Corbicula an annotated bibliography 1774 2005

The Rio de la Plata (Argentina-Uruguay) presents along the southern coastal fringe different invertebrate assemblages related with substrate type, size sediment grains and organic matter content into the bed sediments. Other important factors influencing the distribution of benthos community in this river are salinity and suspended solids of water and the proximity to the riverside which increases the diversity of the habitats. The taxonomic composition and ecological characteristics of the meso and macrobenthos associated with the river bed from Delta del Parana to Magdalena, in Buenos Aires province (Argentina), are described. The listed taxa is the result of the revised literature and original data obtained from periodical samplings since 1993 till 1998. The principal components of the zoobenthos in the studied area were the allochthonous molluscs Corbicula fluminea on sandy and muddy bottoms and Limnoperna fortunei on hard substrates of the riverside. The nematods and oligochaetes dominated sediments with high allochthonous organic matter content imported from urban effluents. Palaemonetes argentinus, Macrobrachium borelli, Claudicuma platensis, Sinelobus stanfordi, Basphaeroma rhonbofrontale and Trichodactylus panoplus were the more common crustaceans in non polluted areas.

Chalermwat, K. 1983. Investigations of the digestive gland of the bivalve Corbicula. American Zoologist 23(4):905. [Abstract]

Two experimental populations of the bivalve Corbicula from Tallahala Creek, Mississippi, were maintained in the laboratory for a period of six weeks. One was kept in a mixed culture of algae, protozoa, and bacteria; the other in distilled water. Bivalve pumping activity was most intense at night. Both populations produced large amounts of pseudofeces. Animals were sampled weekly from each experimental regime. Digestive gland and style systems are typically eulamellibranch. "Fed" animals all showed particulate matter in some portions of the gut. Digestive gland in the "fed" animals were regularly dominated by style dissolution and extra cellular digestion phases of the digestive tubules; the nonfed specimens showed more random stages of digestion. Changes in digestive gland structure and potential digestive rhythms during 24 hr. periods are being studied.

Chalermwat, K. 1984. Comparative study of the digestive and tertiary digestive tubule morphology in Polymesoda caroliniana and Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). American Malacological Bulletin 3(1):101. [Abstract]

Changes in digestive tubule morphology through time in two species of corbiculid bivalves, Polymesoda caroliniana (Bosc) and Corbicula fluminea (Müller), have been examined. Hourly samples were taken of the bivalves in their natural habitat throughout a 24 hr. period. The animals were fixed in the field and later sectioned and stained for histological analysis. Three individuals of P. caroliniana were sampled every hour from an exposed brackish water marsh population in Ocean Springs, Mississippi, in April 1984. Twelve to sixteen individuals of C. fluminea were sampled hourly from Talahalla Creek, Mississippi, in July 1984. Sections of the digestive gland of the two bivalves reveal morphologically similar tertiary tubules. However, the gland of P. caroliniana is larger and more compact than that of C. fluminea. Throughout the sampling period three types of tubules were found in P. caroliniana. The first had large and prominent excretory vacuoles; this type was dominant in every sample. The second type had less distinct excretory vacuoles in the cell cytoplasm; this type was less abundant than the former, but was consistently found in individuals; it was, however, found scattered through the sampling period. Similar results were obtained for C. fluminea; three tubule types were found. Like P. caroliniana, individuals would have the gland dominated by either the tubule type with excretory vacuoles, or the type without. In individuals of both species with excretory vacuoles, the vacuoles were present in tubules of varying morphology, i.e., those with star shaped lumens, wide oval lumens, and tubules that had the distal tips of the digestive cells breaking off into the lumen. From the presence of excretory vacuoles in individuals of the two species throughout the light dark period it seems that both bivalves are continuous feeders exhibiting continuous digestion.

