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LESSON 2. INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES



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Foreign languages
LESSON 2. INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES.
THE NOUNS. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

1. Artikl otlar oldida ishlatiladigan maxsus so‘zlardir. O‘zbek tilida artikl mavjud emas. Artiklning alohida tarjimasi yo‘q. Ot oldida artiklning ishlatilishi va ishlatilmasligining ahamiyati katta.


2. Ingliz tilida ikkita artikl bor: Noaniq artikl (The Indefinite Article) va aniq artikl (The Definite Article).
3. Noaniq artiklning ikkita shakli bor: a va an. An shakli unli tovushlar bilan boshlangan otlar oldida keladi: an opera, an apple, an hour. Qolgan hollarda artiklning ashakli ishlatiladi: a pen, a book, a student.
4. Aniq artiklning bitta shakli bor: the.
5. Noaniq artikl eski ingliz tilidagi an (bir) so‘zidan kelib chiqqan, shuning uchun ham u faqat birlikdagi otlar oldida ishlatiladi.
6. Aniq artikl eski ingliz tilidagi the(u, o‘sha) ko‘rsatish olmoshidan kelib chiqqan bo‘lib, ba’zi hollarda hozir ham dastlabki ma’nosini saqlab qolgan.
7. Noaniq artikl ishlatilganda otning biror turga (sinfga) mansubligini bildiradi.
8. Aniq artikl otni boshqa shu turdagi otlardan ajratib ko‘rsatganda ishlatiladi. Aniq artikl the, (this, that) ko‘rsatish olmoshidan kelib chiqqan bo‘lib, o‘sha, o‘shalar, ushbu, mazkur kabi ma’nolarni ifodalaydi. Aniq artikl «the» grafik jihatdan bir xil, fonetik jihatdan ikki xil ko‘rinishga ega.
Aniq artikl undosh harf bilan boshlanadigan otlar oldidan [ DE ], unli harf bilan boshlanadigan otlar oldidan [ Di ] deb o‘qiladi: textbook , inkpot, book apple, the day the Institute, pen, armchair, text, ox
INDEFINITE ARTICLE. NOANIQ ARTIKLNING ISHLATILISHI
1. Noaniq artikl biror turga mansub bo‘lgan birlikdagi shaxs yoki buyum oldida ishlatiladi va qandaydir bir degan ma’noni bildiradi:
She has a watch of her own. Uning o‘z soati bor.
Ko‘plikda ot artiklsiz ishlatiladi. Agar miqdorni anglatmoqchi bo‘lsak, some ishlatamiz:
I have brought yousome flowers. — Men sizga bir nechta gul keltir dim.
— I hate to wear flowers... — Men gul taqishni yomon ko‘raman.
2. Ot shaxs yoki buyumning kim yoki nima ekanligini ifodalasa no aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi. Bunday ot gapda:
a) ot kesimning tarkibiy qismi bo‘lib keladi:
My brother is an engineer. Mening akam — muhandis.
His sister has become a doctor. Uning opasi doktor bo‘ldi.
This is a dictionary. Bu lug‘atdir.
b) izohlovchi bo‘lib keladi: Mr. A., a student of our Institute, spoke at the meeting.
Janob A., institutimiz talabasi, yig‘ilishda gapirdi.
Ko‘plikda artikl ham, some ham ishlatilmaydi.
They are good children, no doubt.- Shubhasiz ular — yaxshi bolalar.
Agar ot shu turdagi shaxs yoki buyumlarning istagan bir vakilini ifodalasa, noaniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi va har bir, istaganma’nosini beradi:
A childcan understand it. -(Har bir) Bola buni tushina oladi.
A squarehas four sides. Kvadratning to‘rtta tomoni bor.
Ko‘plikda noaniq artikl ishlatilmaydi va boshqa ko‘rsatkich ham kelmaydi:
Children can understand it. Bolalar buni tushuna oladilar.

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