participation, since voters and nonvoters are not evenly distributed in society. People with lower incomes or education generally have a lower propensity to vote than the better-off – and with a lower average turnout this gap widens (Lijphart 1997). This empirical regularity prompted Tingsten ([1937]1975: 230) to formulate the law of dispersion which postulates that the differences in electoral participation among social groups are smaller if the overall participation rate is higher.
Sept/Oct 2013 Aff: Turnout Inequality Harms Democracy foundationbriefs.com Page 33 of 104 Compulsory voting brings the underrepresented to the voting booth. RMF Selb, Peter, and Romain Lachat. "The More, the Better Counterfactual Evidence on the Effect of Compulsory Voting on the Consistency of Party Choice" European
