CPs to Solve Competitiveness/Economy/stem advanced Manufacturing Networks cp

Immigration CP Answers

2AC — Education Key

An educated workforce is the biggest internal link to competitiveness---our study prices in other important factors

Examining Indiana, we find that the state leads the nation in the share of employment in advanced manufacturing with at least one out of every 12 workers employed in this area. The growth in this cluster has likely provided the bulk of manufacturing employment growth in Indiana over the past decade. Importantly in terms of the industrial mix, Indiana enjoys strong diversification, suggesting that advanced manufacturing will be less sensitive to cyclical changes than most states.

There is one concern about advanced manufacturing in Indiana. Indiana’s educational attainment ranks no better than average for the skill areas in which advanced manufacturing depends. Continued growth and strength in advanced manufacturing will depend on how effectively the K-12 and higher education systems perform in transitioning students into potential employees for these sectors.

2AC — I-Squared Bad

I-Squared is nonsense---it was drafted by lobbyists, strives for cheap labor, and leaves Americans unprotected

**edited for dehumanizing language

2AC — Immigration Bad for Education

Turn---cultural stigmas associated with immigrants and documentation prevents adequate integration into education

Graham 12 – Edward Graham, previously assistant editor at RealClearPolitics, previously editorial consultant at the National Education Association, 2012 (“How Immigration Enforcement is Negatively Affecting Schools,” National Education Association Today, 12-19-2012, Available Online at http://neatoday.org/2012/12/19/how-immigration-enforcement-is-negatively-affecting-schools-2/, Accessed 07-23-2017, HK)

While the number of undocumented immigrants in the country has risen to over 11.1 million people, the stigma associated with having an undocumented status affects a wider range of Americans than previously thought—and it’s an issue that threatens the academic success of many students in our schools.¶ In their recently released report “Legal Violence: How Immigration Enforcement Affects Families, Schools, and Workplaces,” authors Cecilia Menjívar and Leisy Abrego find that the current culture of immigration enforcement creates a sense of fear and despondency that affects the community as a whole. The study is the culmination of 10 years of meticulous research, as well as over 200 in-depth interviews and surveys that explore how the consequences of increased enforcement flow through the communities where immigrants live, work, and learn. The report was released last week in tandem with a panel discussion on the subject at the Center for American Progress in Washington, DC.¶ “We argue that the fear created by this enforcement—both real and perceived—creates the conditions for what we call ‘legal violence,’ harming immigrant incorporation into the United States,” the report summary says.¶ Menjivar’s and Abrego’s findings point to a system of enforcement that undermines the ability of immigrants to effectively integrate into American society. With increasingly harsher laws meant to push undocumented workers to “self-deport,” immigrants are seeing their already depleted opportunities dry up further as fears of detention and deportation become the new norms.¶ These perpetual fears of discovery limit the opportunities for undocumented workers and their children, many of whom were born in the United States but must still bear the stigma associated with “illegal” immigration. The report finds that the communities surrounding undocumented immigrants are also heavily influenced by immigration enforcement in the places where documented and undocumented peoples mix. In schools across the country, students who come from families with an undocumented background feel that they cannot achieve as much as their peers because of their status.¶ “In the schools, legal violence comes in the form of a stigma associated with an undocumented status,” says Menjívar. “We see school-age children not having incentives to do well in school, and even dropping out because there is really no future for them beyond 12th grade.”¶ With deportation and detention threatening to break up families because of their legal statuses, many immigrant students face strained relationships with their family members and little hope for a better life of their own outside of school. Often, the shame of an undocumented status makes it difficult for them to approach any of their educators at school for help.¶ “Many students expressed the mental—and sometimes physical—distress they experienced whenever they disclosed their status to a new school official,” the report says. “Unsure about teachers’ and counselors’ stances on immigration, they worried about being publicly ridiculed and targeted.”

2AC — Outsourcing Turn

Visas don’t help the American economy or job market—outsourcing.

Wakabayashi & Schwartz 17—Daisuke Wakabayashi, reporter at the Wall Street Journal and New York Times, Nelson D. Schwartz, worked at The New York Times for a decade and has covered economics since 2012. Before that, he wrote about Wall Street and banking for The Times, and also served as European economic correspondent in Paris from 2008 to 2010, 2017 (“Not Everyone in Tech Cheers Visa Program for Foreign Workers”, New York Times, February 5^th, Available Online at https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/05/business/h-1b-visa-tech-cheers-for-foreign-workers.html, Accessed on 7-21-17, HL)

