Englis h 5 7 3 0 rhetoric
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- vehicle In a metaphor, the figure itself. A metaphor carries two ideas: the vehicle and the tenor
- English 5730 is taught by Dr. Richard Nordquist . Armstrong Atlantic State University Savannah, Georgia 31419
syllogistic progression 
"Type of form in which, given certain things, certain other things must follow, the premises forcing the conclusion." (Kenneth Burke, Counter-Statement). A syllogism is the name for deductive argument in logic. Premise 1: If A Then B Premise 2: Affirm A Conclude B The premises in an argument of this form will always lead to the conclusion. This will be the case even when the premises are not true: P1 If a person has blue eyes, then she has a green nose.. P2 I have blue eyes. C I have a green nose. For any argument of this form, if the premises are true then the conclusion must be true. When an argument is in this syllogistic form the premises will always lead to the conclusion, but the truthfulness of the premises will still be undetermined from an analysis of the argument form. Arguments can also be shown to be bad if they don't properly use the form (by affirming B instead of A, for instance). Technically, syllogism is a term used in science and dialectic (according to Aristotle) and rhetoric is concerned with the term enthymeme. --"On Meet the Press, Bush handled questions about his service in the National Guard during Vietnam the same way. Russert reminded Bush, 'The Boston Globe and the Associated Press have gone through some of their records and said there's no evidence that you reported to duty in Alabama during the summer and fall of 1972.' Bush replied, 'Yeah, they're just wrong. There may be no evidence, but I did report. Otherwise, I wouldn't have been honorably discharged.' That's the Bush syllogism: The evidence says one thing; the conclusion says another; therefore, the evidence is false." (William Saletan, Slate, Feb. 2004) synathroesmus The piling up of adjectives, often in the spirit of invective. (pronounced "si na TREES mus") [Gk. "collection"] -"He's a proud, haughty, consequential, turned-up-nose peacock." (Charles Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby) -"He was a gasping, wheezing, clutching, covetous old man." (Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol) synecdoche
Substitution of a less inclusive for a more inclusive term to describe something--or the other way around. Most commonly, synechdoche involves the use of a part to represent the whole. A form of metonymy. (pronounced "si NEK doh kee") [Gk. "receiving jointly"] -"All hands on deck." -"Take thy face hence." (Shakespeare, Macbeth V.iii) -"I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas." (T. S. Eliot's "the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock") -"England won the soccer match." tapinosis Undignified language that debases a person or thing. (See meiosis.) [Gk. "reduction, humiliation"] "rhymester" for "poet" -"Achilles? A drayman, a porter, a very camel!" (Shakespeare, Troilus & Cressida) tenor
The underlying idea or principal subject which is the meaning of a metaphor or figure. (I. A. Richards, The Philosophy of Rhetoric) (See vehicle.) -In the first stanza of Abraham Cowley's poem “The Wish,” the tenor is the city and the vehicle is a beehive: "WELL then! I now do plainly see This busy world and I shall ne'er agree. The very honey of all earthly joy Does of all meats the soonest cloy; And they, methinks, deserve my pity Who for it can endure the stings, The crowd and buzz and murmurings, Of this great hive, the city." (Abraham Cowley, "The Wish") tetracolon climax Series of four members. -"Out of its wild disorder comes order; from its rank smell rises the good aroma of courage and daring; out of its preliminary shabbiness comes the final splendor. And buried in the familiar boasts of its advance agents lies the modesty of most of its people." (E. B. White, "The Ring of Time") -"I do not believe in recovery. The past, with its pleasures, its rewards, its foolishness, its punishments, is there for each of us forever, and it should be." (Lillian Hellman, Scoundrel Time) testimony
A person's account of an event or state of affairs. -"On August 6, 2001, over a month before 9/11, during the 'summer of threat,' President Bush received a Presidential Daily Briefing (PDB) at his Crawford, Texas ranch indicating that bin Laden might be planning to hijack commercial airliners. The memo was entitled 'Bin Laden Determined to Strike inside US,' and the entire memo focused on the possibility of terrorist attacks inside the US. In testimony before the 9/11 Commission, Condoleezza Rice, National Security Advisor to President Bush, stated to the commission that she and Bush considered the August 6th PDB as just an 'historical document' and stated that it was not considered a 'warning.' " (D. Lindley Young, The Modern Tribune, April 8, 2004) topics Both the stuff of which arguments are made and the form of those arguments. (See Aristotle's Rhetoric.) Greek term for a commonplace--literally, the place where arguments are located. tricolon 
