Standard 20. Understands the redefinition of European society and culture from 1000 to 1300 CE
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1
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Understands political events that shaped the development of European governments (e.g., how European monarchies expanded their power at the expense of feudal lords, and the growth and limitations of representative institutions in these monarchies; how the political relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and secular states changed from the Early Middle Ages to the High Middle Ages; the conflict that led to the Battle of Hastings; the political changes William initiated after his victory, and the long-term cultural and social changes in England following the Norman conquest)
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2
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Understands the importance of inheritance laws, arranged marriages, dowries, and family alliances for dynastic and aristocratic politics
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3
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Understands the connection between agricultural technology and increased agricultural production and population growth in Europe between 1000 and 1300 CE
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4
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Understands Christian efforts for the Reconquest of Spain from Muslim powers
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5
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Understands the consequences of German expansion into Poland and the Baltic region
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6
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Understands art, architecture, and education in medieval Christian and Spanish Muslim society (e.g., how major works of art, architecture, and literature reflect values and attitudes of medieval Christian society; poetry of Muslim Spain and Christian Europe; the origins, organization, and studies of Christian universities in Europe, and the influence of Muslim scholarship and universities; how Gothic cathedrals reflect central aspects of European society)
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7
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Understands the roles and motivations of squires, saints, and soldiers in Christian Europe (e.g., aspects of training, rights, and responsibilities required of young men from noble families wishing to become squires; the role played by saints in the spread of Christianity; why Muslim and Christian soldiers may have joined the Crusades)
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Standard 21. Understands the rise of the Mongol Empire and its consequences for Eurasian peoples from 1200 to 1350
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I
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1
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Understands political, social, and cultural features of the Mongol Empire (e.g., the chronology and consequences of the Mongol conquests of 1206 to 1279 on China, Southeast Asia, Russia, and Southwest Asia; the relative strengths and weaknesses of the nomadic Mongol lifestyle with regard to social, political, and economic organization, and why the Mongols prevailed; what legend and fact reveal about Mongol conquest and Mongol warriors)
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I
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2
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Understands the influence of the "Golden Horde" in various regions (e.g., the impact of the "Golden Horde" rule on the peoples of Eastern Europe and Russia, the major accomplishments of Batu)
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I
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Standard 22. Understands the growth of states, towns, and trade in Sub-Saharan Africa between the 11th and 15th centuries
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1
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Understands the development of the empires of Mali and Songhay (e.g., the importance of Islamic expansion in the political and cultural life of Mali and Songhay; the economic, social, and religious characteristics of the two empires; the observations of Ibn Battua and Leo Africanus in Mali and Songhay; the importance of the Monarch Mansa Musa in Mali)
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I
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2
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Understands religious aspects of Ethiopian society (e.g., the expansion of the Christian Ethiopian kingdom and its search for wider connections in the Christian world, the major achievements of the Zagwe Dynasty in Ethiopia and how this dynasty affected both Coptic Christians and Muslims)
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3
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Understands significant features of the major population centers of Bantu and the East African coastal region in the 2nd millennium CE (e.g., influences on the economic and cultural life of Kilwa and other East African coastal cities, the Bantu state of Great Zimbabwe and its links to the Indian Ocean trade, consequences of the contact between Bantu farmers and Khoisan hunter-gatherers in the early 2nd millennium)
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4
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Understands how architecture (e.g., the churches of Lalaibela and of Kalash in Ellora, India) reveals the influence of foreign states and the end of African isolation
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Standard 23. Understands patterns of crisis and recovery in Afro-Eurasia between 1300 and 1450
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I
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1
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Understands how the plague influenced economic, social, and political conditions in various regions (e.g., how the spread of disease relates to geography, social reaction to the plague in rural and urban Europe and Southwest Asia, the increase in mortality rates by the plague between the 14th and 15th centuries, the impact of the plague on young people)
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I
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2
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Understands causes for changes in social, political, and religious events in Europe after the 14th century (e.g., how the population decreased after the Great Plague; the effect of the crises in the Catholic Church on its organization, prestige, and power; increased wage levels and what governments did to discourage these increases)
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I
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3
