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ISBN 0 642 06762 7.

A collection of twenty-two papers with particular focus on rights issues for Australia. The collection is divided into four parts: Human Rights and the Australian Polity, Foreign Policy and International Affairs, Teaching Human Rights: the Philosophical Problem, Looking at Special cases (Affirmative Action, Sexual Discrimination, Aborigines, Future Generations, Animals' Rights). The contributors are drawn from the broad spectrum of society and include judges, politicians, philosophers, political scientists.

VINCENT, R. J. 'Human Rights and Foreign Policy'. (1982) 36(3) Australian Outlook, 1-5.

Considers whether or not the tensions between an efficient foreign policy and respect for human rights can be overcome.

VINCENT-DAVIS, D. 'Human Rights Law: A Research Guide to the Literature'. (1980) 14 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 209-319.

WEERAMANTRY, C. G. 'National and International Systems as Denigrators of Human Rights', in Alice Erh-Soon Tay et al. (eds), Teaching Human Rights: An Australian Symposium. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1981, pp. 45-56. ISBN 0 642 06762 7.

WEERAMANTRY, C. G. The Slumbering Sentinels: Law and Human Rights in the Wake of Technology. Ringwood, Vic., Penguin, 1983. Pp. xii + 261. ISBN 0 14 022498 x.

A readable overview that considers the impact of technological advances on a variety of human rights — the right to life, to privacy, academic freedom, bodily integrity and security of the


134 Bibliography


person, freedom of speech. In his final chapter 'Agenda for Action' the author makes a number of important suggestions for reform.

International instruments and agencies

ADEDE, A. L. 'A Survey of Treaty Provisions on the Rule of Exhaustion of Local Remedies'. (1977) 18 Harvard International Law Journal, 1-17.

AMERASINGHE, C. F. 'The Rule of Exhaustion of Local Remedies and the International Protection of Human Rights'. (1974) 17 Indian Yearbook of International Affairs, 3-63

BOSSUYT, MARC. 'The Direct Applicability of International Instruments on Human Rights'. (1980) 15 Revue Beige de Droit International, 317-44.

BOVEN, THEODOOR , C. 'Fact-finding in the Sphere of Human Rights'. (1973) 3 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, 93-117.

BOYLE, D. A. V. 'International Law and Human Rights'. (1960) 23 Modern Law Review, 167-72.

BUERGENTHAL, THOMAS. 'International and Regional Human Rights Law and Institutions: Some Examples of their Interaction'. (1977) 12 Texas International Law Journal, 321-30.

CAREY, J. 'Procedures for International Protection of Human Rights'. (1967) 53 Iowa Law Review, 291-324.

CHENG, B. 'The Contribution of International Courts and Tribunals to the Protection of Human Rights under International Customary Law', in A. Eide & A. Schon (eds), International Protection of Human Rights, Proceedings of the Seventh Nobel Symposium. Stockholm, Almquist & Wiksell/Gebers Forlag AB, 1968, pp. 167-92.

CRANSTON, MAURICE. What Are Human Rights?. 2nd edn. London, Bodley Head, 1973. Pp. 170. ISBN 0 370 10379 3.

An excellent brief historical-philosophical introduction to the study of human rights. Cranston has chapters on the philosophical status of rights and the antecedents of human rights. He also briefly surveys the history of the right to life, the right to liberty and the right to property. The final three chapters deal with the UN and its international rights instruments. Cranston puts forward important doubts about the efficacy and propriety of these measures. His critique of social, cultural and economic rights has provoked considerable discussion. The last 83 pages reproduce the UN instruments and the European Convention.

DAES, E-J. A. 'Restrictions and Limitations on Human Rights', in Rene Cassin. Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber III. Protection des Droits de l'Homme dans les Rapports entre Personnes privees. Paris, Pedone, 1971, pp. 79-94.

DOMB, I. `Jus Cogens and Human Rights'. (1976) 6 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights,

104-21


DOMINGUEZ, J. I. 'Assessing Human Rights Conditions', in Dominguez, J. I. et al.,
Enhancing Global Human Rights. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1979, pp. 21-116.

DROST, P. N. Human Rights as Legal Rights. The Realization of Individual Human Rights in Positive International Law. General Discussions and Tentative Suggestions on an International System of Human Rights. Leiden, Sijthoff, 1951, chapters VIII to XVI.


Human rights—general 135
FALK, RICHARD. 'Comparative Protection of Human Rights in Capitalist and Socialist Third World Countries'. (1979) 1(2) Universal Human Rights, 3-29.

FRANCK, T. M. Human Rights in Third World Perspective. Dobbs Ferry, Oceana, 1982. (3 vols). ISBN 0 379 20725 7.

GARIBALDI, 0. M. 'General Limitations on Human Rights: the Principle of Legality'. (1976) 17 Harvard International Law Journal, 503-57.

HAESLER, T. The Exhaustion of Local Remedies in the Case Law of International Courts and Tribunals. Leiden, Sijthoff, 1968. Pp. 164.

This is a good study, which does not deal directly with human rights issues, but is of

importance for the procedural aspects of their application. Bibliography and table of cases.

HENKIN, LOUIS. 'Constitution, Treaties, and International Human Rights'. (1968) 116 University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1012-32.

HENKIN, LOUIS (ed.). The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, Columbia University Press, 1981. Pp. x + 523.

ISBN 0 231 05180 8.

An excellent collection of essays which amount to a set of commentaries from a legal viewpoint on the major rights in the Covenant.

HENKIN, LOUIS. 'International Instruments for the Protection of Human Rights', in C. F. Forsyth & J. E. Schiller (eds), Human Rights: The Cape Town Conference. Cape Town, Juta & Co., 1979, pp. 224-235. ISBN 0 7021 1018 3.

HIGGINS, R. 'Derogations under Human Rights Treaties'. (1979) 48 British Yearbook of International Law, 281-320.



Human Rights in Perspective. Papers presented at the Round-Table Meeting on Human Rights, held at Oxford, United Kingdom, from 11 to 19 November 1965. (1966) 18(1) International Social Science Journal, 7-96.

HUMPHREY, J. P. 'The Implementation of International Human Rights Law'. (1978) 24 New York Law School Law Review, 31-62.

JENKS, C. W. The Common Law of Mankind. The Library of World Affairs, No. 41, London, Stevens, 1956. Pp. 456.

JENKs, C. W. 'Law and Opinion in the International Protection of Human Rights' in Rene Cassin. Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber I. Problemes de Protection Internationale des Droits de l'Homme. Paris, Pedone, 1969, pp. 114-21.

JoYcE, J. A. The New Politics of Human Rights. London, Macmillan, 1978, ch. 7. ISBN 0 333 24291 2.

LAUTERPACHT, H. International Law and Human Rights. 1st edn. London, Stevens & Sons, 1950; 3rd edn, London, Garland, 1973. Pp. 24 + xvi + 475.

ISBN 0 8240 0494 9.

In the Bill of Rights proposed by him the author includes not only personal rights but also political, social and economic rights, the full recognition of the right of petition by individuals, the principle of international supervision and enforcement applying to various categories of rights, and the establishment of a non-judicial organ endowed with powers of investigation and recommendation as a preliminary to judicial proceedings. A precursory work.

LAUTERPACHT, H. 'The International Protection of Human Rights'. (1947) 70 Academie de Droit International; Recueil des Cours, 1-108.

LEARY, VIRGINIA. 'The Right of the Individual to Know and Act upon His Rights and


136 Bibliography
Duties: Monitoring Groups and the Helsinki Final Act'. (1980) 13 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 375-95.

MACBRIDE, S. 'The Strengthening of International Machinery for Protection of Human Rights', in A. Eide & A. Schon (eds), International Protection of Human Rights, Proceedings of the Seventh Nobel Symposium. Stockholm, Almquist & Wiksell/Gebers Forlag AB, 1968, pp. 149-66.

MCDOUGAL, M. S., LASSWELL, H. D. & CHEN, L. Human Rights and World Public Order: The Basic Policies of an International Law of Human Dignity. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, 1980.Pp. xxiv + 1016. ISBN 0 300 02344 8.

A monumental and fundamental, highly theoretical work. The authors explore the social background of human rights, then consider claims concerning them within the process of decision-making. The book provides answers to basic questions concerning the relationship of human rights law to general and regional international law and many practical questions of implementation. A vast body of literature, cases and data is cited in footnotes.

MCKEAN, W. Equality and Discrimination Under International Law. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1983. Pp. 330. ISBN 0 19 825311 7.

MOSKOWITZ, M. 'Implementing Human Rights: Present Status and Future Prospects', in B. G. Ramcharan (ed.), Human Rights: Thirty years after the Universal Declaration. Commemorative volume on the Occasion of the 30th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1979, pp. 109-130.

ISBN 90 247 2145 8.

MOSLER, H, 'Protection of Human Rights by International Legal Procedure'. (1964) 52 Georgetown Law Journal, 800-23.

RAMCHARAN, B. G. Humanitarian Good Offices in International Law: The Good Offices of the United Nations Secretary-General in the Field of Human Rights. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1983. Pp. 232. ISBN 90 247 2805 3.

A scholarly and useful book on an increasingly important area. Also discusses the general human rights policy of the UN Secretary-General, and the role of the proposed UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. Contains interesting case studies, and annexes of relevant documents.

RAMCHARAN, B. G. (ed.) International Law and Fact-Finding in the Field of Human Rights. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1982. Pp. x + 260. ISBN 90 247 3042 2. A pioneering study of an essential precondition to enforceable protection of human rights.

ROBERTSON, A. H. 'Human Rights: A Global Assessment', in D. P. Kommers &

G. D. Loescher (eds), Human Rights and American Foreign Policy. Notre Dame, Indiana, University of Notre Dame Press, 1979, pp. 5-28. ISBN 0 268 01071 4.

SCHWELB, EGON. 'Civil and Political Rights: The International Measures of Implementation'. (1968) 62 American Journal of International Law, 827-68.

