Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Mercury China Coop Aff


Solvency – Coop – General – Lots Of Options



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Solvency – Coop – General – Lots Of Options



Cooperation with China over space can happen in many ways

Cheng, Heritage Foundation Asian Studies Center Research Fellow, 9

(Dean, The Heritage Foundation's research fellow on Chinese political and security affairs, specializes in China's military and foreign policy, written extensively on China's military doctrine, technological implications of its space program, worked with Science Applications International Corp, with the China Studies division of the Center for Naval Analyses, studied China's defense-industrial complex for a congressional agency, as an analyst in the International Security and Space Program, spoken at the National Space Symposium, National Defense University, the Air Force Academy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies, “REFLECTIONS ON SINO –US SPACE COOPERATION,” Space and Defense, Vol. 2, No.3, December 2009, pg. 2) KA


Approaches to may be instances of both bilateral and multilateral cooperation for each level. Cooperation In the most general terms, there are four levels of cooperation: sharing data; establishing common standards; planning missions jointly; and undertaking missions jointly. Each of these involves measures that might be undertaken either bilaterally, between the PRC and the United States, or multilaterally, as part of larger, multinational efforts. Neither the levels nor the approaches are mutually exclusive. That is, there is significant room for overlap between levels, just as there

There are various things we can cooperate with China on

Logan, Specialist in Resources, Science, and Industry Division, 8

(Jeffrey, CRS Report for Congress, “China’s Space Program: Options for U.S.-China Cooperation”, 11/29/8, p.6, accessed 7/1/11, CW)


Information and data sharing. Confidence building measures (CBMs) such as information exchange on debris management, environmental and meteorological conditions, and navigation, are widely considered an effective first step in building trust in a sensitive relationship. NASA has done some of this with CNSA in the past, but more is possible. ! Space policy dialogue. Another area of potential exchange could begin with “strategic communication,”24 an attempt for each side to more accurately understand the other’s views, concerns, and intentions. Dialogue on “rules of the road,” a “code of conduct,” or even select military issues could be included. ! Joint activities. This type of cooperation is more complex and would probably require strong political commitments and confidence building measures in advance. Bi- and multi-lateral partnerships on the international space station, lunar missions, environmental observation, or solar system exploration are potential options. A joint U.S.-Soviet space docking exercise in 1975 achieved important technical and political breakthroughs during the Cold War.

Solvency – 4 Step Plan – Coop



Specific plan for cooperation

Zhou, Center for Space and Applied Sciences, 8

(Yi – Chinese Academy of the Sciences and Professor at George Washington University, Perspectives on Sino-US cooperation in civil space programs, Science Direct, Space Policy 24 (2008) 132-139) AC


Cooperation will take time and effort to establish: It took almost 10 years from the time CSSAR became the dissemination center for ESA’s Cluster mission to the signing of the DSP cooperative agreement in July 2001 between CNSA and ESA. Cooperation between China and the USA will doubtless take an equally long time to develop, for at present there is no government-level research cooperation, nor any joint space project. Initially, a highly integrated cooperative framework is not suitable, so related high-level cooperative activity such as the framework of the Cassini–Huygens project between ESA and NASA or the ISS cooperative framework are not examples of appropriate starting points. Cooperation between the USA and China should be implemented step by step. As a first step, a normal dialogue or forum mechanism on space science or other topics should be built between the two countries’ national space agencies. The dialogue or the forum can be focused on such topics as: discussing potential cooperative projects; presenting the progress of the present national civil space programs of the two countries; exchanging opinions on international space events; and communication between the two countries on space policy and direction. If CNSA and NASA could organize this kind of forum annually, it would be very helpful to the two countries’ future cooperative projects. Furthermore, NASA and its space centers could also organize some bilateral space science symposium with the CAS. This could be a start in getting Chinese space professionals and civil projects known in the USA. The second step should be to organize some cooperative research in space science. Such collaboration does not necessarily need to involve a wide scope or large funding. But, for political reasons in both China and the USA, it should be a high-level agreement. Bilateral disclosure and sharing of space science mission data or supplying space services to each other would be positive gestures. This kind of high-level cooperation would be smoother than cooperation between individual researchers. ESA’s Cluster mission provides a good model on this point. Because Cluster’s data sought an international receiver, China was given a chance to participate. There are currently some good opportunities worth noting. For example, on 5 January 2008, China declared the formal start-up of its Meridian Project. Based on this large land-based observation space weather project, Chinese scientists proposed an international cooperative plan named the International Space Weather Meridian Circle Program (ISWMCP) which is proposed to connect the 1201E and 601Wmeridian chains of ground-based monitors all over the world. This will significantly enhance the ability to monitor the space environment worldwide. Russia has joined the program. Other space weather research partners will be welcome. All joint partners will share the observation data and research achievements. The ISWMCP also forms China’s contribution to the International Heliophysical Year (IHY). Perhaps this proposal can be an area for beginning the two countries’ actual space cooperation. The third step should be to organize a joint cooperative project based on common interests. By taking the previous two steps, the two countries will have learned how to accommodate each other’s desire and share more knowledge and discoveries. For this step, the US and Chinese governments or civil agencies can choose a suitable proposal based on areas of common interest to promote a joint space science mission. The two countries can divide the work of launching, satellite and space instrument development, and data receiving. They can collaborate on management and scientific research for the entire duration of the project, from the proposal to publishing papers together. The fourth step is to become partners in space exploration. This may seem impossible today. But, given that China’s lunar exploration project’s present objective is a robotic lunar landing and sample return by the year 2017, a feasible schedule including Chinese robotic flights to the Moon and a US human return to the lunar surface could give the two countries enough time to develop a stable space relationship. At that time, the two great countries would then be able to work hand-in-hand to explore the Moon, Mars and other unknowns for the benefit of mankind.



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