History 2600 Spring 2009 Notes
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Whigs Democrats supported by merchants and successful businessmen supported by small farmers and the less successful supported by evangelical protestants supported by Catholics and non-church goers supported by multi-generation americas supported by immigrants wanted to retain order and moral and cultural values wanted to be left alone. didn’t want gov interference in lifestyle
fr/ 1820-1850 the number of towns w/ 2500 citizens increases from 56 to 350. cities grow very large New York has 800,000 citizens Both waterways like the Erie Canal and railroads are extensively developed during this period Erie canal linked lake Erie and the Hudson river and thus New York city together. it slashed transportation cost and the time it to transport goods in both directions 30,000 miles of tracks were laid by 1860 and steam technology powered both the trains and the paddles boats making it possible the rapid transportation of goods, people, and information. it also efficiently linked markets w/ manufactures railways rapidly spurred the development of the Midwest. Chicago became a large city after it became a hub of western rail systems. Chicago eventually replaced New Orleans as the Commercial hub in the mid west. early industrialization happened slowly and only on a small scale - 20% of pop employed in ind w/ and avg of 8 workers per business Many northerners eagerly embraced the development tech and the growth ind Eli Whitney - a classic example of an american innovator. He brought the idea of Interchangeable parts to America and invented the cotton gin new england industrializes first and it is the textile ind that leads the way textile mills in Lowell, Mass. employed 6000 workers 80% were women - most were lower middle class, unmarried, farm girls b/w the ages of 15 and 30 women in the factories were closely supervised to ensure christian morals were upheld poorer women worked in service or did “outworking”
it is a middle class ideal and it was coupled with the cult of true womanhood women should be pious, pure, submissive, and domestic only the middle class could live up to these ideals as women in the lower classes had to work to help sustain the family home and domesticity became political metaphors Catherine Beecher - advocated scientific housekeeping. gave medical advice and advice on child rearing in her books. she was the Martha Stewart of the 19th C. She said women exercised their greatest power through their control of the home Horizontal mobility - 5 million immigrants arrived in america b/w 1815 and 1860. most were German and irish and most stayed near the eastern seaboard. this caused many people who had been living there to move west for more space. people travelled westward as family units and attempted to maintain their social standings in their new homes people formed voluntary bonds and associations to form a sense of community
Methodists were the most successful frontier denomination and relied on traveling preachers that would for churches in towns 1820’s revivals spread across the nation but the strongest revival activity took place in upstate New York and was known as the Burned over District Charles g. Finney - preacher in Rochester NY and became known as the father of modern revivalism. he targeted the new emerging business class. rejected calvinism and advocated the voluntary act of the rejection of sin . put people in charge of their own destiny which reflected peoples ambitions in the market economy Age of Reform reform was spawned by americas drive to a more perfect union Temperance - the total abstinence or the moderate use of alcohol. Lyman Beecher spoke against the use of Alcohol (Catherine Beechers dad) different groups such as the American Temperance society and the Womens Christian temperance union sprang up all over the country drinking was seen as a male problem and the temperance movement was aimed at them it moved from an individual choice of temperance to the demand for prohibition
Magdalen societies - attempted to train hookers into active members of society moral reform societies targeted men and their lack of sexual control claiming that it was leading to the moral degradation of America
Horace Mann was the leading advocate and wanted a uniform education system with gradings and different classes and there to be cultural standards taught in school Public school system took root in the norther states
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were two leading women in the women’s rights movement women couldn’t vote and married women couldn’t keep land, money or even children at the time Held a convention in Seneca Falls NY in 1848. 300 participants including some men. Declaration of sentiments was deliberately modeled after the declaration of independence. Conference passed many resolutions on women’s rights suffrage was the most controversial and became the central issue of the movement.