More than any other industry, tech companies depend on the 85,000 foreign workers allowed into the United States annually under the H-1B visa program. The H-1B is a temporary visa intended to bring in foreign professionals with college degrees and specialized skills to fill jobs when qualified Americans cannot be found. Technology giants like Microsoft and Google have pressed for increases in the annual quotas, saying there are not enough Americans with the skills they need. But for tech workers like Mr. Tan, the program has had very negative consequences. “I thought the purpose of H-1B visas was to give America a competitive edge, not help companies ship American jobs abroad,” said Mr. Tan, who had worked for the university as an information technology systems administrator for 20 years. “This is now standard practice in the technology industry.” The debate over H-1B visas has gained new urgency as employers prepare for President Trump to sign an executive order to overhaul the program. It is not clear what action Mr. Trump plans to take, but a draft of a proposed executive order on the matter was leaked last week. It included a passage saying options for modifying the H-1B program would be considered to “ensure that beneficiaries of the program are the best and the brightest.” The H-1B program’s critics say the system provides a way for American companies to turn over technology departments to outsourcing companies. These are gaming the system to snap up the visas so they can replace American workers with less expensive, temporary staff members. A research report by Goldman Sachs estimates that 900,000 to a million H-1B visa holders now reside in the United States, and that they account for up to 13 percent of American technology jobs. In 2014, 13 outsourcing firms accounted for one-third of all H-1B visas. They use a loophole in the current first-come, first-served lottery system to flood the applicant pool with their candidates. In many cases, those candidates are paid slightly more than the $60,000-a-year minimum salary required by the program for dependent companies seeking a waiver from having to recruit Americans first — but less than what American technology workers make. Audrey Hatten-Milholin, 54, was notified in July that she would be laid off from the University of California, San Francisco, at the end of February after 17 years in its technology department. Along with eight others, she filed a complaint in November with California’s Department of Fair Employment and Housing, charging that replacing her and others with “significantly younger, male” workers “who will then perform the work overseas” was discriminatory. “We are at a disadvantage as Americans,” Ms. Hatten-Milholin said. “They look at it like, where can we get it cheaper? And for U.C., it’s not here.” Proponents of the H-1B system argue that it is an important vehicle to attract top talent to America. After coming to the United States, these visa holders may apply their skills to start new companies or create new, innovative products — leading to more jobs in America. The debate over who wins and who loses as a result of the H-1B visa program echoes similar discussions of how free trade helps or hurts the economy. While the benefits are spread broadly throughout the economy, the costs are much more concentrated and easy to identify. In other words, it’s true that cheaper labor helps employers increase profits and grow, and having more skilled workers in the United States contributes to economic innovation. But at the same time, individual American employees do face more salary pressure from newcomers who will work for less. And in some cases, they risk losing their jobs entirely, especially older employees who earn higher salaries. After 11 years working in the I.T. department of Northeast Utilities, a Connecticut-based company now named Eversource Energy, Craig Diangelo was among 220 employees laid off in 2014. Before leaving the company, he was told he needed to train his replacement if he wanted to receive his severance. Mr. Diangelo, who is now 64 and was receiving $130,000 a year in salary and bonus, said he trained an employee from the Indian outsourcing firm Infosys who was an H-1B visa holder making $60,000 a year. There was also a team of workers in India making $6,000 a year that shadowed him on the computer.

H-1B visas hurt American workers—get replaced through manipulated system and outsourcing.

Grassley 15—Chuck Grassley, Iowa Senator, Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, 2017 (Prepared Statement at the Hearing: “Immigration Reforms Needed to Protect Skilled American Workers”, United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, March 17^th, Available Online at https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/03-17-15%20Grassley%20Statement1.pdf, Accessed on 7-24-17, HL)

We’ll hear from witnesses about the H-1B visa program which allows employers to import so called “specialty” workers from abroad. The program was intended to serve employers who could not find the skilled workers they needed in the United States. Most people believe that employers are supposed to recruit Americans before they petition for an H-1B worker. Yet, under the law, most employers are not required to prove to the Department of Labor that they tried to find an American to fill the job first. And, if there is an equally or even better qualified U.S. worker available, the company does not have to offer him or her the job. Over the years the program has become a government-assisted way for employers to bring in cheaper foreign labor, and now it appears these foreign workers take over – rather than complement – the U.S. workforce. Even though the annual H-1B cap is 65,000, the actual number of foreign workers coming in through the program is much more because of numerous exemptions. For example, in Fiscal Year 2014, the agency in charge approved 315,857 H-1B petitions. The program is highly susceptible to fraud and abuse. But, don’t take it just from me. In 2008, the Fraud Detection and National Security unit within U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (also known as USCIS) released a Benefit Fraud and Compliance Assessment regarding the program. The agency’s own report highlighted the serious and rampant fraud and abuse that is taking place. In fact, it showed a 20% violation rate in a random sample of H-1B petitions. The violations in this sample were stunning: people weren’t working where they were supposed to. Documents were forged. Foreign workers weren’t being paid what they were promised. Job duties were significantly different from the position description listed in their application to the Department of Labor. Site visits established that the reported business locations were nonexistent, there was no evidence of daily business activity, the business locations were unable to support the number of employees claimed, or there was no evidence that the employers ever intended for the beneficiaries to fill the actual jobs offered. According to the report, “In one instance, the position described on the petition and [Labor Condition Application] was that of a business development analyst. However, when USCIS conducted its review, the petitioner stated the H-1B beneficiary would be working in a laundromat doing laundry and maintaining washing machines.” In January 2011, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) published a report on the H-1B program in which it found that program oversight by Homeland Security and Labor is “fragmented and restricted.” It said this restricted oversight and statutory changes weaken protections for U.S. workers. In October 2014, the Center for Investigative Reporting did an investigation of the program. It described how some H-1B employers exploit foreign workers, withhold wages, and force them into contracts that make them reluctant to ever speak up. Then there are stories about how U.S. workers are treated. Time and again, we hear about how U.S. workers are being laid off and forced to hire their replacements, many of whom are not truly skilled. This is the case with Southern California Edison, a utility company that started laying off 500 American workers from its “IT” department last August. The company replaced them with foreign H-1B workers. The company opted to lay off Americans and instead contract that work out to two overseas-based IT consulting companies, which also happen to be some of the largest users of H-1B visas. In 2013, one of the two IT companies paid $34 million in a civil settlement after allegations of systemic visa fraud and abuse, but was not prohibited from continuing to petition for H-1B workers.

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