History 2600 Spring 2009 Notes
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MIDTERM COMES TO HERE Mar 5, 2009 - many people were confused at how the nation would be rejoined at the end of the war when it became clear the north would win Lincoln’s proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction - dec 1863 - allowed states to rejoin the union if 10% of the pop swore allegiance to the union and accepted emancipation radical republican’s in july of 1864 passed a bill that set up a military gov in each of the former state until 50% of the pop swore allegiance and then apologized and accepted emancipation to become a voter one had to take the Ironclad Oath - that they had never willingly been part of the confederacy Lincoln refused to sign the bill so upon his assassination there is no plan on what to do Johnson becomes President in april 1865 and announces presidential reconstruction his plan allowed everyone except military officers and social elites to take the oath of allegiance to the union and get back all their property except their slaves it gave the south a feeling that they could do what they wanted. Johnson did this while congress was out of session so when they came back they were very mad. they didn’t allow southerner’s to take their seats in Congress and started to change Johnson’s plan Congressional reconstruction Civil rights Act - march 1866 - guaranteed newly freed blacks the rights of American citizenship. Johnson vetoed the bill 1867 presidential reconstruction is over reconstruction act of 1867 - breaks the south up into 5 military sections. voters which included black men - would vote on committee’s who would form of a new constitution for each state. allows southerners to keep property. most confederate states rejoin by 1868. new state govs now included blacks and started ambitious reconstruction and infrastructure projects once all states were back in the union ex-confederates tried to retake control through the democratic party and by intimidating blacks and others into not voting for the republicans ex-confederates were successful b/c congress itself becomes less supportive of reconstruction. the election of 1876 marks the end of the political reconstruction. b/w Hayes(republican) and Tilden(democrat) very disputed election. Hayes claims president by promising to remove all federal troops from the south. Constitutional reconstruction 13th Amendment - 1865 - Prohibited Slavery in the US 14th Amendment - 1868 - went further than the 13th. former slaves became citizens of the US and asserted that no state could prohibit anyone from life, liberty or the pursuit of happiness without due process of law. all people were given equal protection of the law 15th Amendment - 1870 - voting rights for former male slaves in the short term these amendments were ignored but they represented congresses best attempt to help the blacks Special Field Order #15 - issued by Gen. Sherman in 1865 - set aside large parts of land along the coast of US to be farmed out to blacks made free by the emancipation proclamation. the Freedmen’s Bureau - offered relief (food clothes medical) to slaves, they built schools and helped them either find work or protect them in their work. the Bureau offered slaves there only protection against a society that was dead set against their freedom Marks of freedom of slaves Family - the attempt to relocate family separated by the war moved blacks all around the south. Families also tried to mirror the pattern of domesticity. many slaves Finally got married education - the bureau set up thousands of schools for both young and old alike Land Ownership - the ultimate mark of independence. in 1866 44 million acres of land set aside for Freedmen but it was poor land and blacks couldn’t afford tools or seed they were unsuccessful. whites opposed any attempt for blacks to control their own land sharecropping - white landowners broke up their land into smaller sections and rented these out to black families in a sharecropping system. perpetuated the system of black dependence on an elite white landowner. the interlude of virtue - a time at the beginning of reconstruction when blacks were very optimistic on their prospects Limits of Freedom Ku Klux Klan formed in 1866 by Confederate Gen. N Bedford. they terrorized blacks who tried to exercise their rights. Whites feared racial amalgamation in the south and called for a system of segregation enforced if need be by violence Redemption - southerners attempting to redeem themselves and their honor the solid south - term used to describe the south politically when they only ever voted for the democrats. Democrat governors re-wrote state constitutions and removed many black rights. Means of limiting voters violence economic pressure - disallowed political meetings among sharecroppers Poll tax, property requirements, and literacy tests “Grandfather” Clauses - waived any requirements who had an ancestor who voted in 1860. thus the 15th amendment was effectively ignored and blacks remained disenfranchised for decades. 2/3s of the south’s wealth was destroyed in the war and almost 1/4 of the male pop died in the war. the loss for white southerners was devastating. stocks bonds and paper money from the confederacy were useless. they had no rail system and many major cities had been burned to the ground, 30% of livestock also were killed in the war. southerners called for a system of economical reform modeled after the north Henry Grady a newspaper man in Atlanta coined the term the New South Grady extolled southern assets of cheap labour and abundant natural resources