Chalermwat, K. 1986. Diurnal and seasonal variation of tertiary digestive tubule morphology in Corbicula fluminea (Müller). American Malacological Bulletin 4(1):115 116. [Abstract]

Digestive tubule morphology during 24 hr. periods in Corbicula fluminea show that animals maintained and sampled in the laboratory and those that were field sampled show different tubule appearance. "Starved" laboratory animals showed dominance of tubules in disintegrating and absorptive stages. Tubule morphology of bivalves in field samples and "fed" laboratory animals throughout the 24 hr. periods suggest continuous feeding. There is, however, a notable difference in digestive tubule appearance between field and "fed" laboratory animals. Within digestive cell cytoplasm of field animals were found varying degrees of excretory vacuole formation. These vacuoles varied in size, position and amount of particulate material inside. For the purpose of interpreting field data, digestive tubule appearance was categorized into three types. The first type, designated as Type A, were tubules that had digestive cells devoid of observable excretory vacuoles under light microscopy. Type B were tubules that digestive cells had vacuoles of small size located in a proximal position with or without particulate matter inside. Type C tubules had cells with large vacuoles in a central or distal position with particulate matter. Percent of bivalves with Type A, B, or C tubule type within each hourly field sample (n=20) taken three times between September 1984 and August 1985 was used to determine possible rhythms of intracellular digestion. Evidence suggests that feeding and digestion in the bivalve, although continuous, is modified by light intensity. Bivalves with highly vacuolated digestive cells were dominant during the daytime in September. In June and December samples, however, no clear dominance of any of the three tubule types was found for the 24 hr. period.

Chalermwat, K. 1987. Diurnal and Seasonal Trends of Tertiary Digestive Tubule Morphology and Digestive Cell Cytological Appearance Change in the Asiatic Bivalve Corbicula fluminea (Müller). Master of Science Thesis, University of Southern Mississippi (Hattiesburg). vi + 89 pp.

Intracellular digestion in Corbicula fluminea is continuous, a possible indication of continuous feeding. It appears that the cycle of intracellular digestion is rapid because tubular epithelia of digestive glands was seldom found in reconstituting and holding stages during this study. Appearance of tubules in field samples is homogeneous; digestive glands are dominated by either adsorptive or disintegrating stages.

Feeding intensity in Corbicula fluminea can vary from time to time. Bivalves with low feeding intensity may take in small amounts of particulate matter. Low feeding intensity of individuals is reflected by absence of large distinct vacuoles in digestive cells under light microscopy. High feeding intensity is reflected by production of large vacuoles that eventually break off into the tubule lumina as fragmenting spherules. Light intensity and temperature can affect feeding intensity. Confirmation of this aspect may require more controlled field sampling schemes and laboratory experiments to lessen or eliminate the effects of habitat heterogeneity.

Continuous intracellular digestion as reflected in digestive tubule histological appearance is constant throughout the year, making this bivalve opportunistic and efficient as far as food procurement is concerned. This is not surprising if the rapid attainment of sexual maturity of the bivalve is taken into consideration. Gravid bivalves as small as 10 mm shell length are quite common in Tallahala Creek and Strong River, Mississippi; the site of this study.

Chandler, J. H. and L. L. Marking. 1975. Toxicity of the lampricide 3 trifluoromethyl  4 nitrophenol (TFM) to selected aquatic invertebrates and frog larvae. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Investigations in Fish Control No. 62:3 7.

The lampricide 3 trifluoromethyl 4 nitrophenol (TFM) was tested against various groups of nontarget aquatic organisms. Invertebrates exposed were flatworms (Catenula sp.), annelids (Tubifex tubifex), daphnids (Daphnia magna), seed shrimp (Cypridopsis sp.), glass shrimp (Palaemonetes kadiakensis), mayfly nymphs (Callibaetis sp.), backswimmers (Notonecta sp.), mosquito larvae (Culex sp. and Anopheles sp.), bivalve molluscs (Corbicula sp., Sphaerium sp., Elliptio sp., and Plectomerus sp.), and snails (Physa sp., Helisoma sp., and Pleurocera sp.). Vertebrates exposed to TFM were larvae of the gray tree frog (Hyla versicolor), leopard frog (Rana pipiens), and bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Larvae of tree frogs were the most sensitive organism to TFM (96 hr. LC₅₀ = 1.98 mg/l), and backswimmers were least sensitive (96 hr LC₅₀ = 555 mg/l). Soft bodied invertebrates were the less sensitive than snails and bivalve molluscs to TFM. The invertebrates tested were not as susceptible as larval lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in similar standardized tests.

