Europe state of art report
V.2. Key success factors for airport development
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- V.3. Key success factors for airport generated local and regional economic development 19
- V.4. On and off-site airport development concepts
- VI. CONCLUSIONS
V.2. Key success factors for airport developmentAfter having studied the sample of some European airports of diverse characteristics it can be stated that airports in Europe can be economically successful when they:
It is not indispensable to dispose of all of these factors but some of them are crucial, like strategic thinking and managing, good connectivity and the suitable economic background. The suitable economic background supposes the relative high level of GDP and the importance of services in it. The most appropriate structure includes R+D activities, research and IT institutions, financial services etc. with high air travelling needs. But it is also very important that in the region of the airport live several million of population as well. These factors are the basis for frequent air journeys because of business but also as leisure due to the relative high income level of those persons who are employed in these sectors. Also these activities attract lots of business travellers to these economic centres which generate needs for restaurants, hotels, exhibition centres or air cargo services. Finally the relative high number of workplaces can generate higher level housing needs close to the airport. Smaller airports like Brussels South Charleroi can be more profitable than larger airports (e.g. Vienna Airport or Cologne/Bonn Airport). But there is a risk for those smaller airports to lose only one air carrier and as a consequence the results can fall. V.3. Key success factors for airport generated local and regional economic development19For a large number of economic activities the good connectivity with other regions is crucial, therefore airports constitute necessary infrastructure for this companies. This economic role use to be mentioned as the “catalytic impact”, arising from the effect that air service accessibility may have on the region, served by the airport. Access to markets and external and international transport links are considered as “absolutely essential” to business decisions. This catalytic impact operates through enhancing business efficiency and productivity by providing easy access to suppliers and consumers, mainly over medium and long distances. The global accessibility is one of the most important factors for business location in all European regions. On the other hand, large airports are often fundamental enterprises for their national economies. For example the demise of Swissair had a very important impact for the loss of the Swiss economy by the reduction of services of the Zurich Airport. As another example can be mentioned the role of the Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport or Amsterdam Schiphol Airport which are real multi-modal interchange nodes and contribute to the development of not only the region but of the whole national economy creating strategic advantages by their networking position and enabling to enhance a broad range of economic activity, functioning as new development poles. The global accessibility can be a basic decision element on business location decisions. For example the good connections of the Vienna Airport have enabled Vienna to provide the location for the East European headquarters of several global companies and this is the case in Prague and Budapest as well. While the strong “high tech” industries as a hinterland can also contribute to the economic development of the airport and the airport regions like in the cases of the Nice, Copenhagen or even of the Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport. This “air intensive” business sectors can be the following:
This are activities which needs more air traffic services to develop their business by contacting clients, suppliers and business partners. Another important factor is the demand for services of the air traffic related activities and airports. The multiplying effect of these activities can contribute to the employment and the economic development of the region. Every million passengers can support almost 3 thousand jobs on national level, 2 thousand jobs on regional level and almost 1,5 thousand jobs on sub-regional level. In certain region air traffic connections are crucial for the development of tourism like in Spain, Greece or even Italy. But with the appearance of the low-cost airlines this sector took profit of the development of short city visits as well. V.4. On and off-site airport development conceptsIn the spatial development planning theories have appeared several different concepts which are on could be related with the airports’ development concepts. Some of these different theories are interrelated or, with other words are different stages or levels of spatial development of a certain area. In the following we would shortly present some examples: airport city, airport corridor and intermodal hubs as possible future ways of development of Central European airport regions. Airport cities The concept was created and developed by Dr. Kasarda in the United States. It focuses on the complex development of the whole airport area including not only the in-fence but out-fence areas. The concept is presented in details in chapter 2. Airport corridors Airport corridors can be developed between the airport area and the central business district. (CBD) The development activity focuses on the area which is situated along the transport corridor between the two important spaces: airport and CBD. Generally the development have an initial, natural phase as individual, relative smaller development are taken place influenced by more or less causal factors. In a more matured phase the whole region, which is situated between the airport and the CBD, is subject of a wider, mainly strategic spatial planning process. Airport corridors can be developed between the airport or airport city and the CBD or the metropolitan poles of a metropolitan area. The concept is based on the demand for air traffic of certain activities. It could be the demand of businesses which need relatively high volume of movements on medium or large distance (which could be satisfied by air by the most appropriate way) independently of the fact that this need appears as a need of the supplier, client or of business trips. Examples can be shown in different cities of the world. Only in Europe there are several airport corridors developed in Frankfurt, London, Paris, Amsterdam or in Madrid between the large air traffic hubs and the surrounding area. But it has not to be a major hub which can generate an airport corridor between the CBD and the airport. The same development process can be observed in Zürich or in Barcelona. Intermodal hub Intermodal hubs could be the first stage on the way of the development of an airport to an airport city or airport corridor. Neither the passengers nor the air cargo use to arrive at the airport, generally they have to change the transport mode and continue travelling to their final destination. Therefore airports are usually smaller or larger intermodal hubs as well where passengers can take a taxi or cargo can be loaded on trucks as a minimum. Nevertheless it is recommended that passengers and cargo could take the most appropriate transport mode they need for continuing the trip till their final destinations. As wider and smoother is the offer of transport mode possibilities at the airport as more successful could be the airport in the competition for passengers and cargo. Passengers and couriers are considering the total travel or transport time as they are evaluating transport possibilities. Therefore not only the transit time within the airports is important but also the transit time at the airports while changing transport modes. The connectivity of the airport to the CBD or to the different regions in the hinterland of the airport is one of the factors which will be considered as travellers or shippers are evaluating the possibilities of the different airports which can solve their transport needs.
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