southern poverty remained a huge problem until WW2 many white southerners clung to the ideas of the Old south and this is a main cause of the failure of the new south. Lee’s Farewell address to his troops perpetuated the idea of The Lost Cause as it tells them that the south didn’t loose but that the north overwhelmed them with superior numbers and resources. thus they think that once the south gets rich they can rise up again. the slogan Fear God, Love the South, and Avenge Her spread across the south the United Daughters of Confederacy - lobbied that the war b/w the states should be taught from a southern viewpoint to southern children. Mar 10, 2009 The gilded age - the title of a Mark Twain book that suggested that upper class americans were only interested in making money. was seen as crass materialism by the lower classes. wealthy people spent massive amount of money on clothes, food and their homes the four hundred - was an exclusive social register of the richest and most socially prominent Americans. that viewed themselves as the social leading edge of the nation The Astors and the Vanderbilts - two extremely powerful families that were intense rivals Robber Barons - the term given to wealthy americans by poorer people who believed that the wealthy were robbing the poor to make their wealth rise of big business factors large coal deposits discovered in Penn, WV and Kentucky innovative technologies - appeared more and more rapidly after the civil war - telegraph and sowing machines. development of large factories - took advantage of cheap labour from immigrants dropping price levels - goods were cheaper b/c the manufacturing costs were lowering which meant that more people could buy goods ruthless competition - price dropping was used to drive smaller businesses out of the industry a tight money supply - loans were hard to get and interests rate were high - thus the wealthy could make massive amounts of money by loaning out money and charging these high interests rates the definition of big business changed after the civil war. before the civil war 100 employees made a company a big business but by 1900 there were mammoth companies with tens of thousands of employees. Jay Gould - President, Union Pacific Railway. - innovated and standardized the rail system, characterized by his dishonesty (called a perfect eel). he was said to have shaped american business practices through his ingenuity. over 200,000 miles of track were laid after the civil war. extremely expensive to build a rail system so stocks were sold in the company to finance construction there was a system of illegal kickbacks and rate discrimination to attract big business. to combat this congress set up the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887. But conservative courts often ruled in favour of big business making the ICC ineffective railroads were the largest business system in the world that was still incredibly unstable John D. Rockefeller formed Standard oil and was the model for big business in the 19th C. It was founded in Cleveland in 1870. and went on to control 90% of oil refining in the US. He was a pious man who lived far below his wealth level. By the end of the Civil War he was a moderately wealthy man and he leveraged his wealth to buy the largest oil refinery in Cleveland and on this he built Standard oil. he used his position in Cleveland to get rebates and Kickbacks from the railroads. he used this position to pressure his competitors to sell to him. He soon controlled business in Cleveland and then went on to the rest of the nations companies
Ida Tarbell wrote a series of articles b/w 1902-1905 for McClure’s Magazine that thoroughly investigates Standard Oil and Rockefeller the Sherman Anti-Trust act of 1890 - the first attempt to stop the consolidation of business power. wasn’t effective. Andrew Carnegie - grew up in dire poverty in Scotland before immigrating to the US and forming the largest steel company in the world. he gave away an estimated 300 million dollars before he died in 1918. Carnegie wasn’t a benevolent employer - he was a shrewd businessman and looked for ways to cut costs wherever he could. he viewed employee’s as replaceable and often pitted them against each other. Homestead Steel strike - 1892 - workers tried to organize a union. when a strike became apparent Carnegie put Henry Clay Frick in charge and he erected a massive fence around the plant and hired 300 Pinkerton Mercenaries. the pinkerton men were to protect the strike breakers and be company spies. June 28 lockout begins July 6 Frick tries to get more Pinkerton men into the plant and the strikers attacked them in a very violent attack