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Understands the "humanism" that emerged in Italy in the 14th and 15th centuries, and how new studies (e.g., Greco-Roman antiquity, critical text analysis) encouraged new forms of literature, philosophy, and education
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I
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4
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Understands the Zheng He maritime expeditions of the early 15th century, and why the Ming state initiated, then terminated, these voyages
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5
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Understands the significance of Timur the Lame (Tamerlane) (e.g., the impact of conquests in Southwest Asia, India, and Central Asia; how Timur's rule encouraged a flourishing of cultural life in Samarkand and the role his government played in the support of arts and sciences)
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Standard 24. Understands the expansion of states and civilizations in the Americas between 1000 and 1500
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I
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1
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Understands social and cultural features of Aztec society (e.g., the characteristics of Tenochtitl n that made it a unique city, gender roles in Aztec society and what these indicate about Aztec culture)
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I
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I
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2
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Understands cultural and economic elements of North American and Mesoamerican civilizations (e.g., the major characteristics of Toltecs, Anasazi, Pueblo, and North American mound-building peoples; patterns of long-distance trade centered in Mesoamerica)
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I
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I
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3
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Understands major political and social features of Incan society (e.g., the development of Incan social and political institutions, the chronology of Incan imperial expansion from 1230 to 1525 and the difficulties posed by its geographically an climatically diverse territories, the location and major features of Machu Picchu and what this site reveals about Incan civilization)
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I
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I
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4
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Understands the similarities and differences between Incan and Aztec society (e.g., the essential differences between Aztec and Incan government, economy, religion, and social organization; how Incan and Aztec art and architecture reveal cultural achievements in their societies)
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I
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I
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5
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Understands how the natural environment affected the organization of developing societies of the North American plains, Southwestern deserts, and the tropical forests of the Yucatan
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I
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I
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Standard 25. Understands major global trends from 1000 to 1500 CE
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I
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1
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Understands how major migratory and military movements of pastoral peoples of Asia and Africa affected agrarian states and societies of Eurasia and Africa
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I
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2
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Understands economic, political, and cultural differences and similarities between Europe and Asia (e.g., causes and consequences of productive growth, commercialization, urbanization, and technological or scientific innovation in Europe and China; society, economy, and political organization of Europe and Japan, and causes of economic growth, urbanization, and cultural innovation in the two regions)
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I
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3
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Understands the impact of interaction between Christians and Muslims in the Mediterranean region (e.g., how their encounters, both hostile and peaceful, affected political, economic, and cultural life in Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia)
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I
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4
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Understands the concept of capitalism and the emergence of capitalistic institutions and productive methods in Europe and other parts of Afro-Eurasia
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5
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Understands differences and similarities between the Inca and Aztec empires and empires of Afro-Eurasia (e.g., political institutions, warfare, social organizations, cultural achievements)
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Standard 26. Understands how the transoceanic interlinking of all major regions of the world between 1450 and 1600 led to global transformations
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I
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1
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Understands the impact of the exploratory and commercial expeditions in the 15th and 16th centuries (e.g., the motives and short-term significance of the Portuguese and Spanish military and commercial expeditions to Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas; technologies that advanced international, seaborne trade in the latter part of the century; the connotations of the words "conquest," "exchange," and "discovery" used to describe Columbus' travels to North America and his encounters with indigenous populations)
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I
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2
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Understands how the Ottoman, Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Siamese powers restricted European commercial, military, and political penetration in the 16th century
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3