New Harmony - Founded by Robert Owen as was a planned community that was to be a modle for all of america. it failed after only two years The shakers in 1830 there were 6000 shakers in the US. they believed that the end of the world was near and that Jesus would return as a Women. they rejected consumerism and sex. Most controversial community was the Oneida Community - founded by John Noyes in NY. it was an economic success but fell apart when Noyes tried to create a better community by deciding who who mate with who. Feb 10 2009 Northern progress was contrast by southern conservatism mason-dixon line - a symbolic division b/w states that allowed slavery and those that didn’t Southerner’s believed that they represented reason and social stability and they were disgusted w/ the actions and cultural changes happening in the north radical southerner’s praised slavery and even suggested that poor whites would be better off as slaves the south remained intent on supporting clear class structures. they thought it was the only way to preserve the social order
the souths choice of an ag economy was a sound economic choice as it made southerners millions and millions of dollars short staple cotton grown in the US required huge amounts of labour and that is why slavery was so persistent in the south. The invention of the cotton gin saved the cotton ind in the US as it made possible the efficient and easy separation of cotton fibers from the cotton seed. southerner’s thought that cotton was the foundation of even the norths economy and that the north should support slavery
most slaveholder owned less than 5 slaves most southerners didn’t own slaves and were yeomen farmers and farmed their land with their families Poor Whites lived in the back country and owned no land. they squatted and only grew what food they needed to survive anti-slavery pointed to the poor whites to prove that slavery degraded everyone including whites
wealthy planters had a strict code of honor in dealing with insults that often didn’t include violence. only social equals code insult each other you couldn’t be insulted by someone in a class below you. poorer classes defended their honor w/ violence
southern society was extremely patriarchal the southern belle was a young women who was pure (sexual honor) and who’s goal is to get married to a good and raise a family proper behavior was extremely important for women and their reputation was their most valued possession belles became southern matrons who were women with children and married and the maintain the home and manage the slaves.
most southerners lived humble lives as they invest their extra income into more land and slaves instead of luxury goods many people relied on credit which lead to a cycle of debt and prosperity which tempered luxury women were the managers of the home and the slaves. they also had very high birth rates Southern expansionism leads americans to settle in texas which was part of Mexico mexico abolished slavery and closed its boarders to american settlers but this had little effect on their settlement and by 1836 there were 30,000 americans, 5000 slaves and only 4000 mexicans in texas texas gained its independence from mexico in 1836 and became the republic of texas
in the spring of 1844 a bill of annexation was proposed to congress but northerners fearing it was a land grab by the slave powers voted it down in feb 1845 congress passed an annexation bill to annex texas the bill was pushed forward by pres. James k Polk July 4, 1845 Texans vote to accept annexation after Polk promises to move their boarder south to the rio Grande Polk wanted and got a war with Mexico so that he could annex california and the american south-west The treaty of Guadeloupe-Hidalgo was signed in feb 1848 and forced Mexico to cede huge amounts of territory to the US. both the North and the South thought of themselves as the true America and that the other had deviated from the ideal Feb 12, 2009 Slavery in America european nations would grant control to certain companies in their african colonies to monopolize the slave trade. Europeans recognized that there was money to be made in slavery slave “factories” - trading posts set up along the west coast of Africa that traded european goods to african chiefs for slaves. largest number of slave came from the golden coast along the bottom of the cape of africa. about 11 million salves sent from africa. abut 44% sent to Brazil. only 5-6% of slaves came to mainland north america The middle passage - the shipment of slaves across the ocean to north and south america. there were over 30,000 known voyages of slave ships. approx. 20% of slaves died in transit. regulation stated that only 315 slaves were supposed to be on each ship but there was as many as 800 slaves on some large slave ships. international slave trade was outlawed by the US and Britain in 1808. Brazil didn’t outlaw the slave trade until much later. slaves were anglo-sized upon arrival to america. Slavery had existed for millennia but only in 1660 was slavery defined by race and as life long and inheritable. europeans first based slavery on religious beliefs, but when africans started to convert to Christianity they switched slavery to be based on skin color. both the south and the north had an economic stake in the slave system. It was assumed that all blacks were slaves and that only blacks could be slaves. in the US south 40% of the pop were slaves. the life of the avg slave changed from the 18th and 19th C in 1700 the avg slave was usually a young man, born in africa working on a small farm with their owner. in 1830 the avg slave was born in the US and was either male or female. they lived and worked on large plantations. by the civil war their were 4 million slaves in the US
The gang system - used in the cultivation of cotton. slaves worked together in gangs and were supervised by a gang driver. about 3/4 of slaves worked in the gang system. other slaves were used in non-agricultural forms of labor. some were used as House Slaves, cooking and cleaning in the white plantations homes. others were trained as skilled artisans or hired out to other plantations as hired-out slaves.