this crushed the strikers and they returned to work to the same situation. there were 37,000 strikes in the late 19th C and 7 million workers were involved but most were unsuccessful 1877 - Wild-cat railroad strike started by a reduction of wages and in unity workers across the nation went on strike. By the time Pres. Hayes calls out the troops 100 people had died and much of the nations railroads were idle 1886 - Haymarket bombing - police shot 4 strikers from the the McCormick Harvester Plant in Chicago. protesters threw a bomb killing 7 officers and they fired into the crowds 1893 - Pullman Strike Grover Cleveland cites strikers for restraining commerce and sends in the troops. 13 people were killed and 53 wounded before the strike was crushed gov sided with interests of Business before interests of workers - a trend that continued to the great depression. there was a steady supply of immigrants that meant that business leaders didn’t have to negotiate with labour as there was always someone else to fill a job 14 million immigrants arrive from Europe in the late 19th C before 1880 most immigrants - Northern and Western Europe After 1880 most immigrants from southern and eastern europe 80% of new immigrants 500000 immigrants arrived in 1880 alone and 3/4 of them came to New York City these immigrants were more foreign than previous immigrants and were often very very poor. the idea of the Land of opportunity was offset by Racist Ideas. Native born americans expressed concern about the foreignness of the new immigrants. Emma Lazarus wrote the New Colossus (carved on the base of the statue of Liberty)
most new immigrants moved into urban areas and tried to live among like people groups. Assimilation rates were fairly low Many immigrants lived in overcrowded slums and tenements in 1890 Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lived - an expose on how the poorest people in New York Lived. His intent was to create a call to action but still blamed part of the poor peoples problems on themselves Liberalism and Social Darwinism focused on the individual and blamed the individual for poverty if you were to weak to survive you would be destroyed. people saw poverty as a result of laziness and weakness thus they focused on temperance and hard work for poor people the gospel of Success - through individual effort and self control one could succeed the social gospel looked for a social cause to poverty believed that true Christianity was people working to help the poor and lower class. poverty was gradually becoming seen as a social problem not an individual problem. neighbourhood bars and saloons became popular as did Vaudeville Shows - a set of acts and skits meant to amuse and distract poor people from their problems. this was a way for poor’s to voice their frustrations amusement parks such as Coney island were also built. they became extremely popular The middle class one of the key stories of the late 19th C was the widening gap b/w upper and lower class but more and more Americans were defining themselves as middle class middle class people became more and more materialistic, and still continued the cult of domesticity and Separation of spheres of influence along gender lines there was an increase in consumption and homeownership. the middle class defined their status by what they owned and lead to the mass market economy and lead to the beginnings of advertising. advertising expenditure grew exponentially in the late 19th C and early 20th C the department store was developed and was built for and marketed to the upper and middle classes. these stores lavished care and attention on their customers. Mar 12, 2009 the western frontier becomes important to Americans around the same time that it is announced that the Frontier is closing and there is no more room for settlement Manifest Destiny - phrase introduced in 1839 - American settlers had a God given right to move west across the nation. shaped the vision of Americans of what the west was Frederick Jackson Tuner - gave a speech that said that the frontier is gone and with it the first phase of American history. he expressed fear on what this would do to the american identity. the speech was called The Significance of the Frontier in American History Turner’s speech really romanticized the west and caused people to fear what would become of America w/o its frontier do they preserved the frontier ideal Theodore Roosevelt - preserved the idea of the old west and found new frontiers for American expansion. moved from New York to a North Dakota Dude ranch after his first wife died. his book Winning of the West - argued that living in the West and surviving there makes a man a true man. it represented what he thought the country had been like before cities, factories and masses of immigrants. Roosevelt and many Americans saw the west as what made them Americans. Myths and Images of the West Cowboy Characteristics - a strong individualist, simple, virtuous, innocent and untainted. this myth has been firmly embedded in the