Corbicula an annotated bibliography 1774 2005

The following species are newly described and figured: Corbicula alba (White Nile, Sennar above Khartoum [p. 157, Pl. 27, Figs. 27, 28]); Corbicula albida (River Lepenula, South Africa [pp. 156 157, Pl. 27, Figs. 25, 26]); Corbicula doenitziana (Yokohama, Japan [pp. 197 198, Pl. 39, Fig. 41]); Corbicula elongata (Mindinao, Philippines [p. 186, Pl. 32, Figs. 19, 20]); Corbicula glabra (p. 192, Pl. 39, Fig. 8); Corbicula heuglini (Lake Tsana, Abyssinia [p. 139, Pl. 25, Figs. 1, 2]); Corbicula hohenackeri (Jalysch River, Caucasus, Asia [p. 177, Pl. 31, Figs. 1, 2]); Corbicula huttoniana (Ahimdabad, India [pp. 77 78, Pl. 3, Fig. 6]); Corbicula indica (India [pp. 143 144, Pl. 25, Figs. 21 23]); Corbicula inflata (India [p. 179, Pl. 31, Figs. 14, 15]); Corbicula javana (Java [p. 180, Pl. 31, Figs. 16, 17]); Corbicula jickeli (Canal of the Nile, near Cairo, Egypt [p. 163, Pl. 2, Fig. 12]); Corbicula maltzaniana (p. 132, Pl. 24, Figs. 3, 4); Corbicula martensi (Yokohama, Japan [p. 196, Pl. 38, Figs. 17, 18]); Corbicula meridionalis (Africa im Senegal [p. 142, Pl. 25, Figs. 15 17]); Corbicula natalensis (Natal [p. 155, Pl. 27, Figs. 19 21]); Corbicula nilotica (Near Bahr el Asrak, Blue Nile [pp. 177 178, Pl. 31, Fig. 3]); Corbicula ovata (Asien, China [pp. 167 168, Pl. 29, Figs. 16, 17]); Corbicula picta (India? [p. 179, Pl. 31, Figs. 12, 13]); Corbicula regia (Wahrsecheinlich Indien [p. 267, Pl. 43, Fig. 5]); Corbicula reiniana (Yokohama, Japan [pp. 196 197, Pl. 39, Figs. 8, 9]); Corbicula rostrata (p. 142, Pl. 25, Figs. 5, 6); Corbicula senegalensis (Senegal [p. 141, Pl. 25, Figs. 9, 10]); Corbicula subsulcata (p. 164, Pl. 29, Figs. 5, 6); Corbicula sulcata (Java [pp. 188 189, Pl. 32, Figs. 17, 18]); Corbicula surinamica (South America [p. 178, Pl. 31, Figs. 7 9]); Corbicula umbonata (pp. 161 162, Pl. 28, Figs. 13 15); Corbicula violacea (Asien Ostindien [pp. 180 181, Pl. 30, Figs. 18, 19]); Corbicula viridis (pp. 131 132, Pl. 24, Figs. 1, 2); and Corbicula viridula (p. 143, Pl. 25, Figs. 18 20).

Clessin, S. 1887. Neue arten des genus Corbicula Mühlf. aud Vorder  und Hinterasien, Borneo und Sumatra. Malakozoologische Blätter (N.F.) 9:67 80. [German]

Cloe, W. W., III G. C. Garman and S. A. Stranko. 1995. The potential of the bull chub (Nocomis raneyi) as a predator of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in Mid-Atlantic coastal rivers. American Midland Naturalist 133(1):170-176.

The feeding ecology and pharyngeal teeth of the bull chub (Nocomis raneyi) were investigated to determine whether the species could potentially crush and ingest zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), should this mollusk become established in coastal rivers of the mid-Atlantic United States. We hypothesized that if bull chubs could crush mollusks similar size and shell thickness to zebra mussels, bull chubs could successfully prey upon zebra mussels. The introduced Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) was used as a surrogate for the zebra mussel. Gut content analysis of larger (TL = 126 mm+) bull chubs from the James River, Virginia, revealed that mollusks were a dominant prey item, and Asiatic clams were ingested by bull chubs > 125 mm TL. Shell thicknesses of zebra mussels and Asiatic clams of equivalent shell lengths were compared, and Asiatic clam shells were significantly thicker (P < 0.001) than zebra mussel shells. Because bull chubs ingest and crush the thicker-shelled Asiatic clam, the fish could successfully prey upon the zebra mussel if it becomes established in coastal rivers of the mid-Atlantic United States.

Cockerell, T. D. A. 1933. Corbicula in South Rhodesia. The Nautilus 47:77.

Cohen, R. R. H. 1988. Phytoplankton Dynamics of the Fresh, Tidal Potomac River, Maryland, for the Summers of 1979 to 1981: A Water-Quality Study of the Tidal Potomac River and Estuary. United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2234-C. 34pp.

The distribution and abundance of phytoplankton in the fresh, tidal Potomac River, MD, was different during 1979-81 from that observed in the 1960 's and 1970's. Concentrations of phytoplankton in the 1960 's and 1970 's reached maximum attainable levels that were limited only by self-shading. A sag in phytoplankton abundance, apparent during the summers of 1980 and 1981 between Rosier Bluff and Marshall Hall, appears to have been caused by the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea. Reduced abundance of phytoplankton throughout the entire fresh, tidal river during the summers of 1980 and 1981 may have been due to grazing by Corbicula, high discharge, and perhaps phosphorus limitation in late August at and of Hallowing Point. Phytoplankton growth rates and chlorophyll-to-cell ratios were highest at Hatton Point and Marshall Hall (the sag reach). A model was constructed that predicted phytoplankton growth rates by varying only chlorophyll a concentration and light penetration. Nutrient concentrations were not required to make the model fit the data. Primary productivity was highest for the year during August 1980 and August 1981. Productivity/unit chlorophyll was highest at Hatton Point, where reduced concentrations of phytoplankton permitted the deepest light penetration in the fresh, tidal river.

Cohen, R. R. H., P. V. Dresler, E. J. P. Phillips and R. L. Cory. 1984. The effect of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, on phytoplankton of the Potomac River, Maryland. Limnology and Oceanography 29(1):170 180.

In the summers of the 1960s and 1970s, phytoplankton in the fresh, tidal Potomac River showed a downstream gradient of low to high abundance. Phytoplankton abundance in a 6 8 km segment of the river, in summer 1980 and 1981, was 40 60% below that upstream and downstream, forming a "sag".