SCHWELB, EGON. 'The Law of Treaties and Human Rights', in M. W. Reisman &

B. H. Weston (eds), Toward World Order and Human Dignity: Essays in Honor of Myres S. McDougal. New York, The Free Press, 1976, pp. 262-90.

ISBN 0 02 926290 9.

SHELTON, D. 'International Enforcement of Human Rights: Effectiveness and Alternatives'. (1980) American Society of International Law. Proceedings, 6-16.

SIEGHART, PAUL. The International Law of Human Rights. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1983. Pp. xxiv + 509. ISBN 0 19 876096 5.


Human rights—general 137


The author comprehensively surveys all international and regional charters dealing with human rights, in a form designed for use by practitioners, teachers and students. A narrative part introduces readers by giving an historical and juridical background and general overview of the machinery. Then the forty odd different rights are considered one by one. In each case the relevant texts in the instruments are set out and explained and cross-referenced. Some 1000 cases are considered in the course of exposition. Table B at the back of the book comprehensively lists cases and refers back to the body of the text. The author's achievement is considerable. For the first time we have a significant attempt to integrate the plethora of human right instruments into a comprehensive code.

SIM, PETER. 'Human Rights and Australian Foreign Policy', in Alice Erh-Soon Tay et al. (eds), Teaching Human Rights: An Australian Symposium. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1981, pp. 57-62. ISBN 0 642 06762 7.

SOHN, LOUIS B. 'The New International Law: Protection of the Rights of Individuals Rather than States'. (1982) 32 American University Law Review, 1-64.

STAGNO, LINDA A. 'The Application of International Human Rights Arguments in United States Courts: Customary International Law Incorporated into American Domestic Law'. (1982) 8 Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 207-38.

SUTER, KEITH, D. Protecting Human Rights. Sydney, United Nations Association of Australia, 1978. Pp. 44. ISBN 0 9599117 2 3

A guide to international human rights that looks at recent advances and canvasses future possibilities.

SYMPOSIUM. 'International Human Rights'. (1949) 14 Law and Contemporary Problems, 411-536, 544-646.

Contributors include R. Cramer, A. N. Holcombe, B. J. Cohen, S. Kertesz et al.

TANAKA, K. 'Some Observations on Peace, Law and Human Rights', in W. Friedmann . et al. (eds), Transnational Law in a Changing Society. Essays in Honor of Philip Jessup. New York, Columbia University Press, 1972, pp. 242-256. ISBN 0 231 03619 1.

WATSON, J. S. 'Legal Theory, Efficacy and Validity in the Development of Human Rights Norms in International Law'. (1979) University of Illinois Law Forum, 609-41.

WATSON, J. S. 'The Limited Utility of International Law in the Protection of Human Rights'. (1980) American Society of International Law. Proceedings, 1-5.

WEISSBRODT, D. 'Human Rights Implementation and Fact-Finding by International Organizations'. (1980) American Society of International Law. Proceedings, 17-19.

WISE, EDWARD M. 'Comparative Law and the Protection of Human Rights'. (1982) 30 American Journal of Comparative Law, (Supplement) 365-75.

United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights

ALSTON, PHILIP. `Unesco's Procedure for Dealing with Human Rights Violations'. (1980) 20 Santa Clara Law Review, 665-86.

Bux, H. 'A Pattern of Effective Protection: The Ombudsman'. (1965) 11 Howard Law Journal, 386-96.

VAN BOVEN, T. C. 'Human Rights Fora of the United Nations. How to Select and to


138 Bibliography


Approach the most Appropriate Forum. What Procedural Rules Govern?', in

J. C. Tuttle (ed.), International Human Rights Law and Practice: The Roles of the United Nations, the Private Sector, the Government and their Lawyers. Chicago, American Bar Association, 1978, pp. 83-92.

VAN BOVEN, T. C. 'United Nations and Human Rights: a Critical Appraisal', in


  1. Cassese (ed.), UN Law/Fundamental Rights. Two Topics in International Law. Alphen aan den Rijn, Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1979, pp. 119-35. ISBN 90 286 0828 1.

VAN BOVEN, T. C. 'United Nations Policies and Strategies: Global Perspectives?', in

  1. G. Ramcharan, (ed.), Human Rights: Thirty Years after the Universal Declaration. Commemorative Volume on the Occasion of the 30th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1979, pp. 83-92.

ISBN 90 247 2145 8.

CAREY, J. 'United Nations Double Standard on Human Rights Complaints'. (1966) 60 American Journal of International Law, 792-803.

CAREY, J. 'United Nations Response to Government Oppression'. (1968) 3 International Lawyer, 102-108.

CAREY, J. U.N . Protection of Civil and Political Rights. Syracuse, New York, Syracuse University Press, 1970. Pp. xii + 205. ISBN 8156 2146 9.

With the exception of the first two chapters and the concluding chapter, the author eschews a theoretical or highly conceptualistic approach and concentrates primarily on the nuts and bolts

of various existing and proposed implementation techniques, e.g. reporting, fact-finding, sanctioning. Each technique is reviewed historically as well as from the perspective of United Nations practice.

CASSESE, A. 'How Could Non-Governmental Organizations Use U.N. Bodies More Effectively?'. (1979) 1 Universal Human Rights, 73-80.

CASSIN, R. 'Looking Back on the Universal Declaration of 1948'. (1968) 15 Review of Contemporary Law, 13-26.

CLARK, R. A United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1972. Pp. xv + 186. ISBN 90 247 12197 1.

Presents the history of the proposal for a UN Commissioner for human rights and considers the role such a Commissioner could perform. Good footnotes, index, voluminous bibliography and documentary appendix.

DONNELLY, J. 'Recent Trends in UN Human Rights Activity: Description and Polemic'. (1981) 35 International Organization, 633-56.

ERMACORA, F. 'International Enquiry Commissions in the Field of Human Rights'. (1968) 1 Human Rights journal! Revue des Droits de l'Homme, 180-206.

ETRA, A. 'International Protection of Human Rights: The Proposal for a UN High
Commissioner'. (1966) 5 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 150-58.

FAWCETT, J. E. S. 'The Role of the United Nations in the Protection of Human Rights — Is It Misconceived?', in A. Eide & A. Schon (eds), International Protection of Human Rights: Proceedings of the Seventh Nobel Symposium. Stockholm, Almquist & Wiksell, 1968, pp. 95-102.

DAFONSECA, G. How to File Complaints of Human Rights Violations: A Practical Guide to Inter-Governmental Procedure. Geneva, World Council of Churches, 1975, pp. 62-83. ISBN 2 8254 0496 9.


Human rights—general 139


GOLDBERG, A. J. 'The Need for a World Court of Human Rights'. (1965) 11 Howard Law Journal, 621-23.

GOLSONG, H. 'Implementation of International Protection of Human Rights'. (1963) 110 Academie de Droit International; Recueil des Cours, 1-151, especially chapter I,

PP. 13-22.

GORMLEY, W. P. The Procedural Status of the Individual Before International and Supernational Tribunals. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1966, ch. IV.

GREEN, J. F. 'Changing Approaches to Human Rights: The United Nations, 1954 and 1974'. (1977) 12 Texas International Law Journal, 223-38.

HIGGINS, R. 'Compliance with United Nations Decisions on Peace and Security and Human Rights Questions', in S. M. Schwebel (ed.), The Effectiveness of International Decisions Papers of a Conference of the American Society of International Law, and the Proceedings of the Conference. Leiden, Sijthoff; Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., Oceana, 1971, pp. 32-50. ISBN 90 218 9041 0.

HUMPHREY, J. P. 'The UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights', in E. Luard (ed.), The International Protection of Human Rights. London, Thames & Hudson, 1967, pp. 39-58.

HUMPHREY, J. P. 'A United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: The Birth of an Initiative'. (1973) 11 Canadian Yearbook of International Law, 220-5.

HUMPHREY, J. P. 'The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Its History, Impact and Juridical Character', in B. G. Ramcharan (ed.), Human Rights: Thirty Years after the Universal Declaration. Commemorative Volume on the Occasion of the 30th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1979, pp. 21-39. ISBN 90 247 2145 8.

JOYCE, J. A. (ed.). Human Rights: International Documents. Alphen aan den Rijn, Sijthoff, Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., Oceana, 1978, Vol. 1; Vol. 3, ch. 1.

ISBN 90 286 0298 4 (Sijthoff). ISBN 0 379 20395 2 (Oceana).

KIRGIS, F. International Organizations in their Legal Setting: Documents, Comments and Questions. St. Paul, Minn., West, 1977, pp. 775-837.

KUNZ, J. L. 'United Nations Declaration of Human Rights'. (1949) 43 American Journal of International Law, 316-23.

LADOR-LEDERER, J. JOSEF. International Group Protection: Aims and Methods in Human Rights. Leiden, Sijthoff, 1968. Pp. 481.

LAUTERPACHT, H. An International Bill of the Rights of Men. New York, Columbia University Press, 1945. Pp. x + 230.

The study begins with a look at the idea of natural rights in legal and political thought and in British Consitutional Law. In Part II an international bill of the rights of man with commentary is presented. Part III deals with the enforcement of the international bill, much of which has since become part of the UN human rights law. A precursory work.

LAUTERPACHT, H. 'Universal Declaration of Human Rights'. (1948) 25 British Yearbook of International Law, 354-81.

LEARY, V. 'When Does the Implementation of International Human Rights Constitute Interference into the Essentially Domestic Affairs of a State — the Interactions of Articles 2(7), 55 and 56 of the UN Charter', in J. C. Tuttle (ed.), International Human Rights Law and Practice: The Roles of the United Nations, the Private Sector,


140 Bibliography
the Government and their Lawyers. Chicago, American Bar Association, 1978, pp. 15-21.

Liwcx, R. B. & NEWMAN, F. C. (eds). International Human Rights: Problems of Law and Policy. Boston, Little, Brown, 1979. Pp. xvi + 1030.

The materials in this book are organised around a series of twelve most important problems, selected readings, questions and comments which are intended to be a point of departure for the exploration of relevant rules, procedures and policies for the protection of human rights through international law. Documentary Appendix and Index.

