Final Report March 2000
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- 3.3.1 Car Ownership Trends in the APEC Region
- Trends of Passenger Car Ownership per Capita in APEC Member Economies
- Motorcycles and Bicycles
- Number of Motorcycles in Selected APEC Member Economies (1995)
- 3.3.2 Impacts of Car Ownership Increase in Developing Countries
- Trends of Highway Length per Vehicle in Selected APEC Member Economies
- 3. 4 Investment on Transport Infrastructure 3.4.1 Need for the Expansion of Transport Infrastructure
- Forecast Demand for Transport Infrastructure in East Asia(19952004)
- 3.4.2 Current Situation of Urban Transport Investment
- Vehicle-Related Taxes in Korea
- Tax Types Distribution Rule Earmarked
- Vehicle-related Taxes in Japan
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Source: Jane’s Urban Transport Systems 18th Edition 1999-2000 data not available In Bangkok and Jakarta, urban railways are at the introductory stage, and recently the first routes have been opened or are under construction. Conventionally, urban railways has been constructed and operated by city government or public organization. Since early 1990s, private-public partnership was introduced in the railway construction and management, as in other infrastructure development. Harbourlink Monorail & Sydney Light Rail in Sydney is a typical example. 3.3 Increasing Car Ownership and Impacts 3.3.1 Car Ownership Trends in the APEC Region Growth of car ownership, though its rate varies by country, is found in most of the countries. It draws attention in the viewpoint of policies, as well as of academic aspects. Most automobiles are passenger cars, and occupy 70~80% of the entire vehicles.
Source: UN, IRF data not available The rapid growth of car-ownership in developing countries is mainly due to the following causes:
Motorcycles and Bicycles In the cities of China and Southeast Asia, the roles of bicycles and motorcycles are remarkable. In the case of the Philippines, number of motorcycles exceed that of private passenger cars. In some countries, motorcycles are increasing faster than automobiles. In Thailand, they have increased to 920 thousands in 1995 from 630 thousands in 1992. Since a service quality of public transport is poor, motorcycles play an important role as a private transportation mode for people who cannot afford to own their cars. Traffic congestion also encourages the use of motorcycles. Bicycles, along with motorcycles, are widely used as a non-motorized vehicle (NMV), too. According to a report of World Bank, it is estimated that about 300 million bicycles were used in China in the early 1990s and more than 100 million bicycles in Shanghai and Tianjin17. Unit: 1,000
In developing countries, despite of huge investment in highways, the highway extension per vehicle is rather decreasing owing to the rapid growth of car-ownership. Generally, the growth of car-ownership results in the following problems.
Developing countries are attempting to enforce various control policies over the increase or use of automobiles. In Brunei, the high tax on imported vehicles is imposed. In Korea and Hong Kong, a congestion charge is imposed on the cars coming into the congested CBD area. In Manila, an “one-of-five no operation” system was introduced in 1996. In Korea, the “one-of-ten no operation” system was enforced by regulation once, but switched to the voluntary self-regulation system currently. Singapore enforces powerful control policy over the growth of car-ownership through a regulation. However, such vehicle growth control policies, except in Singapore, are generally evaluated to be relatively ineffective18. Unit: Km/1,000 vehicles Countries in the APEC region are experiencing continuous need for the growth of transport facilities owing to improved quality of life, car-ownership growth, and an increased demand of passengers and cargo resulting from rapid economic growth and urbanization. 1995
Traditionally, transportation facility service has been provided by central or local government on the ground of the nature of public properties, economy scale, PSO(Public Service Obligation), etc. Urban transportation facilities were also constructed and operated by public sector such as a government or public corporate, and most of the funds for them were raised through public financing sources such as tax or public bonds. In 1990s, for instance, Korea has successfully carried out the expansion of the transportation facilities by imposing high tax on gasoline and using them as funds for the construction. General Account Road Facility Special Account Directory: new new -> Nonprofit grant application new -> Bulletin 4 Monday July 8, 2002 Backgammon new -> [0] B. Hardware [2] new -> [1] B. Hardware [1] new -> Last year four of the best Afrikaans Christian singers joined forces to tour Down Under with the production ‘Manne wat Glo’ new -> The Project Gutenberg ebook of The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended new -> Management and Marketing Download 1.53 Mb. Share with your friends:
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