In 1980, the highest densities of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea were in the same reach as the phytoplankton sag. Filtration rates indicate that the volume of the sag reach could be pumped through the C. fluminea population in 3 4 days. C. fluminea removed 30% of the phytoplankton chlorophyll a from a river water sample in 2 hrs. Pheophytin a in surficial sediments correlated well with clam biomass as a consequence of phytoplankton excreted in pseudofeces.

Coldiron, D. D. 1975. Some Aspects of the Biology of the Exotic Mollusk Corbicula (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). Master of Science Thesis, Texas Christian University (Ft. Worth). 92 pp.

Cole, G. A. 1966. The American Southwest and Middle America. IN: Limnology in North America, D. G. Frey, Ed. University of Wisconsin Press (Madison). pp. 393 434.

Marine and brackish water affinities are shown by the flora and fauna of Arizona irrigation canals where the salinities are increased. This may not be true of Corbicula fluminea which is not found in those canals with higher salinities.

Cole, R. W. 1995. Differentiation of copper uptake from sediment or overlying water by the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, and the modification of sediment characters in a 30 day artificial stream test. Honors Senior Thesis, Arkansas State University. 45 pp.

Collier, A. J. 1918. Geology of northeastern Montana. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Papers 120 B:17 39.

Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) is reported from the Kootenai? Formation, Cretaceous of northeastern Montana.

Colombo, J. C., C. Bilos, M. Campanaro, M. J. Rodriguez Presa and J. A. Catoggio. 1995. Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides by the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea: Its use as sentinel organism in the Rio de La Plata Estuary, Argentina. Environmental Science and Technology 29(4):914-927.

Individual PCBs and chlorinated pesticides (CHLPs) were determined in water, suspended particles (SPM), sediments, and Asiatic clams to study their bioaccumulation kinetics and evaluate the usefulness of the clams as sentinel organisms. Bioaccumulation depended on the routes of uptake and bioavailability determined by compound hydrophobicity. Corbicula fluminea are reliable sentinel organisms and showed clear geographical trends along 150 km of the Rio de La Plata coast: a progressive decrease of PCB levels and more degraded patterns dominated by recalcitrant congeners, i.e., 153, were observed with increasing distance from the major La Plata-Buenos Aires urban center. A size-related trend overlapped with this spatial gradient: older clams usually showed higher levels and a more degraded PCB signature. CHLPs showed less clear geographical trends due to the presence of multiple sources. CHLP patterns showed a strong dominance of chlordane-related compounds, particularly trans-chlordane which was 2-5 times more abundant than the cis isomer. On a temporal scale, from 1986 to 1993, Asiatic clams presented sustained PCB levels but showed a significant decrease of chlordane and DDT, which suggests reduced inputs in recent years.

Colombo, J. C., C. Brochu, C. Bilos, P. Landoni and S. Moore. 1997. Long-term accumulation of individual PCBs, dioxins, furans, and trace metals in Asiatic clams from the Rio De La Plata Estuary, Argentina. Environmental Science and Technology 31(12):3551-3557.

The long-term accumulation of individual polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), dioxins (CDD), furans (CDF), and selected trace metals was studied in Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) of increasing size covering a 0.5-4-year growth period. PCB bioaccumulation was congener-specific and related to compound hydrophobicity and stereochemistry as indicated the contrasted slopes obtained for the concentration vs size regressions. Tri and tetraCB with log K_ow < 6 showed non-significant slopes, indicating steady-state conditions or negative values (i.e., PCB 31 and 49) reflecting selective degradation. Penta and hexaCB with log K_ow 6-7 (total surface area = 240-270 angstrom²) were preferentially accumulated, and the slopes increased with log K_ow. Except for congener 180, which continued this linear trend, hepta and octaCB showed a reduced long-term accumulation due to unfavorable stereochemistry. The selective enrichment in congeners 153, 138, 118, and 180 explained 74% of the total PCB increase observed from 10 to 35 mm clams (446-871 ng/g dw). CDD and CDF also increased with size but with much steeper gradients (136-790 and 70-400 pg/g, respectively), indicating a more rapid long-term kinetics. PCBs accounted for 83-88% of the total toxic equivalents (TEQ) calculated for the clams; pentaCBs 126 and 118 represented similar to 60 and 10% TEQ, respectively. The preferential bioaccumulation of planar PCBs 77-126, mono-ortho-substituted 118 and tetra-hexa CDD/CDF accounted for 95% of the TEQ increase observed from 10 to 35 mm clams (7.1-13.1 pg/g wet weight). Among trace metals, Cu showed a consistent increasing trend with clam size (22-41 mu g/g dw), similar to PCBs, suggesting continuous passive bioaccumulation. Bioregulation appeared to be effective for Zn whose concentrations increased from 10 to 22 mm clams (150-190 μg/g dw) and returned to initial values in larger animals. Ni levels were very homogeneous (3.5 ± 0.4 μg /g dw) and showed no clear pattern with clam size.

Compter, G. 1908. Das Diluvium in der Umgegend von Apolda. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung (Leipzig) 80:161 217.

Coney, C. C., G. C. DeCamp and M. E. Harrelson. 1983. The Bivalvia of the Great Pee Dee River in Florence County, South Carolina. Bulletin of the South Carolina Academy of Science 45:87. [Abstract]

Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is reported from the Great Pee Dee River near Bostick Landing, South Carolina, in 1982.

Conners, D. E. 2004. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea) as mechanistic tools to evaluate the impairment of stream ecosystem health by lawn care pesticides. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, University of Georgia. xi + 138 pp.