MACDONALD, R. St. J. 'A United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: The Decline and Fall of an Initiative'. (1972) 10 Canadian Yearbook of International Law, 40-64.

MARCIC, R. 'Duties and Limitations upon Rights'. (1968) 9 journal of the International Commission of jurists, 59-72.

MCDOUGAL, M. S. & BERBR, G. 'Human Rights in the United Nations'. (1964) 58 American Journal of International Law, 603-41.

MILLER, R. 'United Nations Fact-Finding Missions in the Field of Human Rights'. (1975)1970/1973 Australian Yearbook of International Law, 40-50.

MOSKOWITZ, M. Human Rights and World Order: The Struggle for Human Rights in the United Nations. New York, Oceana, 1958, ch. 2-10.

RAMCHARAN, B. G. 'The Good Offices of the UN Secretary-General in the Field of
Human Rights'. (1982) 76 American Journal of International Law, 130-41.

ROBINSON, N. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Its Origin, Significance, Application and Interpretation. New York, Institute of Jewish Affairs, 1958, Parts 3 and 4.

RODLEY, N. S. 'Monitoring Human Rights by the UN System and Nongovernmental Organizations', in D. P. Kommers and G. D. Loescher (eds), Human Rights and American Foreign Policy. Notre Dame, Indiana, University of Notre Dame Press, 1979, pp. 157-158. ISBN 0 268 01071 4.

SCHLUTER, B. 'The Domestic Status of Human Rights Clauses of the United Nations Charter'. (1973) 61 California Law Review, 110-64.

ScHREIBER, N. 'La Practique Recente des Nations Unies dans le Domaine de la Protection des Droits de l'Homme'. (1975) 145 Academie de Droit International; Recueil des Cours, II, 299-398.

SCHWELB, EGON. Human Rights and the International Community: The Roots and Growth of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948-1963. Chicago, Quadrangle Books, 1964. Pp. 96.

The first part of the book deals with the historical roots of the human rights provisions of the UN Charter and of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; the second part concentrates on developments in the years since 1948. Valuable study on the inspirations and motivations for the Declaration. In Appendix: Selective List of International Instruments in the Human Rights field (1948-63).

SCHWELB, EGON. 'The International Court of Justice and the Human Rights Clauses of the Charter'. (1972) 66 American Journal of International Law, 337-51.

SCHWELB, EGON & DAS, K. 'Institutions des Nations Unies', in K. Vasak (ed.), Les Dimensions Intemationales des Droits de l'Homme: Manuel Destine a l'Enseignement des


Human rights—general 141


Droits de l'Homme dans les Universites. Paris, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1978, pp. 253-441.ISBN 92 3 201477 7.

SOHN, L. B. 'The Human Rights Law of the Charter'. (1977) 12 Texas International Law Journal, 129-40.

STARKE, J. G. 'Human Rights and International Law', in Eugene Kamenka and Alice Erh-Soon Tay (eds), Human Rights. London, Edward Arnold, 1978, pp. 113-132. ISBN 0 7131 6121 3.

UNITED NATIONS, SECRETARY-GENERAL. Collection of the Comments of Governments on the Draft International Declaration on Human Rights and the Question of Implementation. UN Doc. E/CN.4/85 (1948).

UNITED NATIONS, SECRETARY-GENERAL. Periodic Reports on Human Rights: Analytic summary of Reports and other Material on Civil and Political Rights. UN Doc. D/C.N.4/-.

UNITED NATIONS. United Nations Action in the Field of Human Rights. UN Doc. ST/HR/2/Rev.1 (1980).

Supercedes the 1974 edition. Part I covers the core instruments and their legislative history, part II describes the organization and functions of the various UN bodies concerned with human rights, and methods and procedures for implementing the international instruments. A 'must' for any human rights collection.

WHITLAM, E. G. 'Human rights and the Western Pacific', in Alice Erh-Soon Tay et al. (eds), Teaching Human Rights: An Australian Symposium. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1981, pp. 63-68. ISBN 0 642 06762 7.

United Nations Commission on Human Rights

'An Analysis of the Procedures of the United Nations Regarding Individual Petitions with Respect to Human Rights'. (1975) 4 Human Rights, 217-58.

CAPOTORTI, F. 'The International Measures of Implementation Included in the Covenants on Human Rights', in A. Eide & A. Schon (eds), International Protection of Human Rights: Proceedings of the Seventh Nobel Symposium. Stockholm, Almquist & Wiksell, 1968, pp. 131-148.

ERMACORA, F. 'Partiality and Impartiality of Human Rights Inquiry Commissions of International Organizations', in Rene Cassin. Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber I. Pro blemes de Protection Internationale des Droits de l'Homme. Paris, Pedone, 1969, pp. 64-74.

ERMACORA, F. 'Procedure to Deal with Human Rights Violations: A Hopeful Start in the United Nations'. (1974) 7 Human Rights Journal/ Revue des Droits de l'Homme, 670-89.

DA FONSECA, G. How to File Complaints of Human Rights Violations: A Practical Guide to Inter-Governmental Procedure. Geneva, World Council of Churches, 1975, pp. 17-25 ISBN 2 8254 0496 9.

FRANCK, T. M. & FAIRLEY, H. S. 'Procedural Due Process in Human Rights Fact-Finding
of International Agencies'. (1980) 74 American journal of International Law, 308-45.

GONZALES, T. D. 'The Political Sources of Procedural Debates in the United Nations: Structural Impediments to Implementation of Human Rights'. (1981) 13 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 427-72.


142 Bibliography
GUGGENHEIM, M. H. 'Key Provisions of the New United Nations Rules Dealing with Human Rights Petitions'. (1973) 6 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 427-54.

HOARE, S. 'The UN Commission on Human Rights', in E. Luard (ed.), The International Protection of Human Rights. London, Thames & Hudson, 1967, pp. 59-98.

HUMPHREY, J. P. The Right of Petition in the United Nations', (1971) 4 Human Rights journal! Revue des Droits de l'Homme, 46-75.

HUMPHREY, J. P. 'The United Nations Commission on Human Rights and Its Parent Body', in Rene Cassin. Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber I. Problemes de Protection Internationale des Droits de l'Homme. Paris, Pedone, 1969, pp. 108-113.

KRAMER, D. & WEISSBRODT, D. 'The 1980 UN Commission on Human Rights and the Disappeared'. (1981) 3(1) Human Rights Quarterly, 18-33.

MARIE, J.-B. La Commission des Droits de l'Homme de 1 'ONU. Paris, Pedone, 1975. Pp. xii + 352. ISBN 2 233 00016 1.

A useful book because it analyses a reasonably unknown body which has been criticised as not being an adequate forum. This is a study of the structure, functions and activities of the UN Commission of Human Rights up to 1974. Bibliography and index of matters examined by the Commission.

ROBINSON, N. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Its Origin, Significance, Application and Interpretation. New York, Institute of Jewish Affairs, 1958, pp. 80-90.

SMOGER, G. 'Whither the Commission on Human Rights: A Report after the Thirty-Fifth Session'. (1979) 12 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 943-68.

TARDU, M. E. Human Rights: The International Petition System. 2 Binders (more to follow), Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., Oceana, 1979— . ISBN 0 379 20250 6.

This study and repertoire of international complaint systems provide practitioners with a comprehensive analysis of procedures under which individuals or NGOs are entitled to submit petitions concerning violations of human rights to international bodies for consideration.

UNITED NATIONS, COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS. Further Promotion and Encouragement



of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Including the Question of the Programme and Methods of Work of the Commission, Alternative Approaches and Ways and Means within the United Nations System for Improving the Effective Enjoyment of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. UN Doc.E/CN.4/1443 (1980).

United Nations Covenants and Conventions

AUSTRALIAN LAW REFORM COMMISSION. Unfair Publication: Defamation and Privacy (Report no. 11). Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1979. ISBN 0 642 03395 1.

Paragraphs 327-337 deal with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as a source of legislative power for the Commonwealth Parliament in conjunction with the external affairs power.


Human rights—general 143
BUERGENTHAL, THOMAS. 'Implementing the U.N. Racial Convention'. (1977) 12 Texas International Law Journal, 187-221.

CANCADO TRINDADE, A. A. 'Exhaustion of Local Remedies Under the UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Its Optional Protocol'. (1979) 28 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 734-65.

CAPOTORTI, F. 'The International Measures of Implementation Included in the Covenants on Human Rights', in A. Eide & A. Schon (eds), International Protection of Human Rights, Proceedings of the Seventh Nobel Symposium. Stockholm, Almquist & Wiksell/Gebers Forlag AB, 1968, pp. 131-148.

CASSESE, A. 'Two United Nations Procedures for the Implementation of Human Rights — the Role That Lawyers Can Play Therein', in J. C. Tuttle (ed.), International Human Rights Law and Practice: The Roles of the United Nations, the Private Sector, the Government and their Lawyers. Chicago, American Bar Association, 1978,

pp. 39-46.

EISSEN, M-A., 'The European Convention on Human Rights and the United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Problems of Co-Existence'. (1972-1973) 22 Buffalo Law Review, 181-216.

FISCHER, D. D. 'Reporting under the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: The First Five Years of the Human Rights Committee'. (1982) 76 American Journal of International Law, 142-53.

DA FONSECA, G. How to File Complaints of Human Rights Violations, A Practical Guide to Inter-Governmental Procedure. Geneva, World Council of Churches, 1975. Pp. 152. ISBN 2 8254 0496 9.

A comprehensive, very clear handbook for NGOs interested in presenting to the UN Commission on Human Rights, European Commission on Human Rights, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights or ILO complaints on violations of human rights. It explains how to choose a procedure, how to follow it, where to obtain documents. It gives documentary references. Index.

GLENN MOWER, A. 'Implementing UN Covenants', in A. A. Said (ed.), Human Rights


and World Order. New York, Praeger, 1978, pp. 108-116. ISBN 0 03 046341 6.

IMBERT, P.-H. 'Reservations and Human Rights Conventions'. (1981) 6 Human Rights Review, 28-60.

