Goals: Pretests and Tests Classwork/ Study Guides Grading Policy Overhaul Essential Questions

Goal: To understand the accomplishments of leading Renaissance figures.

*A “Renaissance Person” is one who is skilled and knowledgeable in many _____________. A person who studied art or music might also be interested in science.

*The Renaissance spread from _____________ to France, Germany, Flanders, Holland, England and Spain.

*Renaissance ideas spread through trade, travel and ______________.

*Italy served as the ______________ to Europe for trade from Africa and the East. Traders brought new _____________ as well as goods.

*Visitors to Italy came to study humanism or new styles and techniques for painting and _______________. They spread those ideas when they returned home.

*The invention of the _____________ press increased the flow of ideas throughout Europe. Johannes Gutenberg’s press used ___________ type and could print up to ___________ pages a day. Books and short works called ______________ could be produced quickly and cheaply.

Michelangelo (1475-1564) was born in a small village near _____________.

*Michelangelo had a famously bad ______________. He was also intensely _____________.

*Michelangelo, at age 13, apprenticed as a _________________. At age 15, he apprenticed as a _________________ and lived in the Medici household.

Talents and Achievements

*Michelangelo was gifted in both sculpture and ______________. His art combines beauty with ___________________ expressiveness.

*Michelangelo’s famous sculptures include his David, Moses and the _______________ - a depiction of Mary, the mother of Jesus, mourning over her crucified son.

*Michelangelo is known for his painting of the ceiling of the ____________ ______________. It took him over ________ years to complete the work.

*Define – chapel-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Titian (1488-1576) was born in a village in the __________________ Alps.

*Titian trained in Venice under the artist Giorgione, a master of ___________ painting.

*Titian was a _______________ man who could convince others to support his art.

Talents and Achievements

*Titian’s paintings appeared alive because of his inspired use of _____________ and his lively _________________.

*Titian painted classical myths and ____________ stories. As a court painter, he painted portraits of the ___________ and ___________________.

30.5 Albrecht Durer, German Artist

*Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) was born in the German city of _________________.

*Durer learned the art of being a ______________ from his father. At 15, he trained under a well-known painter and _____________________.

*He studied classical sculpture to learn ideal human _________________.

*Define – proportions –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Durer was a fashionable, ______________ man.

*Durer’s paintings blended the detailed style of _______________ with the perspective and idealized beauty of Italian paintings.

*Durer was known for his ________________ and ___________________. For example, The Four Horsemen of the _________________ illustrates a vision of the end of the world.

*Define the following:

*engraving-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*woodcuts-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Printers used engravings and woodcuts to illustrate __________________.

*Durer also did portraits of ___________ and wealthy patrons.

Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) was born in _______________ Poland.

*Copernicus studied at the University of _____________ in Poland. Later he went to Italy to study medicine and ___________ law. While in Italy, he stayed at the room of an ________________ teacher’s house.

*Copernicus was highly _______________ and a free _______________ unafraid to question accepted beliefs.

Talents and Achievements

*Copernicus based his thinking on what he saw not on what he ______________ have seen.

*Copernicus theorized that the earth and the other planets revolve around the _____________. He also believed the earth rotates on its ____________.

*Define -axis-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Copernicus’ teachings went against the Church’s teachings that the _____________ was the center of the universe. Ultimately, ______________ theories were proven to be correct.

*Andreas Vesalius (1514 -1564) was born in ____________, in what is now Belgium.

*Vesalius was born into a family of ____________ and __________________. He studied stray _________ and __________ as a child.

*Vesalius attended universities in Belgium, France and ____________. He earned his _____________ degree in 1537.

*Vesalius was hardworking, curious and confident, but could be _________ and distant at times.

*Vesalius began ______________, or cutting open, human bodies.

*Define – dissection-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Vesalius discovered that the human heart had ________ hollow areas called _________________.

*Vesalius wrote a series of illustrated books called On the Structure of the Human Body which explained the ________________ of the body and how the body ______________. It is considered the first modern ____________ textbook.

Queen Isabella I (1451-1504) was born in the Spanish Kingdom of __________.