Many chemicals including fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides and fungicides are routinely applied to lawns, and have the potential to leach into nearby aquatic ecosystems and adversely affect biota. The purpose of this dissertation was to develop sensitive biological markers of stress in freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea) for use as mechanistic tools to evaluate the degradation of streams by turf contaminants. Many xenobiotics cause damage in aquatic organisms via oxidative stress mechanisms, therefore measurements of stress used in this study included antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione) and indicators of cellular (lipid peroxidation, DNA strand breaks) and physiological (condition index) oxidative damage. Clams exposed in situ to pesticide runoff from residential lawns and a golf course accumulated a variety of persistent metals and organic pesticides in their tissues. Concentrations of turf contaminants were typically highest in tissues of clams deployed in streams that drain residential properties of high socioeconomic status during times of heavy rain and in a stream draining a golf course. Clams exposed to turf contaminants exhibited transient signs of oxidative stress (i.e., elevated levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and lipid peroxidation), whereas condition indices were reduced only at high exposures. These results suggest that clams may be able to compensate for adverse cellular effects of pesticides but that energy required for amelioration can eventually affect physiological processes. A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate if the observed effects on clam health were caused by turf chemicals accumulated by clams, and not by other contaminants that may co-occur in the streams but were not measured. Realistic concentrations of turf contaminants induced oxidative stress in laboratory-exposed clams, but not to the extent as observed in the field where exposures may have been more severe due to the presence of other contaminants. Together these data suggest that turf contaminants may be important contributors to the etiology of stress in freshwater clams from urbanized streams. Furthermore, these data when combined with other indicators of stream ecosystem health (e.g., community indices and ecosystem processes) highlight the utility of oxidative stress biomarkers in freshwater clams for use as mechanistic tools in biomonitoring.

Connolly, M. 1925. The non marine Mollusca of Portuguese East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 12:105 220.

Connolly, M. 1927. The Mollusca of Lake Albert Nyanza. Journal of Conchology 18(6):171 179.

The taxonomy, morphology, and systematics of Corbicula pusilla (Philippi, 1846), Corbicula radiata (Philippi, 1846) and Corbicula radiata edwardsi Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927, from Lake Albert, Assenje, Kiboro, Toro District, Butiaba and Ndandamira, are discussed.

Connolly, M. 1928. I mollusci continentali della Somalis Italiana [Land and freshwater mollusks of Italian Somaliland]. Proceedings of the Society of Naturalists and Mathematicians, Modena 7:116 153.

An annotated list of gastropods and bivalves collected in the region in 1913 and 1924, in which geographic ranges, synonymies, measurements, etc. are usually given for each species with fuller descriptions of the rarer forms. Corbicula radiata (Philippi, 1846) is discussed.

Connolly, M. 1928. On a collection of land and freshwater Mollusca from southern Abyssinia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1928:163 184.

The following species are listed as occurring in Abyssinia: Corbicula callipyga Bourguignat, Corbicula consobrina (Cailliaud), Corbicula fluminalis (Müller), Corbicula var. crassa von Martens, Corbicula gravieriana Bourguignat, Corbicula pusilla Parreyes, and Corbicula soleilleti Bourguignat.

Connolly, M. 1930. The distribution of non marine Mollusca throughout continental Africa. Journal of Conchology 19(4):98 107.

The bivalves of west Africa are noted to be Nilotic in character. Corbicula africana (= radiata [Philippi, 1846]) is distributed from Egypt to Natal. The larger species Corbicula consobrina (Cailliaud) is practically unknown south of the Sudan.

Connolly, M. 1931 The Mollusca from deposits of Gambian Pluvial date, Kenya Colony. IN: The Stone Age Culture of Kenya Colony, L. S. B. Leakey, Ed. Appendix D. pp. 276 277.

Fossil specimens of Corbicula africana are mentioned.

Connolly, M. 1939. A monographic survey of South African non marine Mollusca. Annals of the South African Museum 33(1):1 661.

The systematics, taxonomy, and zoogeography of Corbicula africana, Corbicula africana rosini, Corbicula astartina, and Corbicula africana var. albida in South Africa is discussed. Corbicula africana is reported from Cape Province, Natal, Transvaal, Zululand, Orange Free State, Lorenzo Marques, Griqualand West, Bechuanaland, British Bechuanaland, and Little Namaqualand. Corbicula africana var. albida is reported from Transvaal and South Rhodesia. Corbicula africana rosini is reported from South Rhodesia. Corbicula astartina is reported from Lorenzo Marques and Transvaal.

Conrad, T. A. 1843. Descriptions of nineteen species of Tertiary fossils of Virginia and North Carolina. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1:323 329.

Corbicula densata sp. nov. is described (p. 324) and figured (Pl. 39, Fig. 2) from the marl beds of the Cape Fear River, Bladen County, North Carolina. The species was originally referred to the genus Cyrena.

Conrad, T. A. 1845. Fossils of the Medial Tertiary.

Conrad, T. A. 1862. Catalogue of the Miocene shells of the Atlantic Slope. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14:559 582.

The Miocene fossil Cyrena Conrad, 1843 is referred to Corbicula (Cyrena) densata (Conrad, 1843).

Conrad, T. A. 1867. Paleontological miscellanies. Note on a Cretaceous limestone of Dakota. 2. Notes on Aturia mathewsoni, Gabb. 3. On Corbicula densata, Conrad. 4. Description of a new genus of Pectinidae. American Journal of Conchology 3:5 7.

Conrad, T. A. 1868. Descriptions of and references to Miocene shells of the Atlantic Slope, and descriptions of two new supposed Cretaceous species. American Journal of Conchology 4:278 279.

Cooke, A. H., A. E. Shipley and F. R. Reed. 1895. Molluscs and Brachiopods. McMillan and Company (London).

Cooper, C. M. 1984. The freshwater bivalves of Lake Chicot, an oxbow of the Mississippi in Arkansas. The Nautilus 98(4):142 145.

Seventeen species of bivalves, including Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774), are reported in Lake Chicot from collections made during 1977   1981 and simultaneous comparisons are made with Lake Bolivar, Lake Ferguson, and Lake Washington, all in Mississippi. Sediment deposition was 1 to 4 cm annually in all the lakes, but flow through drainage, percolation from a subsurface sand layer and shoreline wave action kept the sandy littoral zone of lake Chicot cleared of detrimental deposited sediments. Although numerous environmental factors may have been limiting, fine sediment accumulation in the littoral zone of extreme water level fluctuations wer obvious detriments to mollusc habitation in other lakes. Predominant species in Lake Chicot included Amblema grandis, Amblema plicata, Lampsilis teres, Plectomerus dombeyana, and Quadrula pustulosa. Sixteen of the 17 species found lived in the sandy littoral zone.

Cooper, C. M. and V. W. Johnson. 1980. Bivalve Mollusca of the Yalobusha River, Mississippi. The Nautilus 94(1):22 24.

The bivalve fauna of the Yalobusha River in south central Mississippi was examined from 1973 to 1976. Of the 15 species found, 8 were not reported by Hinkley (1906), whereas 13 of his species were not collected. Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) was collected in the profundal region of Granada Lake and this is the first collection of the species in the interior lakes of Mississippi.