Lnitcx, R. B. & NEWMAN, F. C. (eds). International Human Rights: Problems of Law and Policy. Boston, Little, Brown; 1979. Pp. xvi + 1030.

The materials in this book are organised around a series of twelve most important problems, selected readings, questions and comments which are intended to be a point of departure for the exploration of relevant rules, procedures and policies for the protection of human rights through international law. Documentary Appendix and Index.

LIPPMAN, M. 'Human Rights Revisited: the Protection of Human Rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'. (1980) 10 California Western International Law Journal, 450-513.

MOWER, A. G. 'Implementation of the U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'. (1977) 10 Human Rights Journal/Revue des Droits de l'Homme, 271-95.

NAWAZ, M. K. 'The Ratification of or Accession to Human Rights Conventions'. (1973) 13 Indian Journal of International Law, 576-88.

PECHOTA, V. 'The Development of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights', in Louis


144 Bibliography
Henkin (ed.), The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, Columbia University Press, 1981, pp. 32-71.

ISBN 0 231 05180 8.

RAMCHARAN, B. G. 'Implementing the International Covenants on Human Rights', in B. G. Ramcharan (ed.), Human Rights: Thirty Years after the Universal Declaration, Commemorative Volume on the Occasion of the 30th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1979, pp. 159-196.

ISBN 90 247 2145 8.

ROBERTSON, A. H. 'The Implementation System: International Measures', in Louis Henkin (ed.), The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, Columbia University Press, 1981, pp. 332-370.

ISBN 0 231 05180 8.

ROBERTSON, A. H. 'United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights'. (1968-1969) 43 British Yearbook of International Law, 21-48.

SCHREIBER, M. 'La Practique Recente des Nations Unies dans le Domaine de la Protection des Droits de l'Homme'. (1975) 145 Academie de Droit International; Recueil des Cours, II, 299-398.

SCHWELB, EGON. 'Human Rights: Implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination'. (1972) 55 International Law Association Conference Report, 585-608.

SCHWELB, EGON. 'The International Measures of Implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and of the Optional Protocol'. (1977) 12 Texas International Law Journal, 141-86.

SCHWELB, EGON. 'Notes on the Early Legislative History of the Measures of Implementation of the Human Rights Covenants', in Melanges offerts a Polys Modinos. Pro blemes des Droits de Homme et de 1' Unification Europeenne. Paris, Pedone, 1968, pp. 270-298.

SCHWELB, EGON. 'Some Aspects of the International Covenants on Human Rights of December 1966', in A. Eide & A. Schon (eds), International Protection of Human Rights: Proceedings of the Seventh Nobel Symposium. Stockholm, Almquist & Wiksell/Gebers Forlag AB, 1968, pp. 103-130.

SCHWELB, EGON & DAS, K. 'Institutions des Nations Unies', in K. Vasak (ed.), Les Dimensions Internationales des Droits de l'Homme: Manuel Destine a l'Enseignement des Droits de l'Homme dans les Universites. Paris, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1978, pp. 253-441. ISBN 92 3 201477 7.

SIMSARIAN, J. 'Progress in Drafting Two Covenants on Human Rights in the United Nations'. (1952) 46 American Journal of International Law, 710-18.

SOHN, L. B. 'The International Law of Human Rights: A Reply to Recent Criticisms'. (1981) 9 Hofstra Law Review, 347-56.

STARR, S. F. 'International Protection of Human Rights and the United Nations Covenants'. (1967) Wisconsin Law Review, 863-890.

TARDU, M. E. 'The Protocol to the United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Inter-American System: A Study of Co-Existing Petition Procedures'. (1976) 70 American Journal of International Law, 778-800.


Human rights—general 145


TUTTLE, J. C. 'Are the 'Human Rights' Conventions Really Objectionable?'. (1969) 3 International Lawyer, 385-96.

UNITED NATIONS, SECRETARY-GENERAL. Periodic Reports on Human Rights: Analytic Summary of Reports and Other Material on Civil and Political Rights. UN

Doc .D/D.N.4/-.

UNITED NATIONS. United Nations Action in the Field of Human Rights. UN Doc. ST/HR/2/Rev.1 (1980).

Supersedes the 1974 edition. Part I covers the core instruments and their legislative history. Part II describes the organization and function of the various UN bodies, methods and procedures for implementation of human rights.

International Labour Organization (ILO) and other specialised organisations

DA FONSECA, G. How to File Complaints of Human Rights Violations: A Practical Guide to Inter-Governmental Procedure. Geneva, World Council of Churches, 1975, pp. 26-61. ISBN 2 8254 0496 9.

FRANCK, T. M. & FAIRLEY, H. S. 'Procedural Due Process in Human Rights Fact-Finding by International Agencies'. (1980) 74 American Journal of International Law, 308-45.

GOLSONG, H. 'Implementation of International Protection of Human Rights'. (1963) 110 Academie de Droit International; Recueil des Cours, 1-151 (chapter II).

HAAS, E. B. Beyond the Nation-State. Functionalism and International Organization.


Stanford, Stanford Unversity Press, 1964, Part II. ISBN 0 8047 0187 3.

HAAS, E. B. Human Rights and International Action. The Case of Freedom of Association.


Stanford, Stanford Unversity Press, 1970. Pp. x + 184. ISBN 0 8047 0725 1.

This book by a leading political scientist is a theoretical study, but its factual basis will also be interesting for international lawyers and those interested in how human rights provisions work. The author claims that 'unless the protection of human rights is approached in the functional context, nothing much can be expected from the United Nations or international

law. . . The test of functional logic is provided by the only aspect of international human rights machinery sufficiently developed to provide adequate materials: the ILO'. The author uses freedom of association as a case study.

JENKS, C. W. Human Rights and International Labour Standards. London, Stevens; New York, Praeger, 1960. Pp. xvi + 159.

Very sound, concise study of the protection of human rights by the formulation and application of international labour standards. The main motif of the discussion is the challenging task of reconciliation on the one hand, of civil liberties with social discipline, on the other, reconciliation of the world order with the increasing aspirations and widely divergent interests of nation states. The results of the conventions on freedom from forced labour, freedom of association for trade unions, and freedom from discrimination in respect of employment are discussed. Index, list of cases and international instruments.

JENKS, C. W. 'Human Rights, Social Justice and Peace: The Broader Significance of the ILO Experience', in A. Eide & A. Schon (eds), International Protection of Human Rights: Proceedings of the Seventh Nobel Symposium. Stockholm, Almquist & Wiksell, 1968, pp. 227-260.


146 Bibliography
Joyc, J. A. The New Politics of Human Rights. London, MacMillan, 1978, pp. 39-44. ISBN 0 333 24291 2.

JUVIGNY, P. `L'office International du Travail', in Rene Cassin. Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber I. Pro blemes de Protection Internationale des Droits de l'Homme. Paris, Pedone, 1969, pp. 121-38.

SABA, H. `L'UNESCO et les Droits de l'Homme', in K. Vasak (ed.), Les Dimensions Intern ationales des Droits de l'Homme: Manuel Destine a l'Enseignement des Droits de

l'Homme dans les Universites. Paris, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1978, pp. 479-506. ISBN 92 3 201477 7.

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION. International Congress on the Teaching of Human Rights. Paris, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1980. Pp. 259. ISBN 92 3 101781 0.

Reports and Documents from the UNESCO conference (Vienna, September, 1978)

commemorating the thirtieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Concentrates on international reports on the status and methods of human rights teaching conducted by the various national and international agencies.

VALTICOS, N. 'The International Labour Organization', in S. M. Schwebel (ed.), The Effectiveness of International Decisions. Papers of a Conference of the American Society of International Law, and the Proceedings of the Conference. Leiden, Sijthoff; Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., Oceana, 1971, pp. 134-55.

VALTICOS, N. `Normes de l'Organisation Internationale de Travail en Matiere de Protection des Droits de l'Homme'. (1971) 4 Human Rights Journal/Revue des Droits de l'Homme, 691-771.

VALTICOS, N. 'The Role of the ILO: Present Action and Future Perspectives', in B. G. Ramcharan (ed.), Human Rights: Thirty Years after the Universal Declaration. Commemorative Volume on the Occasion of the 30th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1979, pp. 211-32.

ISBN 90 247 2145 8.



Regional instruments and agencies

American Convention on Human Rights

BUERGENTHAL, THOMAS. 'The Revised OAS Charter and the Protection of Human Rights'. (1975) 69 American Journal of International Law, 828-36.

CAMARGO, V. P. 'The American Convention on Human Rights'. (1970) 3 Human Rights Journal/Revue des Droits de l'Homme, 333-56.

FARRER, T. J. & BOWLES, J. P. 'The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights', in J. C. Tuttle (ed.), International Human Rights Law and Practice: The Roles of the United Nations, the Private Sector, the Government and their Lawyers. Chicago, American Bar Association, 1978, pp. 47-81.

DA FONSECA, G. How to File Complaints of Human Rights Violations: A Practical Guide to Inter-Governmental Procedure. Geneva, World Council of Churches, 1975,

pp. 106-120. ISBN 2 8254 0496 9.

FROWEIN, JOCHEN, A. 'The European and the American Conventions on Human Rights: A Comparison'. (1980) 1 Human Rights Law journal, 44-65.


Human rights—general 147
GARCIA-BAUER, C. 'Protection of Human Rights in America', in Rene Cassin. Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber I. Pro blemes de Protection Internationale des Droits de l'Homme. Paris, Pedone, 1969, pp. 75-88.

GROSS-ESPIELL, H. `L'Organisation des Etats Americains (0EA)', in K. Vasak (ed.), Les Dimensions Internationales des Droits de l'Homme: Manuel Destine a l'Enseignement des Droits de l'Homme dans les Universites. Paris, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1978, pp. 600-633. ISBN 92 3 201477 7.

GROSS-ESPIELL, H. 'Le Systeme Interamericain Comme Regime Regional de la Protection Internationale des Droits de l'Homme'. (1975) 145 Academie de Droit International; Recueil des Cours, II, 7-55.

