Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Mercury Scholars International Brain Drain da
Russia - Space has been cut before
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- Russia - Alt Causes – Econ
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Russia - Space has been cut beforeNo internal link: Russian space program has been gutted before Zak Air & Space Smithsonian Reporter 11 (Anatoly Zak , Russian Space Web, “Russian space program: a decade review (2010-2020)”, 6/8/11, http://www.russianspaceweb.com/russia_2010s.html, accessed 7/5/11 BLG) Thanks to government subsidies, the Russian space industry weathered the latest economic crisis relatively unscathed. However despite improved funding, the reality showed that money couldn't buy everything. Typically for the Russian economy, the nation's space sector continued suffering from the aging work force, brain drain and inefficiency. (Details inside) Manned space flight Traditionally, manned space flight remained one of the strongest areas of the Russian space program. With improved funding in the second half of 2000s, the Russian government started planning new goals for its cosmonauts, largely reflecting US efforts, including lunar expeditions. However, in February 2010, the Obama administration proposed to cancel the plan to return to the Moon within the Constellation program. The move could have a major implications (both positive and negative) for other space-faring powers, first of all Russia and Europe, for years to come. Russian space officials hurried to re-affirm the public that the crisis in the US would have no effect on the the nation's long-term plans. However, an overly ambitious program by Roskosmos to build a new launch center, introduce a whole new type of rockets in 2015 and a next-generation manned spacecraft in 2018 looked less and less realistic. Critics questioned the wisdom of committing to a decade-long development program, instead of upgrading the existing Soyuz spacecraft for lunar missions, which could be accomplished within a few years. Russia - Alt Causes – EconAlt cause – oil and other raw materials are key to the Russia economy Young 11 (Andy, owner and editor of the Siberian Light Russia Guide, Siberian Light Russia Guide, “Russian Economy 2011”, 3/25/11, http://siberianlight.net/russiaguide/russian-economy-2011/, accessed 7/10/11, CW) Russia’s economy reached its low point in the 1998 Russian financial crisis, where dramatic swings in the global price of raw materials (particularly oil and gas) destabilised the Russian economy. GDP dropped by more than half, from $404.927 billion in 1997 to $195.906 billion in 1999, and it wasn’t until 2003 that the Russian economy crept above $400 billion again. Since then, the Russian economy has grown rapidly, fuelled largely by exports of raw materials and energy resources such as oil and gas. The dramatic increases in the price of raw materials has helped to boost Russian income as well. As well as measuring raw numbers – GDP grew from $196 billion in 1999 to $1.6 trillion in 2008 – Russia’s position in the world shifted as it moved from the 22nd largest global economy to become the 11th largest economy in the world. The growth in income has led to a renewed confidence in Russia, and a much more assertive foreign policy under its last two Presidents, Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev. Oil key to Russian economy Considine Member of CEPMLP Global Faculty and External Consultants team and Kerr MD in International Affairs from the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University 2 (Jennifer I. and William A., Foreign Affairs, “The Russian Oil Economy”, 2002, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/58483/richard-n-cooper/the-russian-oil-economy, accessed 7/10/11, CW) Russia matches Saudi Arabia as the world's largest producer of oil, and it may soon rival Saudi Arabia as the world's largest exporter. But then again, it may not. This book by two Canadian economists tells the story of Russian oil production from its beginnings in the 1890s, through its forced development under Josef Stalin and Nikita Khrushchev, its serious tribulations under Leonid Brezhnev, its sharp decline under Boris Yeltsin, and finally its recent revival under Vladimir Putin. The oil industry provides an excellent window on the transformation of Russia from a command to a quasi-market economy, especially since oil and gas are Russia's most important exports and Moscow's biggest source of revenue. The authors are agnostic about the future of Russian oil, despite huge proven and potential reserves. The industry remains a playground for Russian politics, and infirm property rights and extensive licensing requirements leave doubts about whether sufficient capital and technology, necessarily in part foreign, will be invested to realize Russia's great potential. Russia - Brain Drain Non uniqueNo impact – Russian brain drain has been going on for more than ten years BCC News, 2 (June 20, World Edition, “Russian brain drain tops half a million”, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2055571.stm, date accessed: July 10, 2011) PG A Russian trade union official has said that more than half a million scientists and computer programmers have left the country since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The chairman of the unions represented at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Viktor Kalinushkin, told a news conference in Moscow that most of them were finding well-paid jobs in the United States, Europe and Japan. The average monthly wage for Russian scientists is less than $100, while in the West they can earn $3-7,000 a month. Mr Kalinushkin said physicists, biologists, chemists and computer programmers were in particularly high demand. He said Russian-speaking programmers in the USA were responsible for developing 30% of Microsoft products. State support for science in Russia has shrunk since the collapse of the USSR in 1991, but President Vladimir Putin has made it a priority to revive its prestige. Mr Kalinushkin said there were currently two groups of scientists in Russia - young people under 30 who could be expected to leave to work abroad and an older generation around the age of 50, who usually remain behind. "Between 500,000 and 800,000 Russian scientists have left on long-term mission abroad in the past 10 years," he said. "Almost none of them have returned." Japan, the USA, the UK, Canada, France and Germany were the main beneficiaries, he said. 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