Cooper, N. L. 2002. The Use of Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Ecologically-Relevant Behavioral Parameters to Indicate Chlorpyrifos Exposure in The Asian Clam, Corbicula fluminea: A Thesis. Master of Science Thesis, Southeast Missouri State University. viii,+ 61.

Corbin, G. L. 1977. Introduction and Range Extension of the Asiatic Clam Corbicula Manilensis (Philippi 1844) into the Waterways of North America: with Annotated Bibliography. Master of Arts in teaching Thesis, Southeast Missouri State University (Cape Girardeau). 45 pp.

Cordeiro, J. R. and S. MacWilliams. 1999. Occurrence of the Asian Clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea: Corbiculidae) in Colorado. The Veliger 42(3):278-280.

The invasive pest species, the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea: Corbiculidae), was first reported in the United States in the Columbia River, Washington, in the 1930s. Since that time it has spread across the country into at least 35 states. The success of this species in colonizing North American fresh waters is mainly due to its high fecundity, high growth rate, and quickly settling, free-living larval stage. In addition, its great adaptability to disturbed environments has allowed it to infest these areas quickly. The distribution of Corbicula fluminea in Colorado is reported, including several new localities, all in areas that experience temperatures below 2^oC, indicating it can survive and reproduce in colder climates. In 1996, while surveying freshwater mussels along the Arkansas River drainage in Colorado, observations were made of three previously unreported populations of Corbicula fluminea in Queen's Reservoir, in the Arkansas River below the dam of John Martin Reservoir, and in Pueblo Reservoir. A survey of the perimeter of Pueblo Reservoir in November 1996, by canoe and on foot, was made to determine the approximate density and substratum for C. fluminea at that location.

Corsi, A. F. 1901. Molluscos de la Republica Oriental de Uruguay. Anales del Museo de Historia Naturale de Montevideo 2:291 525.

Cory, R. L. and P. V. Dresler. 1981. Thermal plumes, trace metals and Asian clams of the Potomac River and estuary. Estuaries 4(3):296. [Abstract]

Five species of unionids, several species of snails and sphaeriid clams, and Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) were collected and together with associated sediments analyzed for their metal content of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, lead, and zinc. C. fluminea, a recent invader of the Potomac, was both abundant and ubiquitous. Metal accumulations in C. fluminea appear to be associated with clam size, sampling site, and metal type. Cd and Cr were elevated in the heated effluent of the riverine power plant while lowest Mn values were observed there. Values of Cu, Fe, and Pb were higher than average near Washington, D.C., and Alexandria, Virginia. Values of Cr and Zn, 36 ppm and 1070 ppm dry wt, respectively, were found in the estuary near river mile 85 indicating possible metal contamination. Samples above the riverine power plant indicate low to intermediate values for most of the metals.

Cory, R. L., P. V. Dresler, A. Martin and G. Harrison. 1981. Distribution, abundance and trace metal content of molluscs of the Potomac Estuary and River, Maryland. Estuaries 4(3):269 270. [Abstract]

Mainstream sampling and collections from effluents of a tidal power plant and tidal sewage plant were performed. Five species of unionids, several species of snails and sphaeriid clams, and Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) were collected and together with associated sediments analyzed for their metal content of cadmium, chromium, coper, iron, manganese, lead, and zinc. C. fluminea, a recent invader of the Potomac, a species both abundant and ubiquitous throughout the study area, shows promise as a bioindicator of trace metals. Metal accumulations in C. fluminea appear to be associated with clam size, sampling site, and metal species. Smaller clams from the same sites as larger ones had higher metal values. Cd and Cr were significantly higher in heated effluent of the riverine power plant while lowest Mn values were observed there. Values of Cu, Fe, and Pb were all higher near the cities of Washington, D.C., and Alexandria, Virginia. Peak values of Cr and Zn found at estuarine river mile 85 indicate possible metal contamination in that area. Samples from above the riverine power plant indicate low to intermediate values for most of the metals.

Cory, R. L., W. O. Forster, W. C. Renfro and J. W. Nauman. 1970. Radioactivity of three fresh-water molluscs of the tidal Columbia River and their associated sediments. IN: Hydrobiology, Bioresources Of Shallow Water Environments, Proceedings Of Symposium, Miami Beach, Florida, June 24-27, 1970; American Water Resources Association, Urbana, Illinois, Proceedings Series No. 8, pp 162-173.

The levels of radioactivity in three species of fresh-water molluscs, the levels of activity of the sediments in which they live, and relationships between sediment characteristics and the species distribution are determined. of the three molluscs studied, two, Anodonta oregonensis and Anodonta wahlamatensis, are members of the fresh-water mussel family, Unionidae. the third, Corbicula fluminea, an Asian clam, is a member of the family Corbiculidae. The principal source of the radionuclides is the Hanford reactors located approximately 350 miles upriver from Astoria, Oregon. the Columbia River water, used to cool the reactors, is subjected to intense neutron flux which induces radioactivity in many trace elements in the water. Although there is a wide spectrum of radionuclides present, including those from fallout, zinc-65 and chromium-51 are most common. Results of this study Anodonta prefer sediment with a higher mud content than that preferred by Corbicula.

Cossmann, M. 1905. Mollusque eociniques de la Loire   Inferieure. Bulletin Société Sciences Naturelles, Nantes, Serie 2, 5:135 189.

Cossmann, M. 1922. Deuxieme supplement aux mollusques eociniques de la Loire   Inferieure. Bulletin Société Sciences Naturelles, Nantes, Serie 4, 2:109 160.

Cotton, B. C. 1936. Shells of the National Park. South Australian Naturalist (Adelaide) 17(1 4):83 85.

Cotton, B. C. 1961. South Australian Mollusca Pelecypoda. Government Printer (Adelaide). 363 pp.

Counts, C. L., III. 1980. Rangia cuneata in an industrial water system (Bivalvia: Mactridae). The Nautilus 94(1):1 2.

Adult Rangia cuneata were collected from the water system of the Getty Oil Refinery, Delaware City, New Castle County, Delaware, during May 1979. Clams caused reduced nozzle pressure in fire hoses due to a clogging of an emergency water source by the clams. Comparisons are made between R. cuneata and fouling by Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774).

