Evaluation and treatment of the cervical spine

C T junction

Cervical rotation with neck flexion

References

• Boucher, B. Peripheral nerve entrapment of the upper extremity. Lecture. Southwest Texas State University. July 2003

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  Browder D et al. (2004) Intermittent cervical traction and thoracic manipulation for management of mild cervical compressive myelopathy attributed to a cervical herniated disc: a case series. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy
  
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  Childs J. (2004) Proposal of a classification system for patients with neck pain. . Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy Vol 34(11)
  
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  Childs J et al. (2005) Screening for vertebrobasilar insufficiency in patients with neck pain: manual therapy decision making in the face of uncertainty. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy Vol 35 No 5
  
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  Cleland J et al. (2007) Development of a clinical prediction rule for guiding treatment of a subgroup of patients with neck pain: use of thoracic spine manipulation, exercise and patient education. Physical Therapy Vol 87No 1
  
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  Cleland J et al. (2007) Short term effects of thrust versus nonthrust mobilization/manipulation directed at the thoracic spine in patients with neck pain: a randomized clinical trial. Physical Therapy 2007 Vol 87 No 4
  
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  Cleland J et al. (2005) Manual therapy, cervical traction and strength exercises in patients with cervical radiculopathy: a case series. . Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy
  
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  Grant R. Premanipulative testing of the cervical spine - reappraisal and update. Physical Therapy of the Cervical and Thoracic Spine, 3^rd edition. Elsevier 2002
  
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  Haldeman S, Kohlbeck FJ, McGregor M. (1999) Risk factors and precipitating neck movements causing vertebrobasilar artery dissection after cervical trauma and spinal manipulation Vol 24(8): 785
  

• Kuzmich, D. (1994) The levator scapulae: making the connection. The Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy Vol.2 No.2

• Makofsky, H. (1994) Update on headache classification and the implications for orthopedic physical therapists. The Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy Vol.2 No. 1

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  Mercer, Sue. Comparative anatomy of the spinal disc. Grieve’s modern manual therapy, 3^rd edition. Elsevier, 2004
  
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  Schenk, R et al. (1994) The effects of muscle energy technique on cervical range of motion The Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy Vol.2 No.4
  
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  Stiell, I. et al. (2001) The Canadian C-spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients. JAMA
  
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  Twomey, L and Taylor, J. (1989) Joints of the middle and lower cervical spine: age changes and pathology. MTAA
  
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  Torg, J et al. (1996) The relationship of developmental narrowing of the cervical spinal canal to reversible and irreversible injury of the cervical spinal cord in football players. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Vol. 78-A, No.9
  
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  Wainner et al. (2003) Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of a clinical exam and patient self report measures for cervical radiculopathy. Spine Vol 28
  
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  Wadsworth, C. (1997) Peripheral Nerve Compression Neuropathy. Home Study Course 97-2. APTA-Orthopedic Section.