KIRGIS, F. International Organizations in their Legal Setting: Documents, Comments and Questions. St. Paul, Minnesota, West, 1977, pp. 838-69.

LANDRY, W. J. 'The Ideals and Potentials of the American Convention on Human Rights'. (1975) 4 Human Rights, 395-431.

LE BLANC, L. J. The OAS and the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1977. Pp. vii + 179. ISBN 90 247 1943 7.

This clear and scholarly study concentrates around two main problems: (human rights) obligations of member states of the OAS under the charter of this organization and under the American Convention, and the legal character of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man. The content of rights as defined in Inter-American documents and the activity of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights are discussed in detail. In Appendix: American Declaration. Index.

RAY, P. L. & TAYLOR, J. S. 'The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Implementing Human Rights in Latin America'. (1977) 7 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 479-506.

TARDU, M. E. Human Rights: The International Petition System, 2 Binders (more to follow). Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., Oceana, 1979–. ISBN 0 379 20250 6.

TARDU, M. E. 'The Protocol to the United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Inter-American System: A Study of Co-Existing Petition Procedures'. (1976) 70 American Journal of International Law, 778-800.

VASAK, KAREL. La Commission Interamericaine des Droits de 1 'Homme. Paris, Librairie General de Droit et de la Jurisprudence, 1968. Pp. v + 285.

This is a dissenting study of institutional international law presenting the structure, competences, functions and procedures of the Inter-American Commission, which have now partly changed under the American Convention on Human Rights. Case study — Dominican Republic. Documentary Appendixes.

WOOD, B. 'Human Rights Issues in Latin America', in J. I. Dominguez et al. Enhancing Global Human Rights. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1979, pp. 155-206.

European Convention on Human Rights

BUERGENTHAL, THOMAS. 'Effect of the European Convention on Human Rights on the Internal Law of Member States'. (1965) International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Supp. publ. No. 11, 79-106.

CANCADO TRINDADE, A. A. 'Exhaustion of Local Remedies in the "Travaux


148 Bibliography
preparatoires" of the European Convention on Human Rights'. (1980) 2 Revue de Droit International, 73-88.

CAPOTORTI, F. 'Possibilities of Conflict in National Legal Systems Between the European Convention and Other International Agreements', in A. H. Robertson (ed.), Human Rights in National and International Law. Manchester, Manchester University Press; New York, Oceana, 1978, pp. 72-92.

CASTBERG, FREDE. The European Convention on Human Rights. Leiden, Sijthoff; Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., Oceana, 1974. Pp. x + 198. ISBN 90 286 0503 7 (Sijthoff),

ISBN 0 379 00202 7 (Oceana).

The book outlines the contents of the convention and its Protocols Nos 1 and 4, and explains their provisions by using the decisions of the Commission and judgments of the Court. Cases are selected for their interest from political or legal viewpoints. However, all ten cases which the court had decided up to 1973 are dealt with. A very useful introduction to the European law of human rights. Selected bibliography.

COUNCIL OF EUROPE. Collected Edition of the 'Travaux Preparatoires' of the European Convention on Human Rights. 8 vols. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1977.

COUNCIL OF EUROPE. European Convention on Human Rights. Collected Texts. Strasbourg, Council of Europe, 1977.

This collection includes texts of the European Convention, all five protocols, Rules of Procedure of the Commission, Court and Committee of Ministers, as well as a list of ratifications, declarations and reservations. Some resolutions of the Council of Europe concerning human rights are also included.

VAN DIJK, P. Judicial Review of Governmental Action and the Requirement of an Interest to Sue: A Comparative Study on the Requirement of an Interest to Sue in National and International Law. Alphen aan den Rijn, Rockville, Sijthoff and Noordhoff, 1980, pp. 311-362. ISBN 90 286 0120 1.

DRZEMCZEWSKI, A. 'The Domestic Application of the European Human Rights Convention as European Community Law'. (1981) 30 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 118-40.

EISSEN, M.-A. 'The European Convention on Human Rights and the United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Problems of Co-Existence'. (1972-1973) 22 Buffalo Law Review, 181-216.

FAWCETT, J. E. S. 'The Application of the European Convention on Human Rights', in W. Friedmann et al. (eds), Transnational Law in a Changing Society. Essays in Honor of Philip Jessup. New York, Columbia University Press, 1972, pp. 228-241.

ISBN 0 231 03619 1.

FORDE, M. 'The European Convention on Human Rights and Labor Law'. (1983) 31 American Journal of Comparative Law, 301-32.

FROWEIN, JOCHEN A. 'The European and the American Conventions on Human Rights: A Comparison'. (1980) 1 Human Rights Law journal, 44-65.

FURMSTON, M. P., KERRIDGE, R. & SUFRIN, B. E. (eds). The Effect on English Domestic Law of Membership of the European Communities and of Ratification of the European Convention on Human Rights. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1983. Pp. vii + 428. ISBN 90 247 2811 8.

GANSCHOF VAN DER MEERSCH, W. J. 'Does the Convention have the Force of "Ordre Public" in Municipal Law?', in A. H. Robertson (ed.), Human Rights in National


Human rights—general 149


and International Law. Manchester, Manchester University Press; New York, Oceana, 1968, pp. 97-143.

GOLSONG, H. 'Implementation of International Protection of Human Rights'. (1963) 110 Academie de Droit International; Recueil des Cours, 1-151 (chapter III).

LILLIcH, R. B. & NEWMAN, F. C. (eds). International Human Rights: Problems of Law and Policy. Boston, Little, Brown, 1979, pp. 546-663.

MCCARTHY, T. E. 'International Protection of Human Rights — Ritual and Reality'. (1976) 25 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 261-91.

MCNULTY, A. B. 'Practical Application of the European Convention', in A. Eide &

A. Schon (eds), International Protection of Human Rights, Proceedings of the Seventh Nobel Symposium. Stockholm, Almquist & Wiksell/Gebers Forlag AB, 1968,

pp. 217-226.

MOWER, A. G. 'The Effectiveness of an International Human Rights Program'. (1975) 29 International Organization, 545-56.

NEDJATI, L. M. Human Rights under the European Convention. Amsterdam, North—Holland, 1978. Pp. xviii + 298. ISBN 0 444 85218 2.

This book provides comprehensive information about the institutions, procedures and legal remedies of the European Convention and Protocols, as well as a detailed review of the jurisprudence of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights. Index and documentary appendixes.

O'BOYLE, MICHAEL. 'Practice and Procedure under the European Convention on Human Rights'. (1980) 20 Santa Clara Law Review, 697-732.

PINTO, R. 'Consequences of the Application of the Convention in Municipal and International Law', in A. H. Robertson (ed.), Human Rights in National and International Law. Manchester, Manchester University Press; New York, Oceana, 1968, pp. 275-81.

ROBERTSON, A. H. 'The European Convention on Human Rights', in E. Luard (ed.), The International Protection of Human Rights. London, Thames & Hudson, 1967, pp. 99-131.

ROBERTSON, A. H. Human Rights in Europe. 2nd edn. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1977. Pp. xvii + 329. ISBN 0 7190 0658 9.

This is a compendium of information about the origins, content and implementation of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Protocols. It describes very well through an article by article examination how this system of protection of human rights has operated effectively, over a period of more than twenty years. In Appendix: Convention (as amended by Protocols No. 3 and 5), Protocols No. 1, 2, 4. Bibliography, index.

ROBERTSON, A. H. 'United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights'. (1968-1969) 43 British Yearbook of International Law, 21-48.

SCHEUNER, U. 'An Investigation of the Influence of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as National Legislation and Practice', in A. Eide & A. Schon (eds), International Protection of Human Rights, Proceedings of the Seventh Nobel Symposium. Stockholm, Almquist & Wiksell, 1968, pp. 193-216.

SCHWELB, EGON. 'The Abuse of the Right to Petition'. (1970) 3 Human Rights Journal/Revue des Droits de l'Homme, 313-32.


150 Bibliography
VASAK, KAREL. 'Le Conseil de l'Europe', in Karel Vasak (ed.), Les Dimensions

Intern ationales des Droits de l'Homme: Manuel Destine a l'Enseignement des Droits de l'Homme dans les Universites. Paris, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1978, pp. 535-99. ISBN 92 3 201477 7.

VASAK, KAREL. La Convention Europeenne des Droits de l'Homme. Paris, Librairie Generale de Droit et de la Jurisprudence, 1964. Pp. vii + 327.

This is a solid, detailed study of the European convention on Human Rights. It focuses on the content of rights, institutional and procedural law of the European Commission, Court and Committee of Ministers, implementation of the Convention in the internal law of states-parties and application of the convention beyond the Council of Europe countries. Documentary appendixes, index.

VASAK, KAREL. 'The European Convention on Human Rights Beyond the Frontiers of Europe'. (1963) 12 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1206-31.

VERDROSS, A. 'Status of the European Convention in the Hierarchy of Rules of Law', in A. H. Robertson (ed.), Human Rights in National and International Law. Manchester, Manchester University Press; New York, Oceana, 1968, pp. 47-55.

WALDOCK, HUMPHREY. 'The Effectiveness of the System Set Up by the European


Convention on Human Rights'. (1980) 1 Human Rights Law journal, 1-12.

WEIL, G. L. 'Evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights'.(1963) 57 American Journal of International Law, 804-27.

WHYTE, G. F. 'The Applicability of the European Convention on Human Rights Before
the Irish Courts'. (1982) 31 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 856-61.

European Court of Human Rights

BEDDARD, R. Human Rights in Europe. London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1980, ch. 3 and 7. ISBN 0 421 26450 0.

BUERGENTHAL, THOMAS. 'Comparison of the Jurisprudence of National Courts with that of the Organs of the Convention as Regards the Rights of the Individual in Court Proceedings', in A. H. Robertson (ed.), Human Rights in National and International Law. Manchester, Manchester University Press; New York, Oceana, 1968,

pp. 151-91.

CASTBERG, FREDE. The European Convention on Human Rights. Leiden, Sijthoff; Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., Oceana, 1974, pp. 67-74.