Counts, C. L., III. 1980. The genus Corbicula (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea) in Africa and South America: zoogeography and taxonomic problems. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union 1980:71 72. [Abstract]

Zoogeographic records from museums around the world were examined for species of Corbicula collected in Africa and South America. The synonymy used by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia was used to reflect current taxonomic conventions for the genus used by a major collection. Seventeen species of Corbicula were found for Africa: Corbicula aegyptica Bourguignat, Corbicula africana Kurr, Corbicula agrensis Kurr, Corbicula artini Pallary, Corbicula astartina Martens, Corbicula australis (Lamarck), Corbicula cunningtoni Smith, Corbicula fischeri Germain, Corbicula fluminea (Müller), Corbicula kirkii Prime, Corbicula lamarckiana Prime, Corbicula oliphantensis Craven, Corbicula pusilla (Philippi), Corbicula radiata Hanley, Corbicula sikorae Ancey, Corbicula subradiata Kurr, and Corbicula tanganyicensis Crosse. Twenty species were found for South America: Corbicula amazonica (Anthony), Corbicula arctata Deshayes, Corbicula brasiliensis, Corbicula coloniensis Pilsbry, Corbicula compacta Marshall, Corbicula cuneata Jonas, Corbicula delicata Marshall, Corbicula feissieri Marshall, Corbicula filipponei (Marshall), Corbicula fonteneli, Corbicula fortis Marshall, Corbicula limosa (Maton), Corbicula obsoleta Deshayes, Corbicula pampeana, Corbicula paranensis (Orbigny), Corbicula radiata Hanley, Corbicula rotunda Prime, Corbicula simplex, Corbicula straminea and Corbicula variegata Orbigny. Records for C. agrensis in Ghana and C. australis in South America are doubtful due to their respective Indian and Australian distribution. Nearly every African record of Corbicula spp. occurred between 26^oE and 34^oE. Six of the species reported in Africa were collected near Cairo and Alexadria, Egypt. African species were generally found at elevations between 0 and 1500 m and predominant substrata were sandstone, shale, or schist. Environmental factors which may influence the distribution of Corbicula spp. are mean annual rainfall above 180 cm/yr and the closed tropical forest vegetation of the Congo River drainage.

Thirteen of 20 Corbicula spp. reported in South America were collected within a 250 km radius of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and are concentrated in the La Plata, Parana, and Uruguay drainages. The collection concentrations may be the result of expeditions concentrating in the areas and therefore may not represent the true distribution of Corbicula spp. on both continents.

Counts, C. L., III. 1981. Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea) in British Columbia. The Nautilus 95(1):12 13.

Counts, C. L., III. 1981. Corbicula fluminea (Müller) on the Delmarva Peninsula. The Veliger 24(2):187 188.

Counts, C. L., III. 1983. Chronology of the invasion of North America by Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). American Malacological Bulletin 1:100. [Abstract]

Zoogeographic records of the exotic Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774), from the malacological collections of twenty three museums in the United States, were examined with respect to localities of occurrence and dates of collection. Similar information was gathered from state natural resources departments and published accounts of C. fluminea in the United States. All data were combined and then separated into yearly summaries. Zoogeographic distribution maps were then plotted for C. fluminea for the time intervals ca. 1925 1945, 1946 1955, 1956 1960, 1961 1965, 1966 1970, 1971 1975, 1976 1982. The zoogeography of C. fluminea in the United States through time is related to human transport and theories of animal transport do not account for its present or historic distribution.

Counts, C. L., III. 1983. Bivalves in the Genus Corbicula Mühlfeld, 1811 (Mollusca: Corbiculidae) in the United States: Systematics and Zoogeography. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Delaware (Newark). xxii + 451 pp.

Data from collections of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) from 26 museum collections were collated with distributional literature to determine the present zoogeographic distribution and chronology of the invasion of these exotic bivalves in United States waters. Results revealed C. fluminea is presently found in 33 states. An analysis of the historical zoogeography of C. fluminea in the United States indicates that man is the principal agent of its dispersal into new drainage systems and that no large scale geographic features act as a significant barrier to dispersal. Two long distance dispersal events have occurred in the United States; from the western states to the Ohio River in 1957, and an infestation of the Escambia River, Florida, in 1960. Accounts of the zoogeography of C. fluminea in each affected state are presented, as is a detailed chronology of the invasion of the United States.

Physical and chemical properties of United States freshwater measured by the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) in 1977 were compared with the zoogeographic distribution of Corbicula fluminea. Mean, minimum, and maximum values for 44 environmental variables were classified by whether they were measured at stations within or without the zoogeographic range of C. fluminea. t tests demonstrated a significant difference between mean, minimum, and maximum measurements of temperature, pH, bicarbonate, dissolved arsenic, dissolved manganese, and stream flow taken at stations within or without the zoogeographic range of C. fluminea. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed NASQAN stations can be correctly identified as being within or without the zoogeographic range of C. fluminea 88.4% for mean values of variables, 86.2% for minimum values, and 87.6% for maximum values.

A catalogue of the nominal species of fossil and recent species of bivalves in the genus Corbicula is presented. Taxa proposed for 433 Recent and 100 fossil nominal species are listed. Forty four Recent and 1 fossil taxa are nomina nuda. Type materials for 140 Recent and 48 fossil taxa are missing or destroyed. Institutions in whose collections type specimens are housed and their catalogue numbers are given. The type localities are also cited, where known, and geologic age, where appropriate for each species, as well as bibliographic citations and information on figures. These data were compiled preliminary to a morphometric study of species described from China and the United States populations.

Type materials for bivalves in the genus Corbicula described from China were examined morphometrically for 4 external and 12 internal shell characters. Cluster analysis using Rao's V revealed three groups of nominal species in China that are morphometrically associated with either Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774), Corbicula fluminea, or Corbicula woodiana (Lea, 1834). The probability that C. woodiana is not referable to the genus Corbicula is discussed. Similar morphometric analysis of United States populations revealed a single morphotype. Statistical comparisons of United States corbiculids with the type series of C. fluminalis and C. fluminea revealed a close association with only C. fluminea. Comparisons with presumed sympatric populations from the San Gabriel River, Texas, demonstrated that these populations are morphometrically allied with the type series of C. fluminea. The morphometric data indicates the species of corbiculids in the United States is Corbicula fluminea.

Counts, C. L., III. 1985. Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in the State of Washington in 1937, and in Utah in 1978. The Nautilus 99(1):18 19.