Chandler, J. H. and L. L. Marking. 1979. Toxicity of fishery chemicals to the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea. Progressive Fish Culturist 41(3):148 151.

The toxicity of 20 commonly used fishery chemicals (Antimycin [Fintrol], Rotenone [Noxfish], GD 174 [2 (digeranylamino)  ethanol], Sal 1 [2', 5 dichloro 3 tert butyl 6 methyl 4'  nitrosalicylanilide], Juglone [5 hydroxy 1, 4 napthoquinone], sodium nitrate [as NO₂N], Bayer 73 [Bayluscide], TFM [3  trifluoromethyl 4 nitrophenol], Isobornyl thioanoacetate [Thanite], Formalin, Malachite green oxalate, nifurpirinol [Furanace], calcium hypochlorite [HTH], Povidone iodine [Betadine solution], Potassium permanganate, Copper sulfate, DMA 2, 4 D [dimethylamine salt of (2, 4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid], Rhodamine B, Acetone, and Ethanol) to the Asiatic clam was determined to evaluate hazards to a non target aquatic invertebrate and asses the potential of the chemicals for controlling clam populations. Among six piscicides and two lampricides tested, antimycin was most toxic to the clam; the 96 hr. LC₅₀ was 0.065 mg/l. Among three therapeutants and two disinfectants, nifurpirinol was the most toxic; the 96 hr. LC₅₀ was 7.60 mg/l. All of the compounds were less toxic to the clam than to fish. As a non target organism, this clam would be safe in water treated with any of the tested fishery chemicals at recommended use pattern concentrations. None of the chemicals have potential for controlling unwanted populations of the clams.

Chapman, F. and D. Mawson. 1925. Notes on certain South Australian fossiliferous terrestrial formations of recent age. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 49:91 95.

Chemnitz, J. H. 1782. Martini und Chemnitz Conchylien Cabinet 6:319 323.

Chen, T. P. 1976. Culture of the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea. IN: Agricultural Practices in Taiwan. Page Brothers (Norwitch, Ltd.). 161 pp.

Chen, T. P. 1976. Aquaculture Practices in Taiwan. Fishing News Books Ltd (Farnham, Surrey, UK). 175 pp.

Total production from aquaculture in Taiwan in 1974 was 114,472 metric tons, 16.4% of total fisheries production. The main species are, in order of yield: milkfish (Chanos chanos), carps (Cteopharyngodon idellus, Hypothalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis, Cirrhina molitorella and Mylopharyngon piceus), tilapia (T. mossambica, T. zillii, T. nilotica, T. aurea), oysters (14 species), eels (Anguilla japonica, A. anguilla), clams (Meretrix lusoria, Corbicula fluminea), mullet (Mugil cephalus), Gracilaria, soft shelled turtle (Trionyx sinensis) sand shrimp (Metapeneus monoceros), serrated crab (Scylla serrata), grass shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and blood cockle (Anadara granosa). Cultural practices of these and other important spp are described.

Chen, T.-S., K.-K. Feng, S.-Y. Gau, C.-M. Chu, T.-A. Pan, C.-C. Tsay and W.-L. Wang. 1994. Feasibility studies on the processing of freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminee [sic]) extractive powder. Journal of Taiwan Fisheries Research, Keelung 2(1):75-84. [Chinese with English summary]

The freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminee [sic]) was collected from the aquacultural farm in Sou Fon area of Haulien Prefecture, Taiwan. The extractive powder was obtained by steaming, or boiling, or boiling under pressure. The resulted extracts were further concentrated and dried. Effects of the size of clam, concentration and drying methods on the yield, glycogen and free amino acid contents of the extractive powder were investigated to evaluate the feasibility of the production of clam extractive. The size of clam did not affect the production of its extractive, while the yield, glycogen and free amino acid contents increased with the increase in extraction times. According to the results obtained in this study, most of the free amino acids and glycogen were extracted after 3 extractions. Heating concentration was superior to the reverse osmotic concentration in terms of the yield of free amino acids. There were no toxic mercury and cadmium detected in the raw freshwater clam muscle. The concentration of these 2 metals in the highly concentrated extractive powder was less than 0.5 ppm which was beyond the limited value of FDA, ROC. When compared with commercial products, the extract obtained from freshwater clam having higher concentration of free amino acid and glycogen contents suggested the high feasibility in the utilization of local freshwater clam for the processing of extractive powder.

