Standard 12. Understands the Imperial crises and their aftermath in various regions from 300 to 700 CE
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I
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1
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Understands political events that may have contributed to the decline of the Roman and Han Empires (e.g., the consequences of nomadic military movements in China and the western part of the Roman Empire; the nomadic invasions of the Roman Empire as described in the accounts of Orosius, Ammianus Marcellinus, Priscus, and secondary sources; significant battles, internal divisions, political changes, and invasions between the 3rd and 7th centuries CE that led to the fall of the Roman and Han Empires; the relative strengths and weaknesses of the Roman, Byzantine, and Han Empires)
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I
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2
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Understands how the spread of Buddhism and Christianity influenced different regions (e.g., the spread of the two religions in the context of change and crisis in the Roman and Han empires; the importance of monasticism in the growth of Christianity and Buddhism and the participation of men and women in monastic life and missionary activity; the importance of universal salvation to the early history of these two religions; the locations of new centers of Buddhism and Christianity and the major routes used to spread the faith beyond these centers; the efforts and successes of Ashoka and Constantine to legitimize Buddhism and Christianity and spread them throughout India and Europe respectively)
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I
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I
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3
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Understands political events that shaped the Gupta Empire (e.g., factors that contributed to the Gupta Empire's stability and economic prosperity, how Hinduism prevailed as the dominant faith in India, possible reasons for the alliance of the Gupta Empire with Brahmanism and the fall of the Mauryan-Buddhist power, how and why Guptan kings promoted Hinduism while simultaneously fostering Buddhist culture and integrating marginal groups into the political system)
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I
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4
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Understands the basis of social relationships in India during the Gupta era (e.g., the social and legal position of women and men, restrictions upon women and their place within the caste system, different social perspectives on the advantages and disadvantages of the caste system)
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I
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5
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Understands how the spread of trade and religion influenced Southeast Asia and Polynesian areas (e.g., the impact of Indian civilization on state-building in mainland Southeast Asia and the Indonesian archipelago, the nature of monumental religious architecture as evidence for the spread of Buddhist and Hindu belief and practice in Southeast Asia, the function of Hindu and Buddhist clerics in the spread of their religions and trade to Southeast Asia and Malayo- Polynesia by the end of the 1st millennium BCE, the locations and geographic challenges of potential and actual trade routes in the Southeast Asian and Polynesian areas)
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I
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6
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Understands the changing status of women in early Christian and Buddhist societies
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I
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I
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7
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Understands major achievements in technology, astronomy, and medicine in the Gupta period
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I
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Standard 13. Understands the causes and consequences of the development of Islamic civilization between the 7th and 10th centuries
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I
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1
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Understands how the Muslims spread Islamic beliefs and established their empire (e.g., how Muslim forces overthrew the Byzantines in Syria and Egypt and the Sassanids in Persia and Iraq; Arab Muslim success in founding an empire stretching from Western Europe to India and China; the diverse religious, cultural, and geographic factors that influenced the ability of the Muslim government to rule; how Islam attracted new converts)
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I
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2
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Understands significant aspects of Islamic civilization (e.g., the emergence of Islamic civilization in Iberia and its economic and cultural achievements, how family life and gender relations were prescribed in Islamic society)
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I
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3
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Understands significant aspects of Abbasid culture (e.g., sources of Abbasid wealth and the economic and political importance of various forms of slavery; why the Abbasid state became a center of Afro-Eurasian commercial exchange; how the Abbasids promoted and preserved Greek learning and contributed to science, mathematics, and medicine; the contributions of specific individuals to the Abbasid advancement of scientific knowledge)
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4
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Understands how the Byzantine Empire defended itself against various invaders (e.g., variations in maritime technology and ship design in the 9th century and the role of the navy in Byzantine defense against Arab Muslim attacks; weapons, fortification, and military preparedness of the Byzantine Empire and explanations for its successful defense against Bulgar and Arab invaders)
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5
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Understands the Byzantine role in preserving and transmitting ancient Greek learning
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Standard 14. Understands major developments in East Asia and Southeast Asia in the era of the Tang Dynasty from 600 to 900 CE
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I
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1
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Understands China's influence on other cultures (e.g., relations with pastoral peoples of Inner Asia in the Tang period and long-term patterns of interaction along China's grassland frontier; how Korea assimilated Chinese ideas and institutions yet preserved its political independence; China's colonization of Vietnam and the effects of Chinese rule on Vietnamese society, including resistance to Chinese domination)
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I
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I
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2
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Understands how Buddhism was introduced from Tang China to Korea and Japan (e.g., why the Korean emperor encouraged Japan to adopt this religion)
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I
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3
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Understands the culture and technological achievements of Tang China (e.g., the ideals and values of everyday life expressed in the poetry, landscape, painting, and pottery of the Tang Dynasty; the system of roads and canals in Tang China; the extent of the Tang Empire, the trade routes used by the empire, and the products exchanged; major technologies developed under the Tang Dynasty, how these technologies influenced Tang society and spread to other regions)
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I
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4
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Understands events that shaped Japanese culture (e.g., the influence of Chinese culture on Japanese society from the 7th to the 11th century; use of Chinese as the lingua franca in East Asia in the late 1st millennium; major contributions and developments of early cultures of Japan from 10,000 B.C.E. to circa 200 CE; the influence of Buddhism on Japan between the 8th and 9th centuries, how it changed Japanese society, and reasons for its restriction by the emperor in Heian)
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I
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5
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Understands basic beliefs in Japanese culture (e.g., the legends of creation of Japan and what these legends reveal about Japanese history, the basic beliefs of Shinto and how art and literature reflect Shinto's impact, courtly life and ideals in Heian)
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I
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Standard 15. Understands the political, social, and cultural redefinitions in Europe from 500 to 1000 CE
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1