*Isabella was highly ________________, strong-willed and a devoted Catholic.

*She had little formal education, but did learn ____________, the language of the Church.

Talents and Achievements

*Isabella and, her husband and co-ruler, Ferdinand actively encouraged ______________. She supported _______________ _______________ who would cross the Atlantic and “discover” the _________ ____________.

*Define – New World-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Isabella unified Spain as a Catholic country by forcing ____________ to leave the country if they did not convert.

30.9 Elizabeth I, Queen of England

*Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) was born in _______________. She was the daughter of King _____________ ______ and Anne Boleyn.

*Elizabeth was taught by an English ___________. She learned to speak Greek, Latin, ____________ and Italian.

*Elizabeth was strong-minded, but was willing to listen to __________.

Talents and Achievements

*Elizabeth ruled England for ___________ years.

*Elizabeth supported theater, fashion, literature, dance and ____________.

*Elizabeth encouraged trade by establishing English _____________ companies in Africa, Asia and the Americas. She funded sea ____________, enabling England to gain a foothold in North America.

*England’s navy defeated the Spanish ________________ in 1588. This established England as one of the ______________ and richest countries in the world.

30.10 William Shakespeare, English Poet and Playwright

*William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was born in the English town of _____________-____-_______________.

*Shakespeare studied _______________ and classical literature in grammar school. He went on to become an __________ with a theater company in London.

*Shakespeare had a reputation for being ______________ and a bit mysterious. He thought deeply about life and its ________________, but had a sense of humor as well.

Talents and Achievements

*Shakespeare’s plays show a deep understanding of human _______________ and emotions. He wrote both _____________ and ________________. Many of his plays (such as Hamlet, Romeo and __________, Macbeth and the Merchant of Venice) are still performed today.

*Define the following:

*comedy-

*tragedy-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Shakespeare’s poetry is widely admired, particularly the 14-line _____________.

*Shakespeare wrote about timeless themes such as love, ______________, power, ambition, hatred and __________.

*Many common expressions are from Shakespeare, such as “Love is ___________” and “All’s well that _________ well.”

Miguel Cervantes (1547-1616) was born in ____________ Spain.

*Cervantes may have studied with ____________.

*As a soldier, Cervantes was _________ twice in the chest and also injured his left ____________. He spent time as a _____________ after being captured by pirates.

*Cervantes was adventurous and _______________. He had a ___________ sense of humor.

*Cervantes wrote plays poems and novels, but had a particular talent for __________________.

*Define – satire-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Cervantes’ masterpiece is a book entitled _________ ______________, a tale about a tall, thin. elderly man who dresses as a knight and sets out to do noble deeds even though the age of knights have passed.

30.12 Leonardo da Vinci, Italian Renaissance Person

*Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was born in a village near ________________.

*Leonardo trained in Florence under a master ___________ and ______________.

*Throughout his life, Leonardo studied art, music, math, anatomy, __________, architecture and engineering.

*Leonardo was endlessly ______________. He was a careful ______________ and liked to figure things out himself.

*Many of his inventions, such as the _____________ and __________________, were ahead of his time.

*The Mona Lisa is a ________________ of a woman with a mysterious smile. It shows a remarkable use of ____________, balance and detail.

Name_______________________

Class Period_______________________

Eng-Social Studies

Guide for Chapter 31 – The Reformation Begins

Goal: To understand what Church practices caused Martin Luther and others to become dissatisfied and begin the Reformation

*The __________________ was an historic movement where Christian churches broke away from the Catholic Church.

*One reason for the weakening of the Catholic Church was ______________. The humanists were very _______________ in their thinking and questioned many accepted beliefs.

*A second reason for the weakening of the Catholic Church was the ______________ and _________________ (immoral and dishonest behavior) of Church officials. Some popes seemed more concerned with _____________ and ______________ than spiritual matters.

*Those that broke away from the Catholic Church entirely were known as _____________________ because of their protests against the Catholic Church.

31.2 Weakening of the Catholic Church

Worldliness and Corruption Within the Church

*Priests, monks and nuns made vows (solemn promises) not to ______________ or have _____________, but many broke these vows.