Corbicula fluminea is reported from collections made at an unnamed body of water at Raymond, Pacific County, Washington, in April 1937. This represents the earliest detection of C. fluminea in the United States. Records of C. fluminea in the Sevier Reservoir (= Yuba Reservoir), Sevier River, Juab County, Utah, collected 4 June 1978 are also presented. These specimens represent the first record of C. fluminea in the State of Utah.

Counts, C. L., III. 1985. Distribution of Corbicula fluminea at Nuclear Facilities. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (Washington, D.C.). NUREG/CR 4233. viii + 79 pp.

A review of zoogeographic records for the exotic Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) reveals its presence in 27 states where nuclear Powered electric generating plants are either operating or under construction. Nineteen plant sites reported infestations of varying severity in facilities, or source water bodies immediately adjacent to the facility, by C. fluminea. Fourteen plant sites are located within the zoogeographic limits of C. fluminea but have a low risk of infestation due to either salt water cooling systems or locations a great distance from known populations. Nineteen plant sites are located wholly outside of the zoogeographic range of C. fluminea. Thirty three plant sites are located in close proximity to known populations of C. fluminea and therefore should maintain surveillance of the source waterbody and within plant water systems for possible infestations by these bivalves.

Counts, C. L., III. 1986. The zoogeography and history of the invasion of the United States by Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). IN: Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp. 7 39.

A survey of the collections of Corbicula fluminea housed in 26 museums was collated with distributional information from state agencies, private collections, and available literature to determine the present zoogeographic distribution and chronology of the invasion of these exotic bivalves in United States waters. Results revealed that C. fluminea is presently found in 33 states. An analysis of the historical zoogeography of C. fluminea in the United States indicates that man is the principal agent of its dispersal into new drainage systems and that no large scale geographic features act as a significant barrier to dispersal. Two long distance dispersal events have occurred in the United States; from the western states to the Ohio River in 1957, and an infestation of the Escambia River, Florida, in 1960. Accounts of the zoogeography of C. fluminea in each affected state are presented, as is a detailed chronology of the invasion of the United States.

Counts, C. L., III. 1989. Bivalves in the genus Corbicula (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in the Soviet Union with a catalogue of type materials in the Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Leningrad. American Malacological Bulletin 7(1):81-86.

Type materials for three species and three subspecies of bivalves in the genus Corbicula held in the collections of the Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Leningrad, are reported. Catalogue numbers, number and type of specimens, locality data from collection labels, and dates of collection are provided for 39 lots of type materials for C. ferghanensis, C. fluminea extrema, C. fluminea praebaicalensis, C. lindholmi, C. suifuensis and C. suifuensis finitima . Notes on other species of fossil and Recent Corbicula described from the U.S.S.R. are given with a discussion of their zoogeography. The debate on the number of species of Corbicula within the Soviet Union is discussed with a review of current practices used to resolve this systematic problem.

Counts, C. L., III. 1991. Corbicula (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae). Catalog of fossil and Recent nominal species. Tryonia, Occasional Papers from the Department of malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 21(Part 1):1-67.

Counts, C. L., III. 1991. Corbicula (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae). Compendium of zoogeographic records of North America and Hawaii, 1924-1984. Tryonia, Occasional Papers from the Department of malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 21 (Part 2):69-134.

Counts, Clement L. III and Thomas S. Handwerker. 1990. The freshwater bivalves (Unionacea) of the Eastern Shore drainage of Chesapeake Bay. New Perspectives in the Chesapeake System: A Research Partnership: Chesapeake Research Consortium Publication No. 157:577-587.

Counts, Clement L., III, Thomas S. Handwerker, and Roman V. Jesien. 1991. The naiades

(Bivalvia: Unionidae) of the Delmarva Peninsula. American Malacological Bulletin

9(1):27-37.

Counts, C. L., III and R. S. Prezant. 1979. The ultramorphology of the shell of Corbicula leana Prime (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea: Corbiculidae). Bulletin of the American Malacological Union 1979:63. [Abstract]

Scanning electron microscopic examination of fracture sections revealed an entirely complex cross lamellar shell. Shells treated with 2% sodium hypochlorite demonstrated a cyclic series of concentric microridges with varying surface sculptures. Outer shell surfaces were generally perforated with small pits, some of which were alligned to form radial grooves. This pattern changed to a thicker, radially arranged cord like zone which ended abruptly at points which seemed to mark a change in shell growth. New shell appeared to be laid down from beneath the transition bands and alternated between areas of perforated ungrooved shell and shell surfaces which were smooth and lacked perforations. The latter zone was terminated by a narrow concentric ridge which was followed by the deeply perforated, rugose shell surface initially described.

The pattern of banding seen in the shell may represent periods of energy redirection during gametogenesis. SEM examination of a periostracal loop emerging from the periostracal groove and then recurving over the shell demonstrated that the inner shell surface, which adjoins the shell is also rugose. This ultramorphology of shell and periostracum may explain the high degree of bonding between these structures in Corbicula leana.

Counts, C. L., III and R. S. Prezant. 1979. Shell structure and histochemistry of the mantle of Corbicula leana Prime, 1864 (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea). American Zoologist 19(3):1007. [Abstract]

The ultramorphology of the shell and the histochemistry of the mantle of Corbicula leana was investigated. The periostracum has an oily sheen and it adheres tightly to the shell. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of cloroxed shells revealed a complex crossed lamellar structure with a rugose outer surface characterized by perforations and grooves. SEM of the inner surface of the periostracum of non cloroxed shells also revealed a rugose surface. Tight adherence of the periostracum to the shell is believed to be the result of the interaction of the rough outer surface of the shell with the rough inner surface of the periostracum. Preliminary tests for lipids beyond concentrations normally present in the cells of the periostracal groove and on the outer surface of the periostracum were negative. Erosion of the periostracum from the shell, seen in many native freshwater bivalves, is nearly absent in C. leana. The absence of erosion of the shell and periostracum is probably due to the thickness of the latter and the manner in which the periostracum and shell are joined.

Counts, C. L., III and R. S. Prezant. 1982. Shell microstructure of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). The Nautilus 96(1):25 30.

The shell microstructure of Corbicula fluminea was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The interface between the periostracum and calcareous shell, and a marginal periostracal loop, are described with a discussion of possible functions. Surface morphology of shells with periostracum chemically removed revealed periodic concentric surface ridges. The complex crossed lamellar crystalline arrangement of the shell is confirmed.