COHN, S. A. 'International Adjudication of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights: A Survey of Its Procedural and Some of Its Substantive Holdings'. (1977) 7 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 315-464.

Digest of Case-Law Relating to the European Convention on Human Rights (1955-1967). Heule, Editions U.G.A.S.A., 1970. Pp. xxix + 523.

Very useful. The contents are arranged Article by Article. Alphabetical index.

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. Series A: judgments and Decisions. Strasbourg, Council of Europe, Registry of the Court, vol. 1 (1960-1961).

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. Series B: Pleadings, Oral Arguments, Documents. Strasbourg, Council of Europe, Registry of the Court, vol. 1 (1960-1961).


Human rights—general 151
GOLSONG, H. 'Quelques Reflexions a Propos du Pouvoir de la Cour Europeenne des Droits de l'Homme d'Accorder une Satisfaction Equitable (Article 50 de la Convention Europeenne des Droits de l'Homme)', in Rene Cassin. Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber I. Pro blemes de Protection International des Droits de l'Homme. Paris, Pedone, 1969, pp. 89-95.

GORMLEY, W. P. The Procedural Status of the Individual Before International and Supernational Tribunals. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1966, ch. V.

KIRGIS, F. International Organizations in Their Legal Setting: Documents, Comments and Questions. St. Paul, Minnesota, West, 1977, pp. 898-910.

MCCARTHY, T. E. 'International Protection of Human Rights — Ritual and Reality'. (1976) 25 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 261-91.

MONCONDUIT, F. La Commission Europeenne des Droit de l'Homme. Leiden, Sijthoff, 1965, pp. 491-535.

MORRISON, C. C. The Developing European Law of Human Rights. Leiden, Sijthoff, 1967. Pp. 247.

A good study of the institutional law and jurisprudence of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights. Bibliography and documentary appendixes.

NEDJATI, L. M. Human Rights under the European Convention. Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1978. Pp. xviii + 298. ISBN 0 444 85218 2.

This book provides comprehensive information about the institutions, procedures and legal remedies of the European Convention and Protocols, as well as a detailed review of the jurisprudence of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights. Index and documentary appendixes.

PETREN, S. 'La Saisine de la Cour Europeenne par la Commission Europeenne des Droits de l'Homme', in Melanges offerts a Polys Modinos. Problemes des Droits de l'Homme et de 1' Unification Europeenne. Paris, Pedone, 1968, pp. 233-244.

ROBERTSON, A. H. 'Advisory Opinions of the Court of Human Rights', in Rene Cassin. Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber I. Problemes de Protection Internationale des Droits de l'Homme. Paris, Pedone, 1969, pp. 225-40.

ROBERTSON, A. H. Human Rights in Europe. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1977, chapter V. ISBN 0 7190 0658 9.

SOERENSEN, M. 'La Recevabilite de l'Instance Devant la Cour Europeenne des Droits de l'Homme', in Rene Cassin. Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber I. Pro blemes de Protection Internationale des Droits de l'Homme. Paris, Pedone, 1969, pp. 333-46.

TEUGEN, PIERRE-HENRI. 'The Temporal Effect of the Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Communities'. (1980) 1 Human Rights Law Journal, 36-45.

VASAK, KAREL. La Convention Europeenne des Droits de l'Homme. Paris, Librairie Generale de Droit et de la Jurisprudence, 1964, Pp. vii + 327.

This is a solid, detailed study of the European Convention on Human Rights. It focuses on the content of rights, institutional and procedural law of the European Commission, Court and Committee of Ministers, implementation of the Convention in the internal law of states-parties and application of the Convention beyond the Council of Europe countries. Documentary appendixes, index.


152 Bibliography
European Commission on Human Rights

BEDDARD, R. Human Rights in Europe. London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1980, ch. 3 & 7. ISBN 0 421 26450 0.

BUERGENTHAL, THOMAS. 'Comparison of the Jurisprudence of National Courts with that of the Organs of the Convention as Regards the Rights of the Individual.in Court Proceedings', in A. H. Robertson (ed.), Human Rights in National and International Law. Manchester, Manchester University Press; New York, Oceana, 1968,

pp. 151-91.

CASTBERG, FREDE. The European Convention on Human Rights. Leiden, Sijthoff; Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., Oceana, 1974, pp. 32-66. ISBN 90 286 0503 7 (Sijthoff),

ISBN 0 379 00202 7 (Oceana).

COUNCIL OF EUROPE, EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS. Collection of Decisions. From 1960 to 1974 the Commission published 46 volumes in this series. The decisions were

published in the language (English or French) in which they were drafted. An analytical summary of decisions included in vols 1-30 was published in 1973 in French only.

COUNCIL OF EUROPE, EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS. Decisions and Reports. 4 volumes per year since 1975.

DANELIUS, HANS. 'Conditions of Admissibilty in the Jurisprudence of the European Commission of Human Rights'. (1969) 2 Human Rights journal! Revue des Droits de PHomme, 284-336.



Digest of Case-Law Relating to the European Convention on Human Rights (1955-1967). Heule, Editions U.G.A.S.A., 1970. Pp xxix + 523.

Very useful. The contents are arranged Article by Article. Alphabetical index.

EISSEN, A. `L'Autonomie de l'Article 14 de la Convention Europeenne des Droits de l'Homme dans la Jurisprudence de la Commission', in Melanges offerts a Polys Modinos. Problemes des Droits de PHomme et de P Unification Europeenne. Paris, Pedone, 1968, pp. 122-145.

ERMACORA, F. 'Partiality and Impartiality of Human Rights Inquiry Commissions of International Organizations', in Rene Cassin. Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber I. Problemes de Protection Internationale des Droits de P Homme. Paris, Pedone, 1969, pp. 64-74.

DA FONSECA, G. How to File Complaints of Human Rights Violations: A Practical Guide to Inter—Governmental Procedure. Geneva, World Council of Churches, 1975,

pp. 84-105. ISBN 2 8254 0496 9.

GORMLEY, W. P. The Procedural Status of the Individual Before International and Supernational Tribunals. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1966, ch. V.

JOYCE, J. A. (ed.). Human Rights: International Documents. Alphen aan den Rijn,

Sijthoff; Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., Oceana, 1978, vol. 3, ch. 3. ISBN 90 286 0298 4 (Sijthoff) ISBN 0 379 20395 2 (Oceana).

KIRGIS, F. International Organizations in their Legal Setting: Documents, Comments and Questions. St Paul, Minnesota, West, 1977, pp. 870-97.

MCCARTHY, T. E. 'International Protection of Human Rights — Ritual and Reality'. (1976) 25 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 261-91.


Human rights—general 153


MIKAELSEN, L. European Protection of Human Rights: The Practice and Procedure of the European Commission of Human Rights on the Admissibility of Applications from Individuals and States. Alphen aan den Rijn, Sijthoff and Noordhoff, 1980. Pp. xiii + 273. ISBN 90 286 0409 X.

The importance of this study becomes apparent when it is realized that almost 98% of all applications that have come before the European Commission of Human Rights have been rejected by the Commission. This book describes in detail the way an application passes through the organs of the Council of Europe. Very useful Appendixes (European convention and Protocols, application form, form letters used by the European Commission of Human Rights). Bibliography and table of cases.

MONCONDUIT, F. La Commission Europeenne des Droits de l'Homme. Leiden, Sijthoff, 1965. Pp. 559.

A very detailed study of the institutional law of the European Commission of Human Rights, its functions and relationship with other organs of the Council of Europe. Bibliography.

MORRISON, C. C. The Developing European Law of Human Rights. Leiden, Sijthoff, 1967. Pp. 247.

A good study of the institutional law and jurisprudence of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights. Bibliography and documentary appendixes.

NEDJATI, L. M. Human Rights under the European Convention. Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1978. Pp. xviii + 298. ISBN 0 444 85218 2.

This book provides comprehensive information about the institutions, procedures and legal remedies of the European Convention and Protocols, as well as a detailed review of the jurisprudence of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights. Index and documentary appendixes.

ROBERTSON, A. H. Human Rights in Europe. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1977, ch. IV. ISBN 0 7190 0658 9.

TARDU, M. E. Human Rights: The International Petition System. 2 Binders (more to follow). Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., Oceana, 1979—. ISBN 0 379 20250 6.

VASAK, KAREL. La Convention Europeenne des Droits de l'Homme. Paris, Librairie Generale de Droit et de la Jurisprudence, 1964. Pp. vii + 327.

This is a solid, detailed study of the European Convention on Human Rights.

Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe

GORMLEY, W. P. The Procedural Status of the Individual Before International and Supernational Tribunals. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1966, pp. 119-21.

MCCARTHY, T. E. 'International Protection of Human Rights — Ritual and Reality'. (1976) 25 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 261-91.

MONCONDUIT, F. La Commission Europeenne des Droits de l'Homme. Leiden, Sijthoff, 1965, pp. 536-37.

ROBERTSON, A. H. Human Rights in Europe. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1977, Chapter VI. ISBN 0 7190 0658 9.

VASAK, KAREL. La Convention Europeenne des Droits de l'Homme. Paris, Librairie Generale de Droit et de la Jurisprudence, 1964. Pp. vii + 327.

This is a solid, detailed study of the European Convention on Human Rights.


154 Bibliography


WIEBRINGHAUS, H. 'Jurisprudence et Procedure du Comite des Ministres du Conseil de l'Europe en Vertu du Premier Paragraphe de l'Article 32 de la Convention Europeenne des Droits de l'Homme', in Melanges offerts a Polys Modinos. Problemes des Droits de l'Homme et de 1' Unification Europeenne. Paris, Pedone, 1968,

pp. 454-78.

European Community law

BRIDGE, J. W. 'Fundamental Rights in the European Community', in J. W. Bridge et al. (eds), Fundamental Rights. London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1973, pp. 291-305.

ISBN 421 19130 9.

DAGTOGLOU, P. D. 'Human Rights and European Community Law'. (1981) 56 Tulane Law Review, 294-311.

