Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Mercury China Coop Aff
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Coop Good – CostCooperation with China costs little and only benefits US exploration Hitchens and Chen 8 (Theresa, Center for Defense Information, World Security Institute and David, CENTRA Technology, Inc, “Forging a Sino-US ‘‘grand bargain’’ in space” Space Policy 24 (2008) pg. 128–131, Available Online at Sciencedirect.com, Accessed June 28, 2011, EJONES) Providing what the Chinese want in civil and commercial space arguably would cost the USA little, and in this value–cost differential exists the potential of a mutually beneficial agreement. In international prestige, no greater prize currently exists for China than to be recognized and be admitted as a partner in the ISS. While the ISS program would benefit from Chinese investment and the potential use of Shenzhou modules for crew or cargo transport, the reality is that China needs ISS more than ISS needs the Chinese, even with the imminent retirement of the Shuttle fleet. With the successful docking and cargo transfer of the European Space Agency’s Automatic Transfer Vehicle in March 2008, the need for a backup to Soyuz is not yet a dire urgency [10]. The approach can be gradual, with perhaps the visit of a Chinese space tourist to the station, before the docking of a Shenzhou cargo vehicle, then perhaps the inclusion of a Chinese module to the station, culminating in a routine rotation of Chinese personnel on the station. Indeed, ISS participation offers a stepwise schedule of incentives in negotiations with the Chinese. Coop Good – NASA BenefitsChinese space program key to ensure future NASA programs – now is the key time to cooperate AP, Junior Editor at the Shanghaiist, 10 (Tiffany, Shanghaiist, “Three-legged space race for China and US?”, 10/18/10, http://shanghaiist.com/2010/10/18/post_29.php, accessed 7/1/11, CW) NASA head Charles Bolden is currently in Beijing on a six-day visit to discuss the possibility of a joint space program with China. As US space exploration hit a few speed bumps this year, now more than ever seems the right time to play nice with China whose own space program has really taken off (pun intended). At the end of 2009, Bolden had said Washington was ready to discuss partners space projects with China. Then 2010 saw recession-hit America stall its Constellation mission to return Americans to the Moon and explore Mars because of financial difficulties. In sharp contrast to that, China has enjoyed a fair few successes lately. It smoothly launched Chang'e 2 at the beginning of this month and its space program now ranks third in the world, after the US and Russia. That being said, space analyst, Morris Jones comments that nothing too exciting is going to be happening at these meetings. "Bolden is there basically just to shake a few hands. It's the first step in a very long process to get co-operation between the US and China in space flight...[r]elations between the US and China are very bad at the moment for all sorts of political and economic reasons." You don't say. Could it have to do with China callling the US a preening pig? US needs to cooperate with China for shuttles Klotz, Journalist specializing in NASA space science and commercial space, 2010 (Irene, “U.S. Opens Space Doors To China,” Discovery News, http://news.discovery.com/space/nasa-space-china.html, June 30, accessed July 8, 2011, NS) China carries considerable baggage, including its development, sales and use of military technologies, but also a key asset: a proven space transportation system, something the United States will soon be without. Two space shuttle missions remain before the fleet is retired after 30 years of service, primarily because of high operating costs. Obama wants to buy astronauts rides on commercial carriers, but none currently exist. That leaves the United States dependent on Russia to fly astronauts to the station. "We're rather thin in launch capabilities right now," said Joan Johnson-Freese, who oversees the Naval War College's department of National Security Studies. China's human space program made its debut in 2003 with the launching of its first astronaut into orbit aboard a capsule known as Shenzhou. Five more Chinese astronauts flew during follow-on missions in 2005 and 2008, the latter of which included a spacewalk. China has announced plans to build a space station, the first piece of which is scheduled for launch next year. Under the new U.S. space policy, "at least we're going to stop pretending that the Chinese don't exist in terms of space exploration," Johnson-Freese told Discovery News. "Now the doors are open."
(John C, Kevin L, space policy experts at the RAND Corporation, “A Future for US-China Space Cooperation?” RAND Corporation, via Space News, December 13, 2004, http://www.rand.org/commentary/2004/12/13/SN.html, accessed 7/2/11, JSkoog) During the post-Apollo era, U.S. space exploration programs have been burdened by unrealistic expectations and inadequate funding that sometimes led to canceled or scaled-back programs. Transporting humans into space for extended periods remains expensive, risky and technically demanding. Cooperation with China on human space flight provides opportunities for collaboration that could reduce the cost of major missions such as returning to the moon and long-duration flights to Mars. The Chinese would expect to benefit from cooperation with the more advanced U.S. space program, gaining increased prestige and taking a great leap forward by getting access to U.S. knowledge, experience and technology. However, because most space technologies and skills are dual-use in nature — meaning they also can be used to develop space systems for military use — America wants to be sure China doesn't use space cooperation as a tool to strengthen its military might. China has strong military reasons to become a major space power and many Chinese writings on space argue that China should develop space weapons in addition to militarizing space. These technologies could be used against U.S. forces if an armed conflict arises over Taiwan. China could go a long way in addressing American concerns by increasing the transparency of its space program to reduce uncertainties over its intentions in space. A big step in this direction would be for China to remove its human space flight program from military control and establish a civil organization with direct responsibility for human space flight that would be better suited to working with NASA. The U.S. experience with the Soviet Union, and later with Russia, offer some insights on the promise and challenges of international space cooperation. Nearly three decades ago the two countries proceeded with the Apollo-Soyuz docking mission despite Cold War tensions. In recent years, the United States has benefited from its cooperation with Russia in preparing for, constructing and operating the international space station. Cooperation has not been easy, but it has been essential for making progress in human space activities, particularly since the Columbia shuttle accident. While the United States may have apprehensions about partnering with China in space, other nations do not. China is becoming an attractive partner for Europe and Russia, which are less inhibited in selling dual-use technologies to China. European nations are already partnering with China on significant space ventures, including the Galileo satellite navigation project. Cooperation with Russia or Europe could provide China with much of the same technologies that the U.S. hopes to prevent China from obtaining. Chinese cooperation on major space efforts without U.S. involvement could threaten to erode the U.S. leadership position as the world's top space power. As with all areas of international relations, the United States must decide the extent it wants to proceed on its own path or collaborate with other countries to achieve common goals. The financial and technical challenges of returning to the moon make a compelling argument for U.S.-Chinese cooperation. But if Washington sees benefits in exploring the opportunities for collaboration with Beijing, it must also identify ways of minimizing potential risks to U.S. national security. Beginning a dialogue that emphasizes greater transparency in U.S.-China civil space activities would be a good start. C Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 0.99 Mb. Share with your friends:
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