Series of three members. -"A happy life is one spent in learning, earning, and yearning." (Lillian Gish) -"Down, down, down into the darkness of the grave Gently they go, the beautiful, the tender, the kind; Quietly they go, the intelligent, the witty, the brave. I know. But I do not approve. And I am not resigned." (Edna St. Vincent Millay, "Dirge Without Music") -"Ours is the age of substitutes: instead of language, we have jargon; instead of principles, slogans; instead of genuine ideas, bright ideas." (Eric Bentley, "The Dramatic Event") -"A top al-Qa'ida suspect in Guantanamo Bay was stripped, forced to bark like a dog, and subjected to the music of Christina Aguilera." (Rupert Cornwall, The Online Independent, 13 June 2005) trope
Rhetorical device that produces a shift in the meaning of words-- traditionally contrasted with a scheme, which changes only the shape of a phrase. Sixteenth-century rhetorician Peter Ramus identified four major tropes: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony. Post-Saussurean theorists have challenged such distinctions between the tropological and "literal" aspects of language, arguing that the rhetorical and metaphorical dimension of language is integral to all discourse, not just poetic and literary language. [Gk. "a turn"] understatement  (Jim Davis, Garfield 2005)
Figure in which a rhetor deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is. -"The grave's a fine and private place, But none, I think, do there embrace." (Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress") vehicle In a metaphor, the figure itself. A metaphor carries two ideas: the vehicle and the tenor, or underlying idea. --In the first stanza of Abraham Cowley's poem “The Wish,” the tenor is the city and the vehicle is a beehive: "WELL then! I now do plainly see This busy world and I shall ne'er agree. The very honey of all earthly joy Does of all meats the soonest cloy; And they, methinks, deserve my pity Who for it can endure the stings, The crowd and buzz and murmurings, Of this great hive, the city." (Abraham Cowley, "The Wish") voice Often used synonymously with persona and ethos in a text. Also, the persuasive use of loudness and tone of voice. -"‘Voice’ is first and always an aspect of self-constitution as a moral agent—that is, ‘voice’ bespeaks the ethos a rhetor constitutes in her or his text, whether speaking or writing. Political forces at play in the culture both limit and incite the language and other social conventions available to the rhetor in this self-fashioning. Access to education, the particular monarch on the throne, gender, examples that rhetoric books present--are all forces that move a particular rhetor, a particular body, to ‘voice’ discourse in one way or another. Second, where the canon of delivery (including inflection or enunciation) is specifically at stake in rhetoric, the particular body still may only resonate with the pitches—with the notes of the scale, one might say—that her or his tradition allows." (Wendy Dasler Johnson, "Voice and Rhetoric in Early Modern American Texts of Anne Bradstreet," July 1999) zeugma
Use of a word to modify or govern two or more words although its use is grammatically or logically correct with only one. (Corbett offers this distinction between zeugma and syllepsis: in zeugma, unlike syllepsis, the single word does not fit grammatically or idiomatically with one member of the pair. Thus, in Corbett's view, the first example below would be syllepsis, the second zeugma.) [Gk. "a yoking"] -"Here thou, great ANNA! whom three realms obey, Dost sometimes counsel take--and sometimes tea." (Alexander Pope, The Rape of the Lock) -"He carried a strobe light and the responsibility for the lives of his men." (Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried) Works Consulted American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (online at Bartleby.com), 4th ed., 2000. Beckson, Karl, and Arthur Ganz. Literary Terms: A Dictionary, 3rd ed. New York, Farrar, 1989. Corbett, Edward P. J. Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student. 4th ed. New York,
Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students, 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1999. Cuddon, J. A. A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991. Epsy, Willard R. The Garden of Eloquence: A Rhetorical Bestiary. New York: Harper, 1983. Harmon, William, and C. Hugh Holman. A Handbook to Literature, 8th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall, 2000. Herrick, James A. The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2005. Hollander, John. Rhyme's Reason: A Guide to English Verse, 3rd ed. New Haven: Yale UP, 2001 Lanham, Richard A. Analyzing Prose, 2nd ed. New York: Continuum, 2003. ----. A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms: A Guide for Students of English Literature. 2nd ed. Berkeley:
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. New York: Oxford UP, 1992. Makaryk, Irena R., ed. Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1993. Vickers, Brian. Classical Rhetoric in English Poetry. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1970. Woodson, Linda. A Handbook of Modern Rhetorical Terms. Urbana: NCTE, 1979.
--R. F. Nordquist, November 2005  | 
English 5730 is taught by Dr. Richard Nordquist. Armstrong Atlantic State University Savannah, Georgia 31419 912-921-5991 e-mail: engl5730@lycos.com 
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