no southern state legally recognized marriage of slaves so a wife could be sold separately from their husbands. most slave owners encouraged family formation b/c it discouraged run-a-way’s, lead to high reproduction and made the slave owner look good as he had “civilized” his slaves on large plantations slaves lived together on “the Street” - communal gathers of slave cabins. Cabins were often 15 by 15 one room cabins. owners provided materials to build the cabins but often only provided the bare necessities of life slaves lived mainly on rations of cornmeal and salt pork plus whatever they could grow on their own. they received two sets of clothes a year. the lack of the chance of improvement was a defining aspect of slavery
white preachers preached on obedience and respect. black preachers preached (to blacks) on redemption and that slavery was wrong. black meetings were secret and known as Brush Arbor. music was an important part of slave culture. be it for work or religion or just for entertainment. masters thought that the singing of slaves meant that they were happy but this was in fact the exact opposite. slaves were abused from petty things like pinching all the way to whipping. the psychological affects of slavery were more present than abuse itself many slaves were more afraid of being sold than abused as it meant that they would be cut off from their family and community.
Gabriel’s rebellion - Virginia 1800- leaders of the rebellion were betrayed before it got started and were executed Denmark Vesey - a slave who bought his freedom planned to attack charleston again was betrayed by a slave Nat Turner’s rebellion - the only rebellion in which whites died. Southampton VA killed 60 whites in 48 hours before they were captured. He was unrepentant and defiant until his death. he was a preacher and he believed that God had given him a sign that it was time to rise up and free the black slaves southern whited were determined to prevent up any further uprisings. day-to-day resistance was far more common than large scale uprisings. although few slaves made it north slaves did run away. they were usually young men with no family connections.
colonizers wanted to get rid of slavery but wanted all blacks to be shipped back to Africa most were extremely racist. Liberia was the idea of the American Colonization Society. faced opposition from whites and even blacks born in America William Lloyd Garrison - author of The Liberator and wanted the immediate Emancipation of slaves. Leading voice of immediate emancipation he called for equal rights for blacks Frederick Douglass - Leading black speaker for emancipation. tried to remind people that in most of America he was not a man but property. American Anti-Slavery society used political lobbying and social organization to oppose slavery Harriet Beecher Stowe’s, Uncle Tom’s Cabin - tried to show americans that slavery was a nationwide problem not just a southern problem. feb 24, 2009 territorial expansion and compromise. at the time there were 11 slave and 11 free states. the missouri compromise - 1820-21- seen as the starting point of the sectional crisis. congress admitted missouri as a slave state and maine as a free state to keep balance. forbade slavery in all land north of 36.30 degrees north. in the short term both sides gained a little, south got another slave state but a large part of the louisiana purchase couldn’t have slavery. Didn’t address land that was gained in the Mexican-American war Wilmot Proviso - 1846-slavery prohibited in all land gained through negotiations. it was defeated, but it increased negotiations started by David Wimot who supported the slave state of Texas but thought it would be the only one. the proviso was defeated by congress. Southerners claimed that slaves were property and that the constitution protected their property and thus they could take them where they wanted. Northerners claimed that congress had the authority and the precedent. when gold was discovered in California it made a theoretical argument a very real one. the compromise of 1850 - california admitted as a free state. and the other two territories (new mexico and Utah) were to be free or slave according to popular sovereignty. compromise was created by Henry Clay. it was an omnibus act that tried to cover everything. Slavery was allowed in the Capital but that no slaves could be bought or sold in Washington DC there was a new Fugitive Slave Law created Steven Douglas takes over stewardship of the bill as Henry Clay was very old and under his stewardship the compromise was passed. the compromise didn’t really work. southerners were ambivalent in general. northerners claimed victory in the admission of California as a free state the new Fugitive slave act forbade fugitives to testify at trail and they didn’t get a trail by jury. a person could say that is my slave and if the judge believed them then a black was called a run away slave. act allowed judges to get $10 if they returned a black to slavery and only $5 if they kept them free. This angered many northerners. some northerners violently reacted against the act. b/c of the mob retaliation the president of the time was very adamant that the law be effectively enforced. kansas -nebraska act, 1854 - declared the missouri compromise void, and replaced it with the principle of popular sovereignty. even though both territories were above the missouri compromise line. it was an argument over the principle of slavery as it wasn’t very economically viable in the two territories Stephen douglas proposed a bill to create the nebraska territory. he wanted to do this to build a railway to link the atlantic and the pacific. Southerners objected b/c it was north of the missouri line and they wanted the railway to go through the south. he compromised by voiding the missouri compromise and creating two territories. both abolitionists and slave holders moved to Kansas to to effect the vote. People from missouri entered into Kansas forced people to vote. b/c of this the kansas gov was always considered a fraud and they were pro-slavery. in may 1856 the gov sent a posse to Lawrence to break up an abolitionists militia. they didn’t kill anyone but they sacked the town. this resulted in tit for tat violence that increased into war.