Chen, W., Q. He, J. Chen and H. Du. 1990. A study on the relationship between the increase of natural food organism resources and the increase of fishes in Taihu Lake. Science Press, Beijing. pp. 57-69. [ISBN 7030020421; Chinese with English summary]

The natural food resources in 1985 were compared with those in 1980-1981. A correlation between the dynamic changes in resources of both food organisms and fishes in Taihu Lake was preliminarily discussed here. Ideas on further utilization of natural food organisms in the lake were also put forward. The total fish production in 1981 was 13 000 tons and it reached 15 000 tons in 1985. The total fish production in the lake increased by 750-1 000 tons yearly. During this period, the variation of food organisms was found as follows: The biomass of phytoplankton decreased slightly: the population density of zooplankton increased, but the biomass kept almost constant: the biomass of benthos and aquatic plants increased due to manipulation. In general, potentiality of fish production in the lake in 1985 was close to that in 1981. The survey indicates that all these changes were closely related to the measures which were taken for increasing natural food resources in the lake in the past 5 years particularly, the conservation measures of snails and Corbicula spp. resulted in prominent increase of the benthos resources in the lake.

Cheney, M., J. H. Swinehardt and J. H. Crowe. 1981. Lipid compositions and permeability properties of gills of marine and freshwater bivalve molluscs. American Zoologist 21(4):928. [Abstract]

The lipids present in the gills of the marine bivalve mollusc Mytilus californianus, and freshwater species Corbicula sp. and Anodonta californiensis were separated and partially identified. The gills of the marine species contain more lipids with charged functional groups than do those of the freshwater species. The difference in lipid compositions provides an explanation for variations in permeability properties of the gills to glycine, the herbicide 2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4 D) and paranitrophenol (PNP). The effects of 2, 4 D and glycine on each others influxes into gills of M. californianus and A. californiensis have been measured. The herbicide 2, 4 D reduces glycine influx into M. californianus gills, while glycine does not affect influx into A. californiensis gills.

Cheremnov, A. D. 1973. The freshwater molluscs of the upper Yenisey basin. Nauchnyi Doklady Vysshei Biologicheskie Nauki 1973(6):12 15. [Russian]

Cherry, D. S. and J. Cairns, Jr. 1986. Spawning periodicity of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, in the New River, Virginia. American Malacological Bulletin 4(1):116. [Abstract]

Three approaches were used weekly to assess the spawning periodicity of Corbicula fluminea in a flow regulated reach of the New River, Virginia, for the duration of the 1984 reproductive season. Data were collected on the number of newly recruited larvae in the New River sediment, number and life stage of larvae naturally released from adults and held in laboratory invertebrate culture device, and the degree to which adult brood chambers were charged with developing larvae for which indices were calculated. Periodicity and relative intensity of spawning effort as determined by each approach were generally compatible. These comparisons reveal three major peaks in spawning activity occurring in June to early July, late August, and early October, each from 2 to 6 weeks duration.

Larval sediment concentrations (number per m²) peaked seasonally at 16,000, 18000, 14000, and 18,000 for the collection days of June 12, July 17, September 4, and October 2, respectively. Larval releases from laboratory held adults peaked seasonally with 1,900 and 1,800 larvae counted per adult for the weeks of June 26 and July 10, respectively, 1,050 for the week of August 21, and 1,275 for the week of October 2. Seasonal peaks in brooding indices occurred for the weeks of July 10 and October 2 with values of 3.5 and 2.7 (of a maximal values of 4.0), respectively. Midsummer index values never exceeded 1.8 (August 7 and 21, September 4). Spring and fall spawns coincided with rapidly rising and falling water temperatures, respectively. Mid summer spawn occurred during a period when temperatures were relatively stable and never exceeded 21.6^oC. These observations do not coincide with previously reported patterns of reproductive efforts by Corbicula fluminea, suggesting that reproductive activity and spawning may be highly site specific.