*Popes, cardinals and bishops behaved like ________________ and lived in elegant palaces and wore jeweled robes.

*Define the following:

*indulgence-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*simony-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Church officials sold __________________ (a release from punishment for sins), to raise money. People who received them did not have to perform good _________ to make up for their sins.

*Church officials also engaged in ____________ - the sale of church offices or leadership positions. Each position could be a source of ________________. People acquired ______________ positions in different places.

*Some clergy charged people to see ______________ ______________, such as the relic of saints.

Political Conflicts with European Rulers

*Popes accumulated vast ______________ and _________________ power. At times, monarchs came into _____________ with the Church.

*People lost respect for the pope as the supreme head of the church when he lived in France as people believed the pope was controlled by ____________ king.

*People were completely divided and confused during the “Great ____________.” At that time, there were ____________ popes elected by different bodies and all claimed to be the legitimate pope.

*Reformers wanted to _____________ the Church, not destroy it.

*John Wycliffe, an English scholar, criticized the church’s right to ________ from England, the power of the pope after the Great Schism and the sale of indulgences.

*Wycliffe believed that the _____________, not the Church, was the supreme source of religious authority.

*Wycliffe was accused of _______________ or opinions that contradict church _____________. His supporters were _______________ and some were burned at the stake.

*Define the following:

*heresy-

*doctrine-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________*Jan Hus criticized the vast ______________ of the Catholic Church and spoke out against the pope’s authority.

*Hus believed that the true head of the Catholic Church was ______________ _____________________. He wanted the bible and the mass to be offered in the ___________ language of the people.

*Hus was _______________ at the stake for his beliefs.

Catherine of Siena (1347-1380)

*Catherine of Siena was an Italian _____________ who had visions of Jesus Christ.

*She helped convince Pope Gregory XI to move the papacy back to ______________ from Avignon.

*Catherine was declared a _____________. She and other mystics emphasized _______________ experience of God more than formal observance of church practices.

*Erasmus’ book ___________ _____________ _____ _______________ satirized the abuses by clergy and church leaders.

*Erasmus wanted to reform the church from ______________. His attacks on corruption, however, contributed to many people’s desire to ___________ the Catholic Church.

31.4 Martin Luther Breaks Away from the Church

*Martin Luther was a _______________ from Germany.

*Luther was raised as a devout _______________. He vowed to become a ___________ if he survived a violent thunderstorm. He became a monk and a _____________. He studied the Bible thoroughly and earned a reputation as a ______________ and teacher.

*The Catholic Church taught that to be “saved” people had to keep the ________________ and to live a good life.

*Luther believed that salvation was a gift from God that people received in ______________.

*Luther strongly objected to the sale of Indulgences because it was selling false ____________ to uneducated people.

*Luther posted a list of his arguments, _____________, on the church door in Wittenberg.

*Luther argued that the ___________ was the ultimate source of religious authority. He felt that the only true sacraments were ______________ and _____________________.

*In January 1521, Luther was _______________ from the church. He was brought before the __________, an assembly of state leaders, in Worms. Luther __________ to take back his teachings and went into hiding.

Luther Starts His Own Church

*Define – denomination-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Lutheranism, a new Christian denomination, emphasized study of the _______________. Luther translated the bible to _____________ and wrote a baptism service, mass and new hymns (sacred songs) in the language.

*Wars between Catholics and Lutherans ended with the Peace of _____________ in 1555. Each prince within the Holy Roman Empire could determine the ______________ of his subjects.

31.5 Other Early Leaders of the Reformation

*Reformation succeeded most where _____________ embraced the protestant faith.

*Zwingli wanted Christians to focus solely on the ___________. His churches did not contain _______________ or ________________. Services were simple, without music or _________________.

* Calvin taught that salvation came only from ____________ grace. He believed that God “saved” those that lived according to _________ standards. Calvin believed firmly in hard work and _________ (the careful use of money).

*King Henry VIII formed the Church of _____________ and put himself at its head.