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Understands cultural interaction between various societies in the late 15th and 16th centuries (e.g., how the Church helped administer Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas; reasons for the fall of the Incan Empire to Pizarro; how the Portuguese dominated seaborne trade in the Indian Ocean basin in the 16th century; the relations between pilgrims and indigenous populations in North and South America, and the role different religious sects played in these relations; how the presence of Spanish conquerors affected the daily lives of Aztec, Maya, and Inca peoples)
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I
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4
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Understands the impact of the exchange of flora, fauna, and pathogens on the Americas and the global population (e.g., the spread of disease throughout the world, and how new disease microorganisms in the Americas devastated indigenous populations; population decline in parts of the Americas within the context of global population trends and growth in Europe and East Asia in the 16th and 17th centuries, origins and routes of flora and fauna exchanged across the globe)
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5
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Understands the significance and cultural impact of migrations of the Muslims and Jews after their expulsion from Spain
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I
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6
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Knows which crops in Spanish and Portuguese regions of the Americas were domestic and which were commercial, and knows what resources commercial crops demanded
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I
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Standard 27. Understands how European society experienced political, economic, and cultural transformations in an age of global intercommunication between 1450 and 1750
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I
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1
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Understands early influences on the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment (e.g., connections between the Scientific Revolution and its antecedents, such as Greek rationalism, medieval theology, Muslim science, Renaissance humanism, and new global knowledge; connections between the Enlightenment and its antecedents, such as Roman republicanism, the Renaissance, and the Scientific Revolution)
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I
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2
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Understands changes in urban and rural Europe between the 15th and 18th centuries (e.g., social and economic consequences of population growth and urbanization in Europe between the 15th and 18th centuries; the growth pattern of European cities between the 17th and 18th centuries, and the major urban centers of this period; causes and effects of the "agrarian revolution" on Western and Eastern European society)
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3
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Understands significant social and cultural changes that took place during the Renaissance (e.g., advances in printing press technology, the connections between the Italian Renaissance and the development of Humanist ideals in Europe north of the Alps, positive and negative changes in the status of women during the Renaissance and Reformation, the legacy of Renaissance architecture, changes in European art and architecture between the Middle Ages and the High Renaissance)
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I
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4
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Understands origins of the Reformation and Catholic Reformation (e.g., why many Europeans were unhappy with the late medieval Catholic Church, and how the beliefs and ideas of leading Protestant reformers reflected this discontent; what the Catholic Reformation sought to achieve, and the effect of religious reforms and divisions on Europeans; the patterns of religious affiliation in Europe in the early 17th century and factors that led some populations to embrace the Protestant Reformation while others rejected it)
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I
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5
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Understands the emergence of strong individual leaders, monarchies, and states in Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries (e.g., the character, development, and sources of wealth of strong bureaucratic monarchies; the significance of Peter the Great's westernizing reforms; the emergence of the Dutch Republic as a powerful European state; the reign of Elizabeth I and her efficacy as a leader and builder of a strong nation-state; the governmental policies of Catherine the Great; why St. Petersburg was called the "window on the West")
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I
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6
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Understands contributions of the Scientific Revolution to European society (e.g., the importance of discoveries in mathematics, physics, biology, and chemistry to 17th-and 18th-century Europe; the significance of the principles of the scientific method advanced by Francis Bacon and Ren‚ Descartes; the trial of Galileo and arguments and evidence used to prove him "innocent" or "guilty"; the major features of the Scientific Revolution in major fields of endeavor)
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I
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7
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Understands the short and long-term impact of Enlightenment ideas (e.g., how Enlightenment-era thought contributed to the reform of church and state, the reform programs of absolutist monarchs of Central Europe and Russia, the influence of Enlightenment ideas on the development of modern nationalism and democratic thought and institutions)
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I
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8
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Understands the effects on world trade of the Spanish silver trade from America
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I
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9
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Understands the role of gunpowder in the development of strong European leadership (e.g., how gunpowder came to Europe from China, and how it helped establish and maintain the power of state leaders in Europe)
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I
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10
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Understands the long and short-term causes of the "Glorious" revolution of 1688 and how it earned this title
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