DRZEMCZEWSKI, A. 'The Domestic Application of the European Human Rights Convention as European Community Law'. (1981) 30 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 118-40.

GORMLEY, W. P. The Procedural Status of the Individual Before International and Supernational Tribunals. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1966, ch. VI.

HARTLEY, T. C. EEC Immigration Law. Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1978. Pp. xxv + 335. ISBN 0 444 85174 7.

This is a thorough legal analysis of the EEC immigration law which is one of the few branches of Community law with a direct and significant impact on the individual.

MOSLER, H. (ed.). Judicial Protection Against the Executive. Koln, C. Heymans Verlag KG: Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., Oceana, 1969-71, vol. 2, pp. 1217-58.

ISBN 3 452 17003 9.

SUNDBERG-WEITMAN, B. Discrimination on Grounds of Nationality. Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1977. Pp. vii + 248. ISBN 0 7204 0477 0.

This is a scholarly study of the EEC legal mechanisms for protection against discrimination on grounds of nationality. It examines the particular content and application of the anti-discriminatory clauses of the EEC treaty. Bibliography and register of case law.

TARDU, M. E. Human Rights: The International Petition System. 2 Binders (more to follow). Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., Oceana, 1979—. ISBN 0 379 20250 6.

This study and repertoire of international complaint systems provides practitioners with a comprehensive analysis of procedures under which individuals or NGOs are entitled to submit petitions concerning violations of human rights to international bodies for consideration.

YOUNG-ANAWATY, A. 'Human Rights and the ACP — EEC Lome II Convention: Business as Usual at the EEC'. (1980) 13 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 63-98.

Domestic instruments and agencies

ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW COUNCIL. Annual Reports. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1977-1983.

This Council reports on bodies reviewing administrative action, such as the Ombudsman and the Administrative Appeals Tribunal; it also makes recommendations for reform of


Human rights—general 155


administrative law. This important series of reports details the Council's activities, and also includes a useful current bibliography.

BATSHAW, H. 'Infringement of Human Rights by Individuals or State Organs — A Report on the Canadian Scene', in Rene Cassin. Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber . Problemes de Protection Internationale des Droits de l'Homme. Paris, Pedone, 1969, pp. 3-15.

BUERGENTHAL, THOMAS. 'Comparison of the Jurisprudence of National Courts with that of the Organs of the Covention as Regards the Rights of the Individual in Court Proceedings', in A. H. Robertson (ed.), Human Rights in National and International Law, Manchester, Manchester University Press; New York, Oceana, 1968,

pp. 151-91.

BUERGENTHAL, THOMAS. 'To Respect and to Ensure: State Obligations and Permissible Derogations', in Louis Henkin (ed.), The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, New York, Columbia University Press, 1981, pp. 72-91. ISBN 0 231 05180 8.

CAPOTORTI, F. 'Possibilities of Conflict in National Legal Systems Between the European Convention and Other International Agreements', in A. H. Robertson (ed.), Human Rights in National and International Law, Manchester, Manchester University Press; New York, Oceana, 1968, pp. 72-92.

DAWSON, F. G. 'International Law and the Procedural Rights of Aliens before National Tribunals'. (1968) 17 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 404-27.

DRZEMCZEWSKI, A. 'The Domestic Application of the European Human Rights Convention as European Community Law'. (1981) 30 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 118-40.

DRZEMCZEWSKI, A. Z. European Human Rights Convention in Domestic Law: A Comparative Study. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1983. Pp. 372. ISBN 0 19 825 396 6 (Not yet available in Australia).

FALK, R. Human Rights and State Sovereignty. New York, Holmes & Meier, 1981, ch. 2,4,5,7,8. ISBN 0 8419 0619 X.

FAWCETT, J. E. S. 'Human Rights and Domestic Jurisdiction', in E. Luard (ed.), The International Protection of Human Rights, London Thames & Hudson, 1967,

pp. 286-303.

GANSCHOF VAN DER MEERSCH, W. J. 'Does the Convention Have the Force of "Ordre Public" in Municipal Law?', in A. H. Robertson (ed.), Human Rights in National and International Law, Manchester, Manchester University Press; New York, Oceana, 1968, pp. 97-143.

HARTMAN, J. F. 'Derogations from Human Rights Treaties in Public Emergencies'. (1981) 22 Harvard International Law Journal, 1-52.

HENKIN, LOUIS. 'Human Rights and "Domestic Jurisdiction", in Thomas Buergenthal & J. R. Hall (eds), Human Rights, International Law and the Helsinki Accord, Montclair, New Jersey, Allanheld, Osmum & Co., 1977, pp. 21-40.

GELLHORN, W. 'Protecting Human Rights in the Administrative State' in C. F. Forsyth and J. E. Schiller (eds), Human Rights: The Cape Town Conference, Cape Town, Juta & Co., 1979, pp. 177-88. ISBN 0 7021 1018 3.

GREEN, L. C. 'Derogation of Human Rights in Emergency Situations'. (1978) 16 Canadian Yearbook of International Law, 92-115.


156 Bibliography


Kiss, A. C., 'Permissible Limitations on Rights', in L. Henkin (ed.), The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, New York, Columbia University Press, 1981, pp. 290-310. ISBN 0 231 05180 8..

LEARY, V. 'The Implementation of the Human Rights Provisions of the Helsinki Final Act', in Thomas Buergenthal and J. R. Hall (eds), Human Rights, International Law and the Helsinki Accord, Montclair, New Jersey, Allanheld, Osmum & Co., 1977, pp. 111-60. ISBN 0 87663 828 0.

LEVASSEUR, G. 'La Protection Internationale des Droits de l'Homme et la Procedure Penale Francaise', in Rene Cassin. Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber I. Problemes de Protection Internationale des Droits de L'Homme, Paris, Pedone, 1969, pp. 139-52.

Liwcx, R. B. 'The Enforcement of International Human Rights Norms in Domestic Courts', in J. C. Tuttle (ed.), International Human Rights Law and Practice: The Roles of the United Nations, the Private Sector, The Government and their Lawyers, Chicago, American Bar Association, 1978, pp. 105-32.

Liwcx, R. B. 'Intervention to Protect Human Rights'. (1969) 15 McGill Law Journal, 205-19.

LILLicx, R. B. 'The Role of Domestic Courts in Enforcing International Human Rights Law'. (1980) American Society of International Law Proceedings, 20-30.

LILLicx. R. B. 'Role of Domestic Courts in Promoting International Human Rights Norms'. (1978) 24 New York Law School Law Review, 153-77.

MARKOVIC, M. 'Implementation of Human Rights and the Domestic Jurisdiction of States', in A. Eide and A. Schon (eds), International Protection of Human Rights, Proceedings of the Seventh Nobel Symposium, Stockholm, Almquist & Wiksell/Gebers Forlag AB, 1968, pp. 47-68.

MOSLER, H. (ed.). Judicial Protection Against the Executive. 3 vols. Koln, C. Heymans Verlag KG: Dobbs Ferry NY: Oceana, 1969-71. Vols. 1-2, Pp. xliii + 1258, vol. 3, Pp. xii + 400. ISBN 3 452 17003 9.

Volumes 1 and 2 include national reports on the judicial protection of the individual in the national law of Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, France, Greece, Great Britain, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Yugoslavia, Canada, Kenya, Columbia, Luxemburg, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Austria, Portugal, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Czechoslovakia, Turkey, Hungary, USA as well as in the law of EEC and of international organisations. Essays included in vol. 3 cover different aspects of the protection of individuals against the executive in comparative and international

law: protection against the inactivity of the executive, against its normative acts, types and guarantees of procedure within the framework of judicial protection etc. Index.

MOWER, A. G. 'The Effectiveness of an International Human Rights Program'. (1975) 29 International Organization, 545-556.

NANDA, V. P. 'Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy Under Carter: Continuity and Change', in Nanda, V. P. et al. (eds), Global Human Rights: Public Policies, Comparative Measures and NGO Strategies. Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1981, pp. 3-10. ISBN 0 89158 858 2.

National Human Rights Organisations in Australia. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1981.

PINTO, R. 'Consequences of the Application of the Convention in Municipal and International Law', in A. H. Robertson (ed.), Human Rights in National and


Human rights—general 157
International Law. Manchester, Manchester University Press; New York, Oceana, 1968, pp. 275-281.

READ, J. S. 'Human Rights Protection in Municipal Law', in C. F. Forsyth and J. E. Schiller, (eds), Human Rights: The Cape Town Conference. Cape Town, Juta & Co., 1979, pp. 156-176. ISBN 0 7021 1018 3.

SCHACHTER, 0. 'The Obligation to Implement the Covenant in Domestic Law', in Henkin, Louis (ed.), The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, Columbia University Press, 1981, pp. 311-331. ISBN 0 231 05180 8.

ScHAcHTER, 0. 'The Obligation of the Parties to Give Effect to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'. (1979) 73 American Journal of International Law, 462-465.

SCHLUTER, B. 'The Domestic Status of Human Rights Clauses of the United Nations Charter'. (1973) 61 California Law Review, 110-164.

SCHOULTZ, L. 'U.S. Policy Toward Human Rights in Latin America: A Comparative Analysis of Two Administrations', in V. P. Nanda et al. (eds), Global Human Rights: Public Policies, Comparative Measures and NGO Strategies. Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1981, pp. 77-91. ISBN 0 89158 858 2.

SCHREUER, C. H. 'The Impact of International Institutions on the Protection of Human
Rights in Domestic Courts'. (1974) 4 Israel Yearbook of Human Rights, 60-88.

SCHWELB, EGON. 'The Nature of the Obligations of the States Parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights', in Rene Cassin. Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber I. Problemes de Protection Internationale des Droits de l'Homme. Paris, Pedone, 1969, pp. 301-324.

UNITED NATIONS. Seminar on National and Local Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Geneva, 18-29 September 1978. U.N. Doc. ST/HR/ SER.A/2 (1978).

VASAK, KAREL. La Convention Europeenne des Droits de l'Homme. Paris, Librairie Generale de Droit et de la Jurisprudence, 1964. Pp. vii + 327.

