Englis h 5 7 3 0 rhetoric



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pleonasm 
Use of words to emphasize what is clear without them.
[Gk. "abounding"]
-"The most unkindest cut of all." (Shakespeare, Julius Caesar)
-"Let us gather together."
-"Ears pierced while you wait."


ploce
Repetition of a word with a new or specified sense, or with pregnant reference to its special significance. (Also know as antanaclasis.)
[Gk. "weaving, plaiting"]
-"But thou art all my art, and dost advance
As high as learning my rude ignorance."
(Shakespeare, Sonnet 78)
-"We must all hang together or assuredly we shall all hang separately." (Benjamin Franklin)
-"When you look good, we look good."  (Vidal Sassoon ad)
-"When the going gets tough, the tough get going."
-"When we come to work, we come to work."


polyptoton 
Repetition of words derived from the same root but with different endings.
[pronounced "po-LIP-ti-tun"]
". . . love is not love
Which alteration finds,
Or bends with the remover to remove . . ."

(Shakespeare, Sonnet 116)
"Love is an irresistible desire to be irresistibly desired." (Robert Frost)
"A good ad should be like a good sermon: it must not only comfort the afflicted; it also must afflict the comfortable." (Bernice Fitzgibbon)

polysyndeton
Style that employs a great many conjunctions (opposite of asyndeton).
"We lived and laughed and loved and left." (James Joyce, Finnegans Wake)
"He kissed me under the Moorish wall and I thought well as well him as another and then I asked him with my eyes to ask again yes and then he asked me would I yes to say yes my mountain flower and first I put my arms around him yes and drew him down to me so he could feel my breasts all perfume yes and his heart was going like mad and yes I said yes I will yes."  (Molly Bloom in James Joyce's Ulysses)
"And she pushed St. Peter aside and took a keek in, and there was God-with a plague in one hand and a war and a thunderbolt in the other and the Christ in glory with the angels bowing, and a scraping and banging of harps and drums, ministers thick as a swarm of blue-bottles, no sight of Jim [her husband] and no sight of Jesus, only the Christ, and she wasn't impressed.  And she said to St. Peter This is no place for me and turned and went striding into the mists and across the fire-tipped clouds to her home."
(Ma Cleghorn in Lewis Grassic Gibbon's Grey Granite)

prolepsis   
(1) Foreseeing and forestalling objections in various ways.
(2) Figurative device by which a future event is presumed to have already occurred.
[Gk. "preconception, anticipation"]
-"In 1963, Nobel Prize-winning economist William Vickrey suggested that [automobile] insurance be included in the purchase of tires. Anticipating the objection that this might lead people to drive on bald tires, Vickrey said drivers should get credit for the remaining tread when they turn in a tire.  Andrew Tobias proposed a variation on this scheme in which insurance would be included in the price of gasoline. That would have the added benefit of solving the problem of uninsured motorists (roughly 28% of California drivers). As Tobias points out, you can drive a car without insurance, but you can't drive it without gasoline."
(Ian Ayres and Barry Nalebuff, "Would You Buy Car Insurance bu the Mile?" Forbes 2005)
-"Michael Moore continues his book [Dude, Where's My Country?] with a dream he had one night which took him several years into the future.  It is a time when the world has run out of oil and the wars started by Bush have brought an end to America as we know it.  Moore is having a conversation with his granddaughter, who wants to know how Americans could have been so blind to the truth and so wasteful."

proverb
 
Short, pithy statement of a general truth, one that condenses common experience into memorable form. Also known as adage, maxim, sententia.
-"Here's the rule for bargains: 'Do other men, for they would do you.'   That's the true business precept."
(Charles Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit)
-"An influence ceases when the person receiving it becomes aware of it."   (Alain Resnais)
-"Time wounds all heels." (Jane Ace)
-"Try everything once except incest and folk-dancing."  (Sir Thomas Beecham)
-"When the eagles are silent, the parrots begin to jabber."  (Sir Winston Churchill)
-"One of my favorite philosophical tenets is that people will agree with you only if they already agree with you. You do not change people's minds."  (Frank Zappa)

refutation  
The part of a discourse wherein a rhetor anticipates opposing arguments and answers them.
-"There will be those who say 'Go slow.'  Don't upset the status quo.  No doubt we will hear this from competitors who perceive that they have an advantage today and want regulation to protect their advantage. Or we will hear from those who are behind in the race to compete and want to slow down deployment for their own self interest. Or we will hear from those that just want to resist changing the status quo for no other reason than change brings less certainty than the status quo.  They will resist change for that reason alone.
"So we may well hear from a whole chorus of naysayers.  And to all of them I have only one response: we cannot afford to wait.   We cannot afford to let the homes and schools and businesses throughout America wait.  Not when we have seen the future.  We have seen what high capacity broadband can do for education and for our economy.  We must act today to create an environment where all competitors have a fair shot at bringing high capacity bandwidth to consumers -- especially residential consumers. And especially residential consumers in rural and underserved areas."
(William E. Kennard, Chairman of the FCC, 27 July 1998)

rhetor   
Greek term for "orator."  Anyone who composes discourse that is intended to affect community thinking about events.

 

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