american persona this image was perpetuated by Dime novel Cowboys - Kit Carson, Wild Bill Hickock and Calamity Jane. hero’s in the novel were often based around real people. Many of the authors of these novels had never been off the eastern seaboard or out of the cities. in these books the West was seen as a dangerous wild and free place. Buffalo Bill Cody - a character featured in about 200 books. real person who actually did have the experiences of the mythical west. His Wild West show that mixed together the authentic and the romantic of the West. It masked the reality of western settlement. the myth of the west was adopted by Americans from California to Maine most of the West was settled by families and people spent most of their time in hard labour instead of hunting rustlers. Eastern capital funded most of the large agricultural ventures and also the railroad which made settlement of the west possible. white settlers came to the west to make money, they travelled as families and wanted land and there were liberal land grants to get free land Homestead Act - offered 160 acres of free land for a $10 fee and a promise to live on the land for 5 years, till the land and improve it in some way. this was done to try and limit land speculation. b/w 1869 and 1900 400,000 families made claims under the homestead act. early years of settlement were grueling. first homes were often soddies and many settlers found the environment to be extremely harsh. many settlers couldn’t handle it and the transient rate was very high, those that stayed felt a deep connection to the land. These early settlers would embody the rugged individualism of settlers. many settlers came west to get rich quick and then to return east with their money. The california gold rush in 1849 and the resulting gold rush would become a pattern across America. Boom towns would grow into large industrial cities. Most miners in the west did not strike it rich but they kept chasing the dream of making it big. Oklahoma land rush - ties together the relentless drive for more land, the boom and bust cycle, the removal of Indians and old civil war loyalties. Oklahoma had been made into Indian territories but b/c they supported the Confederate in 1889 congress transfered 2m million acres of land into the public territories. at Noon, April 22 1889 thousands of settlers rushed the territory to stake their claims. at first they are wildly successful but two generations later b/c of poor farming practices most go bust.
Trans-Mississippi West - 36000 natives lived in the trans-mississippi west the Plains Indians were the most involved with conflicts with european settlers. The Sioux, Crow, Blackfoot and Cheyenne all shared in the experience of interaction w/ whites the destruction of the Great Buffalo herds killed the traditional economic systems of the plains tribes. Plains tribes were relocated to make room for white settlers and this was the single largest change in native lifestyles Natives were forced onto reservations and this created violent conflicts and confrontations many of the biggest battles of the West are associated with George Armstrong Custer he was a hero of the Civil war. his first major encounter happened in 1868 at the Washita Massacre, which was an attack on a Cheyenne town while everyone was asleep which killed hundreds of people. Custer and his troops were sent to the Black Hills to build a fort there even though there was a treaty not to disturb the area. while they are there surveying the Black Hills they found gold. Pres. Grant decreed that all natives off the reservation must be put back on the reservation Custer’s last Stand - june 25, 1876 Custer takes 600 troops to the Little Big Horn River. the Natives under their Chiefs Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull destroy Custer’s forces. as a result american opinion against the Natives and they support the idea that Natives must be relocated and no longer allowed to roam over the nation Board of Indian Commissioners - est 1869 intended to make reservation life more “desirable”. they tried to convert natives to christianity and away from their native lifestyles some reformers wanted reservations broken up and end all recognition of tribal affiliations basically assimilate all natives Dawes Severalty act 1887 - forced natives to become farmers or landowners and made them citizens (meaning that they had to pay taxes) natives were now to be treated as individuals and not as tribes. each head of family who accepted the law would get land to farm and graze but it was held in trust. this land was taken from existing reservations with extra lands sold to speculators Massacre at Wounded Knee, SD - Dec 29 1890 gov troops kill about 300 Sioux who refused to break up their communities, and then dump the bodies into mass graves. The American Empire the US started to build and empire in the late 19th C starting with Alaska in 1867 purchasing it from the Russians for 7.2 million in 1893 Hawaii was annexed into the US this growth of empire was motivated by the desire for
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