the next day Sumner was caned by Preston Brooks and badly injured Sumner AKA Bleeding Sumner John Brown’s Raid - he moved with a group to Harpers Ferry, VA he believed that he was to purge the land with blood. he hoped his raid would cause all slaves to revolt. They seized the armory in Harpers Ferry and then waited for the slaves to revolt. never happened and they all ended up being killed. his actions make him a martyr for the abolitionist cause. to both sides it was an indication that violence was coming Dred Scott decision - 1857 - a supreme court decision, in which Scott a slave who had been moved to a free state, they had to decide if residency in a free state make a slave free and did scott have the right to sue for freedom. Chief justice Roger B Taney and 4 other justices were from slave states. They ruled that as a slave Dred Scott or any black couldn’t sue for freedom in federal court and couldn’t become citizens. “Blacks are so far inferior that blacks had no right that whites had to respect”. they also decided that residence of a free state didn’t make a slave free. they believed that the missouri compromise was unconstitutional. caused outrage in the north as they believe that southerners controlled the nations courts
Lincoln was elected as a Republican in 1860. republicans didn’t think that slavery should be allowed into the territories. they wanted all new territories reserved for free white laborers. Also had abolitionists. Lincoln was a self made self educated man. he was against immediate abolition but did want the extinction of slavery. Lincoln won the 1860 election b/c the nation was so divided and there were 4 candidates. running against him were John Brekinridge (pro-slavery), Stephen Douglas, and John Bell (tried to be the centrist candidate) Lincoln won with 180 electoral votes and 44% of the pop vote. Douglas was the only national candidate and won 33% pop vote but only 12 electoral votes. Brekinridge carried all of the south. This represented a demographic shift as the north was growing much faster than the south. The South saw that when they put all their support behind one candidate they couldn’t win b/c there weren’t enough people in the south and thus they would never win and compromise was now out of the question. feb 26, 2009 fire eaters - radical southerners who wanted independence for the south and secession from the union. they felt the political structures of the nation were against the south and that the south was a slave to the north. this perceived subjugation to the north was intolerable. dec 20 1860 - South Carolina secedes from the union. other states had prolonged periods of debate over the issue but 6 other states quickly followed SC the Confederate states of America were formed in Feb. 1861 and Jefferson Davis was the President. They virtually replicated the US Constitution with the difference that it guaranteed slavery and states right. the upper southern states were more economically dependent on the north and feared that a war would be fought on their land and thus didn’t join the confederacy. March 1861 lincoln takes office
Lincoln had promised to hold, occupy, and posses all federal property in the seceded state. When Lincoln tried to resupply Fort Sumter but the Confederates would not allow it. Lincoln proclaimed that the lower south was in a state of Insurrection and called up 75,000 militia men to put down the insurrection. this action pushed states that had been on the fence to a side. Some states split (West Virginia) and areas of some southern states didn’t want to fight for the confederates. many people in both the north and south leapt into the war for fear that the war would be over before they could get a chance to fight. Southerners believed that their superior manhood would whip the Yankees. Northerners believed that their superior resources would scare the rebels into surrender. the first 2 years of the war were spent getting ready to fight a war as both size had both been unprepared. both central governments got more central power and this was a problem in the Confederacy. the demand for soldiers was so great that both sides had to Conscript. In the south all white men between 18 and 35 had to serve but this was expanded to all white men from 17-50 (1862). in the north all male citizens 20 to 45 faced the draft but for $300 you could buy your way out of the draft (1863). near the end of the war the south was so desperate for soldiers that there was a debate to offer blacks freedom in return for their service. the south also had difficulty getting supplies like food and clothing. by the end of the war Lee’s army was on the verge of starvation the North was better able to equip its troops but they had difficulties getting enough soldiers as the battles were fought farther south so they didn’t see the need to go off and fight. despite their advantages northern victory was not a sure thing for much of the war. the south had the advantage of only having