*Henry did this so he could end his _______________. The ___________ had refused to grant him a divorce. Henry also did not want to share power and ___________ with the Church.

William Tyndale (About 1491-1536)

*Define the following:

*New Testament-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Old Testament-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Tyndale attacked _____________ in the Catholic Church and defended the English __________________.

*Tyndale translated the _________ ______________ and the __________ ________________ into English. His work was used in the preparation of the _____________ ____________ version of the Bible.

Name________________________

Class Period________________________

Goal: To understand the beliefs and practices of Protestant sects emerging from the Reformation and the Catholic response to the Reformation

*Each protestant ______________, or group, had its own beliefs and practices.

*Protestant sects shared a belief in the _____________, individual conscience and the importance of faith.

*The Catholic reform movement is called the _______________-________________. Church officials worked to correct ____________ and defend the teachings of the Catholic Church.

*The many divisions among Christians led to a series of wars and ____________________.

32.3 Lutheranism

*Define the following:

*scripture-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*original sin-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Martin Luther could not find a basis in the ______________ for many of the Catholic Church’s teachings. Luther was troubled by the corruption in the church, especially the sale of _____________.

Beliefs About Sin and Salvation

*Catholics believed that people _________________ salvation by following the teachings and practices of the church. Taking part in the ____________ was essential. For example, the sacrament of baptism, according to catholic teaching, washed away _______________ _____________.

*Luther denied that people could do anything to earn _________________. People were “justified” or saved if they sincerely believed in Jesus Christ, were sorry for their ________ and accepted the words of the Bible as truth – not by performing sacraments or good deeds.

Ultimate Source of Authority

*Lutherans believe the only true source of religious guidance is the _____________. Catholics believe in other sources of church authority such as church councils and the _______________.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Lutherans met in church _______________ and used an altar, candles and a _______________________ (a representation of Jesus on a cross).

*Lutheran services included Holy __________________ (the Eucharist), Bible readings, and sermons. Lutherans sang __________ in German.

*Prayers were written and spoken in _______________ so that everyone could understand. Catholics wrote and spoke their prayers in ______________.

*Lutherans believed in two sacraments, ____________ and ______________. Catholics believed in _____________.

*Luther believed in strict _______________ and strong families. Luther believed that women should have as many ________________ as possible. Luther’s ministers were free to ______________, unlike Catholic priests.

*Calvinism was founded by John ____________, a French humanist who did most of his work in Geneva, Switzerland.

*Calvinist believed that God chose certain people – the _____________- to be saved and to enjoy eternal life. Everyone else was ______________ to spend eternity in hell.

*Calvin maintained that God knew from the beginning of __________ who would be saved and who would be condemned.

*Define – predestination-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Good ________________ showed that a person was one of the elect who was destined for heaven. Singing, dancing, playing ___________ and wearing fancy robes were all forbidden.

*Calvinists believe that the _______________ was the only true source of religious guidance.

*In a Calvinist state, religious rules also became laws for the _______________. A lawbreaker was punished first by the Calvinist clergy and then the local ___________ system.

*Define blasphemy-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Rituals and Worship

*Calvinist attended church up to __________ times a week. Their services included ____________ which lasted for hours.

*Calvinist churches were paneled in ____________ wood and people sat on long wooden ______________. There were no paintings, statues or ______________ glass windows.

*A preacher spoke from a ______________. Men sat on one side of the room. Women and _______________ sat on the other. Children had to be ready to answer _____________ from the minister.

*Calvinist believed in two sacraments, _______________ and _______________.

*Calvinist were not allowed to ____________ any words except those found in the Bible.

*Define – pulpit-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Community Life

*Calvinist believed each community should be a ________________ - a state governed by God through religious leaders.

*Define – theocracy-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Calvinist communities had strict laws based on the ______________. People were not allowed to swear, dance, play ___________ or insult anyone.

32.4 Anglicanism

*King ________________ VIII founded Anglicanism. He did not want to share his kingdom’s _____________ with the church. Henry also wanted to ___________ his wife so he could marry another woman.

*Anglicans believed that baptism washed away ______________ __________, just as Catholics believe.