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Understands the importance of monasteries and convents as centers of political power, economic productivity, and communal life
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I
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2
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Understands the influence of the Carolingian Empire on the development of European civilization (e.g., how Charlemagne's royal court, monasteries, and convents preserved Greco-Roman and early Christian learning and contributed to the emergence of European civilization; changing political relations between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe; extent and causes of the Carolingian influence in Europe and reasons for its decline; how the Rules of St. Benedict shaped Medieval Europe; how secular leaders such as Charlemagne influenced political order within Europe)
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3
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Understands social class and gender roles in Medieval Europe (e.g., changes in the legal, social, and economic status of peasants in the 9th and 10th centuries; how the political fragmentation of Europe after Charlemagne affected their lives; the responsibilities of women with different social status)
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4
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Understands the significance of Clovis (e.g., the major conquests of Clovis, how his conversion to Christianity was influenced by his wife, Clothilde; how his conversion affected the Frankish and Saxon peoples)
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5
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Understands the role of Norse peoples in the development of Europe (e.g., Nordic contributions to long-distance trade and exploration, the failure of Norse settlements in Newfoundland and Greenland)
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Standard 16. Understands the development of agricultural societies and new states in tropical Africa and Oceania
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1
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Understands influences on state-building in West Africa (e.g., how the natural environments of West Africa defined agricultural production, and the importance of the Niger River in promoting agriculture, commerce, and state-building; the growth of the Ghana empire; how Islam, labor specialization, regional commerce and the trans-Saharan camel trade promoted urbanization in West Africa; the governing system of the royal court in Ghana, and how the effectiveness of imperial efforts was aided by a belief in the king's divinity)
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2
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Understands the establishment of agricultural societies on the Pacific Islands and New Zealand (e.g., the plants and animals that early migrants carried with them; how these "introductions" affected the existing island flora and fauna; possible links between the cultures of Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, and New Zealand)
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3
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Understands the role of oral history in understanding West African history (e.g., the griot "keeper of tales" and other sources used to understand history)
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Standard 17. Understands the rise of centers of civilization in Mesoamerica and Andean South America in the 1st millennium CE
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1
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Understands the economic and agricultural elements of Mayan society (e.g., the extent, importance, and composition of Mayan trade; the adaptability and importance of Mayan agricultural techniques and their connection to the rise of Mayan city-states)
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I
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2
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Understands social features of Mayan culture (e.g., differing views concerning the causes for the decline of Mayan civilization, ways that Mayan myths reflect social values and daily survival skills)
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I
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3
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Understands what art and architecture reveal about early Mesoamerica and Andean societies (e.g., what art and architecture reflects about the character of the Zapotec state in the valley of Oaxaca; what art and artifacts indicate about the interests, occupations, and religious concerns of the Moche people; what murals infer about Mayan and Teotihuacan societies)
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I
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4
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Understands social features of Andean societies (e.g., different agriculture practices in the Moche/Andean region; kinship groups, regulated family and community life in Andean societies)
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Standard 18. Understands major global trends from 300 to 1000 CE
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1
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Understands the factors that contributed to the weakening of empires in world history from 300 to 1000 CE (e.g., the migratory and military movements of pastoral nomadic peoples from Central Asia and the Arabian Peninsula and the consequences of these movements for empires and agrarian civilizations of Eurasia and Africa)
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2
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Understands the growth of economic and cultural exchanges among different regions from 300 to 1000 CE (e.g., the importance of Muslim civilization in mediating long-distance commercial, cultural, intellectual, and food crop exchange across Eurasia and parts of Africa; migrations of farming peoples to new regions of Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, China, Oceania, and Mesoamerica; connections between new settlements and the development of towns, trade, and greater cultural complexity in these regions)
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Standard 19. Understands the maturation of an interregional system of communication, trade, and cultural exchange during a period of Chinese economic power and Islamic expansion
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1
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Understands how Confucianism changed between the 10th and 13th centuries (e.g., the impact of major dynastic changes in China on Confucianism; the synthesis of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism created by Zhu Xi to form neo-Confucianism)
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2
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Understands the social and economic elements of Song China (e.g., how improved agricultural production and increased trade helped the growth of cities and the merchant class in Song China; the traditional social attitudes of China toward merchants and commercial activity; significant achievements and developments of the Song Dynasty, the rigors and class restrictions of the civil service examination in Song China)
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3
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Understands government and politics of the Kamakura period (e.g., similarities and differences between feudalism in Japan and medieval Europe; significant political events in the history of the Kamakura period)
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4
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Understands influences on the development of Buddhist sects in Japan (e.g., how unique forms of Buddhism [sects] developed under the influence of social, political, and religious forces; the impact of the warrior culture on the lives of common people and the development of Buddhist sects)
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5
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Understands the development of Southeast Asian states (e.g., how Champa, Angkor, and Dai Vet accumulated power and wealth; the influence of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Hinduism on these states)
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6
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Understands the expansion of Islam and daily life in Islamic regions (e.g., how Turkic migration from Turkestan into Southwest Asia and India helped Islam expand and forced the retreat of Byzantium and Greek Christian civilization, what life in Egypt was like for Jewish and Christian communities, what student life was like in Islamic regions)
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7
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Understands elements of trade in different regions (e.g., the importance of Cairo and other major cities as centers of international trade and culture; how the spread of Islam was connected to trade in Central Asia, East Africa, West Africa, the coasts of India, and Southeast Asia; the importance to individual societies of goods traded between Asia, Africa, and Europe; the consequences placed on maritime trade by the seasonal monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean; features and functions of caravansaries and khans in Central Asian and Middle Eastern cities; which ships were most successfully used for trade in the Indian Ocean and why)
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