Counts, C. L., III, J. R. Villalax and J. Gómez H. 2003. Occurrence of Corbicula fluminea in Panama. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 18(3):497-498.

Covich, A. P., L. L. Dye and J. S. Mattice. 1981. Crayfish predation on Corbicula under laboratory conditions. American Midland Naturalist 105(1):181 188.

Crayfish predation on Corbicula was examined in laboratory aquaria. In one study, 20 Procambarus clarkii in separate 15 liter aquaria were offered intact live clams, 4   20 mm shell length (SL), at temperatures of 20^oC for 14 days. Only clams < 6 mm were consumed. Mean sustained feeding rate on 4   6 mm SL clams by P. clarkii which fed daily (n = 8) was about 11 clams/day (or about 0.3% of the mean crayfish body weight). In a second study, eight Cambarus bartonii in separate 75 l aquaria were offered large Corbicula (24   35 mm SL) with naturally occurring or artificially produced shell perforations of two sizes at temperatures of 20 ± 1^oC for 8 days. Cambarus bartonii readily fed on clams with perforations large enough (4   6 mm for large crayfish) to permit insertion of the first walking leg. The mean sustained rate of feeding was about 1.5 clams/day (or about 4% of mean crayfish body weight). Cambarus bartonii were also observed to feed readily on intact Corbicula (<9 mm SL).

Results demonstrate that small intact Corbicula and large damaged Corbicula can be eaten by crayfish in the laboratory. Consumption rates of large damaged Corbicula indicate they could be an important food resource. Damaged Corbicula have been observed in large numbers only in the tailwaters of a hydroelectric generating station although they may occur in other habitats such as wave swept beaches and fast flowing streams, Thus, the value of this food resource may be restricted. Small intact Corbicula are more widely distributed but their importance as a food for crayfish may also be restricted if the results of this study with Procambarus clarkii are typical of crayfish in general. Nevertheless, even at those consumption rates the number of small clams consumed per square meter could be high where crayfish densities are high, if Corbicula were the primary food.

Cox, D. R., and D. Oakes. 1984. Analysis of Survival Data. Chapman and Hall Publishers (London, England).

Craven, A. E. 1880. On a collection of land and freshwater shells from the Transvaal and Orange Free State, in South Africa, with descriptions of nine new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1880:614 618.

Cribb, T. H. 1987. Studies on gorgoderid digeneans from Australian and Asian freshwater fishes. Journal of Natural History 21(5):1129 1154.

Cristini, A., R. A. Lutz, A. W. McIntosh and R. K. Tucker. 1984. Sublethal Effects of Contaminants on Aquatic Organisms. Office of Science and Research, New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection (Trenton, New Jersey). 73 pp.

Cristini, A., E. Saiff, S. Crook, and F. Hospod. 1984. The reproductive potential of Corbicula fluminea caged in the Raritan River, New Jersey. American Zoologist 24(3):87A. [Abstract]

The state of the gonads of Corbicula fluminea was monitored in animals caged in the Raritan River for six months. The water temperature, adenylate energy charge and glycogen content of the tissues was measured and correlated to the number of eggs present in the gonads. The natural population and two pairs of cages were located above the outfalls of a chemical and a sewage treatment plant. Two pairs of cages were located below the outfalls. The seasonal pattern of the state of the gonads was different below the outfalls. These animals do not show the increase in the number of eggs found at other locations as the water temperature drops by December. The AEC and glycogen values reflect the state of the gonads and the environmental conditions. These data indicate that environmental levels of stressors have quantifiable effects on the reproductive potential of the species.

Cross, W. 1896. The Denver Formation. U.S. Geological Survey, Monograph 27:155 206.

Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) is reported from the Livingston and Judith River formations of Montana. Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is reported from the Judith River beds near the mouth of the Judith River, Montana.

Crosse, H. 1881. Supplement a la faune malacologique de lac Tanganyika. Journal de Conchyliologie 29:277 306.

Crosse, H. and P. Fischer. 1963. Note sur la faune malacologique de Cochinchine, comprenant la description des especes nouvelles ou peu connes. Journal de Conchyliologie 11:343 379.

Crosse, H. and P. Fischer. 1876. Mollusques fluviatiles, recueillis au Cambodge, par la Mission Scientifique Francaise de 1873. Journal de Conchyliologie 24:313 342.

Crosse, H. and P. Fischer. 1900. Etudes sur les mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles du Mexique et Guatemala. IN: Recherches Zoologique de l'Amerique Centrale et du Mexique (Paris), Serie 7, 2:622 643.

The anatomy and systematics of Corbicula convexa Deshayes, 1854, is discussed. The species is reported from Mazatlan, Cianola, and Acapulco, Guerro, Mexico.

Croteau, M. N., S. N. Luoma, B. R. Topping and C. B. Lopez. 2004. Stable metal isotopes reveal copper accumulation and loss dynamics in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula. Environmental Science and Technology 38(19):5002-5009.

Characterization of uptake and loss dynamics is critical to understanding risks associated with contaminant exposure in aquatic animals. Dynamics are especially important in addressing questions such as why coexisting species in nature accumulate different levels of a contaminant. Ccopper (Cu) stable isotopic ratios (as an alternative to radioisotopes) were manipulated to describe for the first time Cu dynamics in a freshwater invertebrate, the bivalve Corbicula fluminea. In the laboratory, Corbicula uptake and loss rate constants were determined from an environmentally realistic waterborne exposure to 65Cu (5.7 μg L^-1). That is, we spiked deionized water with Cu that was 99.4% 65Cu. Net tracer uptake was detectable after 1 day and strongly evident after 4 days. Thus, short-term exposures necessary to determine uptake dynamics are feasible with stable isotopes of Cu. In Corbicula, 65Cu depuration was biphasic. An unusually low rate constant of loss (0.0038 d^-1) characterized the slow component of efflux, explaining why Corbicula strongly accumulates copper in nature. We incorporated our estimates of rate constants for dissolved 65Cu uptake and physiological efflux into a bioaccumulation model and showed that dietary exposure to Cu is likely an important bioaccumulation pathway for Corbicula.

Crowley, T. E., T. Pain, and F. R. Woodward. 1964. A monographic review of the Mollusca of Lake Nyassa. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (Tervuren, Belgium), Sciences Zoologiques No. 131. 58 pp.