*Anglicans believed that to go to heaven, all people needed was to believe in God, regret their sins, and receive God’s mercy – just as ________________ believe.

*Anglicans believed that people should have ____________ in how they practiced their religion.

*Anglicans based their belief on the bible, but the English _____________, as the head of the church, was the main interpreter of the Bible’s meaning.

*The Archbishop of ____________ helped the monarch interpret the Bible.

*In practice, people could interpret church beliefs in their own ways as long as they were loyal to the ___________ or _______________.

*The _____________ Church service was very and similar to a Catholic mass. The ______________ Church service was similar to the Lutheran service.

*Church walls were painted ________________ and the _________ _________________ were painted on a plain white wall. People sang hymns with ____________ words and easy melodies.

*Anglican used only two sacraments, ____________ and ______________.

*English slowly replaced ___________ in Anglican services. King James I had an ________________ translation of the Bible prepared – the Authorized Version or the King James Version.

Community Life

*High Church communities were made up mostly of _____________ people.

*Low Church communities were made up of __________-class and ______________-class people.

*Queen __________________ said that no one should be forced to believe or practice a particular kind of Anglicanism.

*The ______________-________________ is the movement to clarify teachings, correct abuses and win people back to the Catholic Church.

*The Council of Trent was a series of meetings of church leaders to combat ____________ in the church and to fight Protestantism.

*The council affirmed the Catholic belief in seven _______________ and that individuals do have a role to play in deciding the fate of their souls. The council rejected the idea of ___________________.

*The council insisted that church leaders do have a role in interpreting the _____________.

*The council corrected many of the abuses involving ____________ and church offices. Clergy were required to have better education and ____________. ___________ were established for church services so they were more alike everywhere.

Catholic Reformers and Missionaries

*Teresa of Avila, a nun and ____________, formed a new religious order in Spain.

*The Society of Jesus (also known as the __________________) was formed to preach, educate people and perform services such as feeding the poor.

*Ignatius of Loyola, a Spanish ________________, started the Society of Jesus. The Jesuits were dedicated teachers and __________________.

*Define missionary-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*The ________________ was established by the church to deal with heresies.

*Inquisitors sought out and tried ____________. Punishments could include, fines, ________________ and even death.

*King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella used the Spanish Inquisition against the _______________.

*The Roman Inquisition sought out and condemned people whose views were considered _________________.

*The Church published a list of ______________________ it said offended the Catholic faith and forbid Catholics to read them.

*Catholics and Protestants alike persecuted members of other sects and as a result some groups _______________ to different countries – such as the French Protestants who went to Switzerland.

*Catholics and Protestants fought __________, Several ________________ added to the horror of these wars.

*Define – massacre-

__________________________________________________________________

*The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) was fought mainly in ______________. It was fought among Catholics and Protestants, and Protestants against other _____________.

*The Peace of Westphalia (1648) set ______________ between Catholic and Protestant lands. Most of Northern Europe, including Germany, was _________________. Spain, Portugal, Italy, and France remained ______________.

The Rise of Nationalism and Democratic Practices

*Define – nationalism-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*More and more people identified with their ______________. Official state ________________ strengthened national unity.

*Monarchs grew _______________ as rulers claimed authority over religious as well as secular matters.

*Monarchs claimed the divine rights of kings which, according to this idea, the monarch’s authority came directly from ____________. France’s king established an _________________ ____________________.

*Define – absolute monarchy-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*The seeds of democratic ideas were planted in the Reformation’s notion of being true to the Bible and to their own ________________. People were more willing to ______________ authority.

*The ________________ fled from England to America in search of religious liberty. Leaders of Protestant churches were ______________, not appointed by a high church official.

*Jesuits spread Catholicism to India, _____________, Japan and southeast Asia. Protestant missionaries worked in Ceylon, India and ___________________.

*English colonies in North America were _____________.

*French missionaries and settlers brought ___________________ to Canada and the Mississippi valley.

*The Spanish and the Portuguese brought Catholicism to the American southwest, Mexico and ____________ ____________.

Name_______________________

Class Period_______________________