Parana River (Argentina), at the confluence of the San Antonio and Vinculacion rivers, and from the Parana de las Palmas River close to its outlet into the Rio de la Plata estuary. The San Antonio site is located in the vicinity of sources of industrial and sewage effluents, whereas the more remote Parana de las Palmas river sampling location is considerably less polluted. Growth rates of caged individuals at the two sites also monitored during the same period, and Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn were measured monthly in the water and in tissue of animals. Throughout the year concentrations of all metals in water, as well as Pb and Zn in tissue, varied irregularly and their levels at the two sites were roughly similar; on the other hand, Cu and Cd in tissue of animals from the polluted site were consistently and significantly higher than in those from the remote site.

Cataldo, D., J. C. Colombo, D. Boltovskoy, C. Bilos and P. Landoni. 2001. Environmental toxicity assessment in the Parana River delta (Argentina): simultaneous evaluation of selected pollutants and mortality rates of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) early juveniles. Environmental Pollution 112(3):379-389.

Water and sediment samples were collected in the lower Parana delta at four sites with different levels of exposure to pollution to evaluate the anthropogenic impact through chemical analyses and mortality bioassays. Individual polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals were measured in waters, porewaters and sediments. The same three phases were also subjected to toxicity assays with straight-hinged juveniles of Corbicula fluminea. Concentrations of several pollutants were above levels recommended for the protection of aquatic life: in waters, Zn, Cu and Cr were 1.6-4.9 times higher, whereas in the sediments Cr was 1.8-3.6, and benzo(a)pyrene was 2.8-5.6 times higher. Pollutant concentrations followed a clear geographic pattern with highest values in the densely populated area of the Reconquista and Lujan rivers, lower levels in the San Antonio, and lowest loadings in the remote Parana de las Palmas. This gradient was adequately matched by the pattern of mortality rates of C. fluminea early juveniles, which were highest in the Reconquista-Lujan (40-93%) and lowest (and not significantly different from the control) in the Parana (3.3-23%). Mortality rates also increased from surface waters (3.3-53%), to porewaters (12-73%), to sediments (23-93%). Although toxicity was probably mainly due to dissolved contaminants, agreement between chemical and biological evidence of pollution was best for the sediment compartment, whereas porewater and surface water showed a higher degree of variability.

Catlow, A. and L. Reeve. 1845. The Conchologists Nomenclator. 326 pp.

Catoggio, J. A. 1995. Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides by the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea: Its use as sentinel organism in the Rio de La Plata Estuary, Argentina. Environmental Science and Technology 29(4,): 914-927.

Cawston, F. G. 1919. Some South African snails and the cercariae which attack them. South African Journal of Science (Cape Town) 15:375 377.

The genus Corbicula is discussed. However, no species are mentioned.

Cazzaniga, N. J. 1997. Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, reaching Patagonia. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 12(4):629-630.

The invasive Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1778), is reported from the Colorado River, at Rio Colorado city, in the northern boundary of Patagonia. This locality is deemed to be on the southernmost latitude the species can reach due to cold constraint.

Cazzaniga, N. J. and C. Perez. 1999. Asiatic Clam, Corbicula fluminea, in Northwestern Patagonia. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 14(4):551-552.

The invasive Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, is reported from the Negro River, at Chimpay, in the Patagonian shrubland. The invasion seems to have occurred in 1997-1998, as revealed by its absence in the field assessments made up to January 1997 and the presence of a layer of Corbicula empty shells in the dry sand banks left by the flood of the river in winter 1998.

Cereghino, R., R. Vigouroux, C. Dubois, J. L. Pujol, P. Cugny, J. N. Tourenq, N. Giani, B. Crouau and S. Lek. 1999. Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca, Bivalvia): An Asiatic clam invading the Garonne drainage basin (France). 47th Annual Meeting of the North American Benthological Society, Duluth, Minnesota, 25-28 May.

Cesar, I. I., C. Ocon, A. C. Paggi, A. Rodrigues Capitulo, F. Spaccesi, M. Tangorra and M. P. Tassara. 2000. Diversidad de invertebrados bentonicos del Rio de la Plata [Diversity of benthic invertebrates of the Rio de la Plata].