to hold the line whereas northern troops had to advance deep into the south to win. Historians argue that the south had superior military leadership. Generals Stonewall Jackson, Jeb Stuart, and Robert E Lee are considered to be some of the greatest strategists of the US while the north had difficulty finding good military leadership. the first goal of the Union was to protect Washington DC and to do this they launched an attack on Richmond. july 1861 - first battle Manassas (Bull Run) - first major battle of the civil war. the Confederates routed the much larger union army. bolstered the south and stopped the Union attacks gen. George McClellan - thought that their defeat was caused by poor discipline do he trained them endlessly. Lincoln didn’t like it and thought that he had a case of the slows Sept 1862 - the Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg) bloodiest battle in American History. a confederate attack was turned back but at huge costs to both sides. Dec 1862 Battle Fredericksburg. lead by gen. Burnside. Union took the town but the Confederates won the battle when union troops were forced to attack up a steep hillside and were mowed down. Much of the fighting of the civil war took place in Virginia The War on the Western Front went much better for the union in part b/c of the leadership of Ulysses S Grant. Grant preserved the Unions hold on Missouri and Kentucky April 1862 - the Confederates launch a surprise attack at Shiloh but the Union under Grant reorganized and defeated them. the attack at Shiloh emptied most of the Confederate troops from New Orleans and the Union took the City. Vicksburg - 6 week siege by the union. after Vicksburg fell the Union controlled all of the mississippi river. New Orleans was occupied by the Unions under Gen. Benjamin Butler. as did much of the western front of the south. In New Orleans women insulted and abused Union soldiers so much that general order #28 was ordered which ordered that any women who insulted a union soldier they were to be treated as prostitutes. Gen. Sherman’s March to the sea went through the south over 400 miles and destroyed $100 million worth of property. he called it his lesson of total war on the south so that they would never want to make war again. As his troops marched they destroyed anything that might help the confederates, rail lines, arsenals, crops, etc. Sherman blamed the war on the south and that is how he justifies his destruction of the south.
August 1861 Union passed the Confiscation act. Allowed all property that could be used in the assistance of the Confederate army to be seized (including slaves) The emancipation proclamation - Jan 1, 1863 freed all slaves that were in area controlled by the rebels. did this b/c the union couldn’t afford to loose the support of slave states fighting for the union. this changed the scope of the war and made it clear that the north would never stand for slavery many blacks joined the Union to fight for their freedom and to gain the right of citizenship. by the end of the war 186,000 blacks joined the Union army about 10% of the union army The Battle hymn of the Republic” written by Julia Ward Howe became a rallying cry for the Union troops and the emancipation of slaves.
Gettysburg - july 1863 - furthest north southern troops ever advanced. 17 Confederate gens. died and Lee lost 1/3 of his army. this battle coincided with the fall of Vicksburg and Chattanooga. marks the start to the Confederate retreat. Grant was the Unions most successful and popular Gen. and he moved his army to northern virginia to fight against Lee’s army. Grant wasn’t afraid to suffer casualties to achieve a goal. by sept 1864 union controlled the entire Shenandoah valley of Virginia and by 1865 the Southern Capital of Richmond. Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse 6 days later Lincoln was assassinated. 1 out of 5 soldiers who fought in the war had died and most people recognized how close the nation had come to being ripped apart forever. Directory: userfile -> file userfile -> Recovery: What's a Coach Got To Do With It? By Bill Ryan userfile -> Title: Associate Professor userfile -> Chief Patron Shri Avinash Dikshit Commissioner Patron userfile -> Iccf congress, seixal, portugal 5th to 12th October 2002 userfile -> Unit 1: Exploration and Colonization userfile -> Ap united States History Course Description userfile -> Note: Please look through resources very carefully. This is a controversial issue so some sources may have bias. Check carefully for the expertise or background of the writer or contributor userfile -> Ap united states history mr. Storrs – Room 306 2009-2010 text file -> Listing: thinking process with music file -> The principal aim of regional geography is to understand the unique characteristics of a given region. Regions can be defined according to human and/or physical attributes Download 327.31 Kb. Share with your friends:
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