Industry 4.0 is driven by disruptive technologies that have grown at an exponential rate. The purpose of rapid disruptive technologies is to drive innovation, improve efficiency and productivity, enhance customer experiences, disrupt existing markets, and create societal and environmental impact. These technologies are bringing about radical transformation in a chaotic, nonlinear way(Jiao et al., 2021). Also, these technologies have the potential to bring about a bigger change in society by reshaping the existing economic sectors and the ways that people work, make things, and buy things(Van Veldhoven & Vanthienen, 2022). There are two main types of technological progress: those that keep things the same and those that change things. Sustaining technologies try to keep or grow their current customer base. Disruptive technologies, on the other hand, shake up the market by offering something that no one else can do. Disruptive technologies have many effects, but one of the most obvious is the need for new curriculum, jobs, and skill sets(MartÃnez-Vergara & Valls-Pasola, 2020;MartÃnez-Vergara & Valls- Pasola, 2020) Table 2 shows how the technologies were ranked based on how often they were mentioned in the selected publications. The results of the rankings, which showed how important 13 different technologies were, are shown on the Pareto chart (Figure 1). Next, we'll talk about where these important disruptive technologies are now and where they're going in terms of development and possible uses.
Figure 2.3 Rapid Disruptive Technologies.
Internet of things (IoT)
Internet of Things (IoT), is not machine-to machine (M2M) connectivity. Instead, a network fabric that can be sensed, controlled, and programmed so that inanimate objects in the real world can become aware and talk to each other online (Aijaz & Aghvami, 2015). The term is often used to describe the "internet of everything" The term "things" refers to any electronic device that may be connected to the internet, including sensors, actuators, and other electronics (e.g., people and buildings (Hussain, 2017).The widespread use of the internet was supposed to make education, manufacturing and other businesses easier. The Internet of Things has been used in industrial settings for things like lighting, heating, robotic vacuums, remote monitoring, and machine control.
The IoT may not have an expiration date, but the creative uses of its technologies are vast (Mahmoud & Zhang, 2018) Radio-frequency identification (RFID) (Cui et al., 2019)and Beacons (P. C. Ng et al., 2020) are two examples of automatic identification technologies that can be used to "smarten" almost any inanimate object (like a product). The Internet of Things has been used in industrial
settings for things like lighting, heating, robotic vacuums, remote monitoring, and machine control. The IoT may not have an expiration date, but the creative uses of its technologies are vast (Noura et al., 2019) Radio-frequency identification (RFID) and Beacons (P. C. Ng et al., 2020)are two examples of automatic identification technologies that can be used to "smarten" almost any inanimate object (like a product).
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