This is a solid, detailed study of the European Convention on Human Rights. It focuses on the

content of rights, institutional and procedural law of the European Commission, Court and Committee of Ministers, implementation of the Convention in the internal law of states parties and application of the convention beyond the Council of Europe Countries. Documentary Appendixes, index.

VELU, J. 'La Convention Europ&nne des Droits de l'Homme et la Procedure Penale Belge', in Melanges offerts a Polys Modinos. Pro blemes des Droits de l'Homme et de Europeenne. Paris, Pedone, 1968, pp.389-453.

Ombudsman

BRADLEY, A. W. 'The Role of Ombudsman in Relation to the Protection of Citizens' Rights'. (1980) 39 Cambridge Law Journal, 304-332.

CHO, KEVIN. The Commonwealth Ombudsman. Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, 1980. Pp. i + 81. ISBN 0 909099 56 1.

CHo, KEVIN. The New South Wales Ombudsman. Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, 1979. Pp. i + 58. ISBN 0 909099 51 0.


158 Bibliography


CHO, KEVIN. The Northern Territory Ombudsman. Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, 1979. Pp. i + 63. ISBN 0 909099 54 5.

Clio, KEVIN. The Queensland Ombudsman. Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, 1979. Pp. 1 + 62. ISBN 0 909099 49 9.

Clio, KEVIN. The South Australia Ombudsman. Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, 1979. Pp. i + 60. ISBN 0 909099 52 9.

DISNEY, J. 'Ombudsmen in Australia'. (1974) 46(4) Australian Quarterly, 38-55.

NEwmAN, F. C. 'Ombudsman and Human Rights: The New U.N. Treaty Proposals'. (1967) 34 University of Chicago Law Review, 951-62.

POWLES, GUY. The Citizen's Rights Against the Modern State and Its Responsibilities to Him. Canberra, Royal Institute of Public Administration, 1963. Pp. 19.

POWLES, GUY. 'Ombudsmen and Human Rights Commission'. (1978) 21 International Commission of I urists Review, 31-36.

ROWAT, DONALD C. The Ombudsman Plan: Essays on the Worldwide Spread of an Idea. Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1973. Pp. x + 315.

This is a most comprehensive survey of the law and literature on Ombudsmen. The first half of the book describes the way in which the institution has spread. The second half of the book contains bibliographic essays on the literature together with a bibliography. There are also appendixes that set out a sample of Ombudsman provisions and proposals.

RUDOLPH, HAROLD. 'The Ombudsman and South Africa'. (1983) South African Law Journal, 92-109.

SAWER, G. 'The Ombudsman and Related Institutions in Australia and New Zealand'.
(1968) 377 Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 62-72.

STACEY, FRANK. Ombudsmen Compared. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1978. Pp. xii + 256. ISBN 0 19 827420 3.

Comparison of Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Canada, France, Great Britain. Good select bibliography.

SYMPOSIUM. 'The New Zealand Ombudsman'. (1982) 12 Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, 207-324.

A special issue of the journal marking the twentieth anniversary of the Ombudsman Act. Articles include: Sir Guy Powles, 'The New Zealand Ombudsman — the early days';

G. R. Laking, 'The Ombudsman and the legal profession'; L. J. Castle, 'The Ombudsman's experience with local government'; D. J. Shelton, 'The Ombudsmen and information';

W. G. F. Napier, 'The Ombudsmen and social welfare'; I. D. Matheson, 'The Ombudsmen and prison complaints'; Helen Bowie, 'The Ombudsmen and immigration'; Julia Maskill, 'The Ombudsmen and health'; K. J. Keith, 'Judicial control of the Ombudsmen?'.

WILLIAMS, DAVID W. Maladministration: Remedies for Injustice. London, Oyez, 1976. Pp. viii + 206 + 26.

This book is a guide to the powers and practice of the British Ombudsman and related institutions which is written for legal practitioners.

YATES, JULIET. 'The Function of the Ombudsman in Local Government'. (1982) Auckland University Law Review, 295-312.


Human rights—general 159
United States Constitution

ABEL, A. 'The Bill of Rights in the United States: What Has it Accomplished?'. (1959) 37 Canadian Bar Review, 147-88.

ABRAHAM, HENRY J. Freedom and the Court. 4th edn. New York, Oxford University Press, 1982. Pp. xvi + 443. ISBN 0 19 502960 7.

This book is a study of civil rights and liberties under the U. S. constitution as interpreted by the Supreme Court. It is easily the best and most readable introduction to what is a very complex legal area. The success of the book can be judged from the fact that it has already run through four editions. Chapter III deals with the perplexing problem for any federation of the applicability of the Federal Bill of Rights to the States. Chapter IV traces the development of the requirements of 'due process of law'. Chapter V deals with Freedom of Expression, and Chapter VI with the free exercise of religion, and the separation of Church and State.

Chapter VII deals with 'Equal Protection' and problems of racial and sexual discrimination. The book includes a useful Bibliographic Note (pp. 403-10) and sets out the amendments that comprise the Bill of Rights, in an Appendix. Good indexes.

ANTIEU, C. J. 'Natural Rights and the Founding Fathers'. (1960) 17 Washington and Lee Law Review, 43-79.

BLACK, HUGO L. 'The Bill of Rights'. (1960) 35 New York University Law Review, 865-81.

Delivered as the first James Madison Lecture at New York Universtiy, this is a classic

statement of Justice Black's views that the constitutionally guaranteed rights of individuals (those in the first ten amendments and those in the original Constitution) are absolute.

BRANT, IRVING N. The Bill of Rights: Its Origin and Meaning. Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 1965. Reprint. New York, New American Library, 1967.

This study of individual rights traces the development of the more than sixty guarantees in the Constitution from Magna Carta through the constitutional convention and the First Congress which proposed the first ten amendments. It also deals with the erosion of rights during times of crisis from the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1789 to the House Un-American Activities Committee in the 1950s.

CAHN, EDMOND (ed.). The Great Rights. New York, Macmillan, 1963.

With an introductory essay by Cahn, this is a collection of four James Madison Lectures on individual rights delivered by Supreme Court justices at New York University School of Law and an essay by Irving Brant. The lectures were delivered by Justices Black, Brennan, Douglas, and Chief Justice Warren.

CASPER, JONATHAN D. The Politics of Civil Liberties. New York, Harper & Row, 1972.

This is an examination of doctrinal developments in a number of substantive areas of civil liberties within the context of the attitudes and behaviour that shaped their development and affected their implementation. The areas covered include freedom of expression and the problem of loyalty and security; the civil rights movement and free expression; racial, economic and voting equality; and criminal justice.

CHAFEE, ZECHARIAH. Documents On Fundamental Human Rights, the Anglo-American Tradition. 2 vols. New York, Atheneum, 1963.

DOUGLAS, W. 0. 'Bill of Rights is Not Enough'. (1963) 38 New York University Law Review, 207-42.

KAUPER, PAUL G. Civil Liberties and the Constitution. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1962.


160 Bibliography
This is an examination of the major civil libertarian controversies of the early 1960s: obscenity, freedom of association, the role of the national government in protection of individual rights and the applicability of constitutional prohibitions to private actions.

MANION, C. 'The Founding Fathers and the Natural Law: A Study of the Source of Our


Legal Institutions'. (1949) 35 American Bar Association Journal, 461-64,529-30.

MCLAUGHLIN, R. N. 'On a Bill of Rights'. (1969-1970) 8 Dialogue, 433-44.

O'NEIL, ROBERT M. Price of Dependency: Civil Liberties in the Welfare State. New York, E.P. Dutton and Co., 1970.

This is a criticism of the conditions attached to receipt of government benefits that undermine basic civil rights, rights constitutionally guaranteed to all persons including those accused of crime but systematically denied to beneficiaries of government largess and an analysis of judicial participation in and/or rejection of the imposition of such conditions.

POUND, ROSCOE. The Development of Constitutional Guarantees of Liberty. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1957. Pp. vi + 207.

Pound's classic study traces the constitutional protection of rights from medieval England through the English Revolution up to the U. S. Constitution's birth and the American War of Independence. There are some hundred pages of source materials illustrating the text.

SCHWARTZ, BERNARD. The Great Rights of Mankind: A History of the American Bill of Rights. New York, Oxford University Press, 1977. Pp. xi + 279. L.C. 76 42646.

SYMPOSIUM. 'Federal Jurisdiction, Human Rights and the Law of Nations: Essays on Filartiga v. Pena-Irala' . (1981) 11 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 307-41.

SYMPOSIUM. 'Toward a New Bill of Rights'. (1980) 6 Black Law Journal, 149-97.

WRIGHT, B. F. 'American Interpretations of Natural Law'. (1926) 20 American Political Science Review, 524-47.

Bill of Rights debate

BLACKSHIELD, A. 'Fundamental Rights and the Institutional Viability of the Indian Supreme Court'. (1966) 8 Journal of Indian Law Institute, 139.

CAMPBELL, ENID. 'Papua New Guinea Government — Consideration of a Bill of Rights'. (1971) 1 Melanesian Law Journal, 44-59.

Cox, ARCHIBALD. 'Foreword: Constitutional Adjudication and the Promotion of Human Rights'. (1966) 80 Harvard Law Review, 91-122.

EMERSON, THOMAS I., HABER, DAVID & DORSEN, NORMAN (eds). Political and Civil Rights in the United States. 3rd edn. 2 vols. Boston, Little, Brown, 1967. Pp. xliii + xxiv + 1754.

This is the authoritative compilation of legal materials on U. S. Constitution and civil and political rights. The first volume deals with traditional liberties and political rights. The second volume deals with discrimination. The editors provide notes and references. The book is running to a fourth edition.

FAZAL, M. A. 'Entrenched Rights and Parliamentary Sovereignty'. (1974) Public Law, 295-315


Human rights—general 161


Argues that the argument against entrenching rights based on the rule 'Parliament cannot bind its successors' is misguided. The central contention is that a sovereign parliament can still 'abdicate partially' and hence sovereignty is not unalterable.

GALLIGAN,



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