Cherry, D. S., J. Cairns, Jr. and R. L. Graney. 1980. Asiatic clam invasion   causes and effects. Water Spectrum 12(4):18 24.

The introduction and subsequent invasion of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) has offered a new problem of infestation in power plant intake systems that conventional intermittent chlorination procedures may not resolve. Ecological effects that are apparent include a thermal enrichment effect where by C. fluminea are "housed or protected" in heated receiving waters, especially in colder, northern environments, thus allowing for further expansion of the "home" range. Besides a general resistance to biocidal activities, the clam has developed other protective self maintaining mechanisms. The overall effect upon indigenous molluscs and other benthic populations may result in the competitive exclusion of the other naturally occurring mollusc populations. The effect upon power production may result in unscheduled shutdowns for removal of clams congested in condenser pipes or for repair of these units.

Cherry, D. S., J. L. FarrisJ. R. Bidwell, A. Mikailoff, M. M. Yeager, S. R. Lynde, R. L. Shema and J. W. Mclntire. 1992. Environmental effects of molluscicide application for Corbicula control in a nuclear power plant: A two-year study. 13th Annual Meeting Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry - Abstracts.

A three-tiered approach was employed for testing the efficacy of a molluscicide (Clam -trol or CT -1) to control Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) and the fate and effects at a nuclear power installation. Testing included formal laboratory acute/chronic testing (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promales, Chironomus riperius); on site monitoring with artificial streams (Corbicula growth and cellulolytic enzyme activity, snail (Goniobasis sp.) survival, Lepomis macrochirus survival/growth, mayfly (Isonychia bicolor) survival); and in-river sampling of the benthic macroinvertebrates and survival/growth impairment testing of Corbicula and Chironomus in sediment cages. No US EPA recommended organisms were impaired at the in-stream water concentration (IWC) of 5% effluent. Ceriodaphnia were the most sensitive of standardized test organisms. Chironomus and Corbicula growth was impaired in the river system below the plant when molluscicide dosing coincided with the 7Q10 of lowest flow in the Ohio River in August, 1991. Benthic macroinvertebrate surveys below the plant did not detect any in-stream effects.

Cherry, D. S., J. H. Rodgers, Jr., R. L. Graney and J. Cairns, Jr. 1980. Dynamics and control of the Asiatic clam in the New River, Virginia. Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Virginia Polytechnic University (Blacksburg), VPI VWRRC Bulletin 123. vii + 72 pp.

Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) has invaded the New River at the rate of 9 miles/yr. from the Kanawha River, which enters downstream from the Glen Lyn coal powered generating plant in Virginia. During October 1976   September 1978, clams were more numerous in the vicinity of the thermal discharge of the plant than they were in unheated waters, and their population fell sharply during the winter months, when water temperature dropped to approximately 2^oC. The temperature (35^oC) of the heated discharge water in late summer did not adversely affect the clam. High mortality occurred at temperatures >36^oC in laboratory thermal tolerance studies.

The clam proved to be highly resistant to the conventional biocidal practice of intermittent chlorination and to exposure to heavy metals in both static and artificial stream bioassays. Copper was more toxic than either zinc or a combination of zinc and copper. Potassium was not an effective biocidal agent at low concentrations (<100 mg/l).

Measurements of 42 elements in water, sediment, clam shell, and visceral tissue revealed that Corbicula was an effective accumulator of many elements. Concentrations in all tissue samples were greater than those measured in river water. Fifteen elements were more concentrated in tissue samples than in river sediment, but the converse was true for 25 elements. Elements released from discharges at the Glen Lyn plant did not limit the clam's ability to propagate or development.

Although only minor incidents of Corbicula infestation have been observed in the cooling system of the power plant, such infestation could become a serious problem in the winter water temperatures rise. No effective means of controlling the clam's population has been developed.

Cherry, D. L., R. L. Roy, R. A. Lechleitner, P. A. Dunhardt, G. T. Peters and J. Cairns, Jr. 1986. Corbicula fouling and control measures at the Celco Plant, Virginia.