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2.3.2 Properties of Deep Foundation Elements Piles or shafts with a relatively large bending stiffness will be more suitable to resist horizontal loads because structural resistance is mobilized with smaller deformation. If horizontal loads occur
primarily in one direction, foundation elements with a greater bending stiffness in one direction (i.e., such as steel H- section piles) must be oriented to resist the primary loading. Alternatively, batter foundation elements maybe advantageous because they may add a significant lateral resistance without increasing the number of resisting elements. If large dynamic or
cyclic loads are anticipated, the use of a ductile material such as steel H-piles or pipe piles maybe preferred. Structural resistances (i.e., compression, tension, shear, bending, buckling) area function of the element materials (timber, steel, or concrete) and cross-sectional properties. Where applied
lateral loads are significant, shear and bending moment typically govern the size of both piles and drilled shafts, except when batter piles are used.
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