The systematics, taxonomy, and distribution of Corbicula africana and Corbicula astartina are discussed for South Africa and Lake Nyassa. Comparisons are made with previous faunal studies.

Crumb, S. E. 1977. Macrobenthos of the tidal Delaware River between Trenton and `Burlington, New Jersey. Chesapeake Science 18(3):253 265.

A study of the macrobenthos of the tidal Delaware River between Trenton and Burlington, New Jersey, included measurements of density and biomass for common species. Tubificidae (Limnodrilus) were dominant, comprising over 90% of all organisms taken in the 3 year study. Density seemed to be a function of water temperature (20   25^oC, optimal) and was greatest in late spring and early summer. Other common species were larval Procladius culiciformis (Chironomidae) and Corbicula manilensis.

Cruz, C. R. de la and A. G. Cagauan. 1981. Preliminary study on the bioassay of seven pesticides and five weedicides with tilapia, carps and shrimps as test species. Fisheries Research Journal of the Philippines 6(1):11 18.

The static method of bioassay of seven insecticides and five weedicides was used to determine the median tolerance limits (TL 50) of Tilapia nilotica, Carassius carassius, Cyprinus carpio, Macrobranchium sp., and Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841). The insecticides were Parapest M 50, Sevin 85 S, Baycarp, Shellcarb, Bionex, Cypermethrin, and Permethrin. The weedicides were Rilof H, Lamnast, Argoxone S, 2 4 D, and Machete EC. Results showed varying degrees of lethal toxicity of the chemicals used in different test species. Test species also showed different sensitivity to the same chemicals with which each was subjected.

Cuffney, T. F. and J. B. Wallace. 1987. Leaf litter processing in coastal plain streams and floodplains of southeastern Georgia, USA. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement 76(1-2):1-24.

Sweetgum processed significantly faster than water oak in all floodplain and riverine habitats. Processing rats were very slow when compared to headwater stream. The slow processing rates obtained in these Coastal Plain streams are related to the low abundances of macroinvertebrate shredders. These communities were dominated by collector-gatherers and contained very few insect shredders. Riverine habitats and well oxygenated floodplain ponds supported a richer fauna than did intermittently flooded floodplain sites and poorly oxygenated ponds. Non-tanypodine chironomid larvae represented the majority insects collected from riverine and floodplain sites while Lirceus, Hyalella , copepods, cladocera, and oligochaetes composed the majority of non-insect fauna. Several taxa (Physa, Corbicula, Prostoma, Hyalella , and Lirceus) which were abundant in Ogeechee River and floodplain habitats were rare or absent in Black Creek habitats due to its lower pH.

Cummings, S. E. and J. A. Jones. 1978. Occurrence of Corbicula manilensis Phillipi (sic) in the lower Minnesota River. Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science 34(3):13 14.

On 2 March 1978, several empty shells of Corbicula manilensis were collected from the Minnesota River near Blackdog Electric Generating Plant in Burnsville, Minnesota. Occurrence of this species is a potential liability because it often exerts a disruptive influence in the community that it invades. This is the northernmost zoogeographic record of the species in the Mississippi River drainage.

Cunnington, W. 1920. The fauna of the African lakes; a study in comparative limnology. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1920:507 613.

Curran, H. A. and P. L. Parker. 1983. Observations on the paleoecology and formation of the "Upper Shell" unit, Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology No. 53:219 228.

The "Upper Shell" Unit at the Lee Creek Mine (Pliocene age, maximum thickness 3 m) is remarkable for its concentration of well preserved mollusc shells in a sparse quartz sand matrix, and it is dominated by several species of bivalves, with many shells articulated. The unit can be subdivided into 3 bivalve assemblage zones characterized by associations of dominant species. Zone 1 is dominated by Mercenaria mercenaria, an infaunal, shallow  to medium burrowing, siphonate clam. Zone 2 is characterized by an epifaunal bivalve assemblage that includes Cyclymeris americana, Argopecten eboreus, Anomia simplex and Ostrea meridionalis. Thin but concentrated accumulations of Argopecten and Anomia form distinct layers in Zone 2. Zone 3 is marked by a return of M. mercenaria accompanied by specimens of Geukensia sp. and an increase in oyster shells. The characteristics of the zones of the Upper Shell Unit strongly suggest that these shell beds were formed by a series of localized catastrophic events that produced mass mortality of the molluscan assemblages, rather than by processes of gradual shell accumulation. The disappearance of M. mercenaria from the sequence may have been due largely to the inability of juveniles of the species to penetrate a shell pavement formed immediately after a mass mortality event. Return of M. mercenaria in Zone 3 marks a change in bottom environmental conditions in the areas. The overlying "shell hash" unit contains the bivalve Corbicula densata, representative of lower salinity conditions. This unit consists primarily of shell material reworked from the underlying "Upper Shell" Unit and probably represents an accumulation formed in an estuarine tidal channel.

Cuvin-Aralar, M. L. A. and R. C. Umaly. 1991. Accumulation and tissue distribution of radioiodine (131-I) from algal phytoplankton by the freshwater clam Corbicula manilensis. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 47(6):896-903.

The uptake and tissue distribution of 131-I from algal phytoplankton (Chroococcus dispersus) fed to the freshwater clam Corbicula manilensis was studied. The 131-I uptake by the clams increased by as much as 3 times between the fist and the sixth day of uptake. For clams fed radioactive C. dispersus, the bioaccumulation factor (BF) was 1.61, representing 55.65 kBq/g on the sixth day of accumulation. This value is much lower than the BF of 5.44 or 201.24 kBq/g accumulation from water containing 37 KBq/L 131-I by C. manilensis. The results suggest that absorption over the body surface at the membrane-water interface is more important than ingestion for 131-I accumulation by clams. On the sixth day of 131-I uptake from algae, BF for clam tissues was as follows: visceral remains, 16.33; gut, 11.48; gonad, 9.26; muscle, 6.98; gills, 3.64; foot, 2.60; and mantle, 1.78. The accumulation by all tissues was directly proportional to exposure period. The BF of the visceral remains, gut, gonads, and muscle were higher from algae than from water; in contrast, the BF of the gills, foot and mantle were higher from water than from algae. With the exception of the gut, visceral remains, and foot, the percentage distribution of 131-I from algae and water was proportional to the percentage weight of the tissues.

Czerski, F. von. 1876. Zur Frage über das Alter der in den Umgebungen von Omsk vorkommenden Schichten. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 28:217 224.