History 2600 Spring 2009 Notes
by 1963 American’s believed that the only way to succeed was to support a coup against Diem but despite this communist support continued to grow in the south
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by 1963 American’s believed that the only way to succeed was to support a coup against Diem but despite this communist support continued to grow in the south. in 1964 - the Vietnam became a full blown war. air strikes began in feb and in august the Gulf of Tonkin resolutions - congress passed the resolution giving the President to take whatever means necessary to end aggression. operation rolling thunder 800 tons of bombs were dropped every day on north vietnam this failed so he sent more combat troops to Vietnam almost 500000 troops by the end of 1967 the Tet offensive - jan 31 1968 - over 100 south towns and military bases attacked by the north. it was at that time that it was suggested for the first time that the war was un-winnable. the Smith Act 1940 - made it a crime to advocate the overthrow or destruction of the gov by force. this act was used against communists in the cold war the Federal employee loyalty program - meant to ensure the loyalty of all gov workers. over 300 people were fired for being disloyal and 3000 people were encouraged to resign. the house un-american activities committee wherever they might exist and Hollywood became a target of HUAC. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg - were arrested and accused as soviet spies on the confession of a British spy. they were convicted and executed. Sen. Joseph McCarthy - in feb 1950 the accused the state department of harboring communists. his name would go on to become synonymous with the paranoia and hunt for communists. his bold assertions gave him a national following. Eisenhower hated McCarthy but he let him continue in the hope he would destroy himself which he did. McCarthy relished the power he got from his committee. the Army-McCarthy hearings, in 1954 were nationally televised and people saw how rude and paranoid he was. - John K. Galbraith - wrote the Affluent Society in 1958 - he labeled the 1950s the affluent society that made the 1950s seem like the fulfillment of the American dream people finally had money to spend and 60% of families were home owners 87% of families were car owners the growth of automobile industry lead to the development of the Suburbs as people could now afford to commute people flocked to the suburbs if they were white and middle class. in 1959 the Kitchen Debates - Nixon and Krushchev debated their respective economies about which was better. pop grew from 151 million to 180 million in the late 50s and almost all of these were american born children. in 1957 a baby was born in the US every 6 seconds. by 1960 1/3 of the pop was under 14 years of age. togetherness was a term meant to celebrate family life in the suburbs. during this time there was increasing domesticity and church attendance. church attendance swelled to 63% of the pop.
many American’s built bomb shelters to protect themselves from nuclear bombs. many intellectuals were against the conformity that was sweeping across America they believed that American’s were sacrificing their individuality for consumer goods. many critics underlined the problem of the massive amount of debt that was being accumulated. also 1/5 of the pop still lived below the poverty line. racism and segregations were prevalent and as people who had the money to move out of the cities to the Suburbs did so and took their businesses with them so the cities lost their tax bases to provide support to the poor that lived in the cities. people saw rock and roll and the james dean culture as dissent to the conformity that was the norm in America. rebel without a cause was a very tame kind of rebellion the Beats scorned consumerism and conformity. they romanticized unconformity and spontaneity.
the segregation of public places eventually went on to segregate almost all areas of life. the laws that legalize this segregation became known as the Jim Crow laws segregation was about whites having control over blacks access to public areas and resources in Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896 - the 14th amendment had already been overturned. ruled that racial segregation was legal as long as both races had the same opportunities. “Separate but equal” although early segregation was mainly in the south there wasn’t an outcry over segregation in the North. the lynching rope was the ultimate enforcer of white supremacy. 1880-1890 about 100 lynchings per year 1900-1920 about 75 lynchings a year lynching was often brought about by alleged attacks on a white woman even if it was only a stray look. lynchings were not a secret event, large crowds would come to a lynching and watch as the victims were mutilated and then hung and often burned. Booker T Washington was the best known African American in the late 1800s and early 1900s. he was born a slave. after his emancipation he gained an education and eventually organized a vocational school in Tuskegee Indiana. he argued that if blacks got practical skills they would slowly advance to equality. in his Atlanta compromise speech he argued that once blacks showed their economic worth they would become equal and until that happened they had to appease those in power. Washington was admired by whites and even gained an invitation to the white house. Washington publicly encouraged gradualism but secretly worked with more radical groups. Gradualism seemed unrealistic to many blacks W.E.B. Du Bois - 1868-1963 - first black to get a degree from harvard his book the Souls of Black Folk said the problem of the 29th century would be the color question Du Bois demanded full access to the same educational and vocational opportunities as white. he rejected Washington's gradualism in 1905 the Niagara Movement was formed and that would later go on to become the NAACP they called for the full political equality for blacks and the ending of segregation in all forms. they had 6000 members in 1914 he still aimed to achieve equality w/i american society
many poor urban based blacks followed Garvey and joined his Universal Negro Improvement Association he urged economic solidarity and formed black owned co-ops
this provoked an extreme reaction by the states in the deep south. white citizens councils were set up to protect segregated schools and they were supported by state politicians Orval Faubus organized the state national guard of Arkansas to prevent blacks from getting into an integrated school. Eisenhower nationalizes the state militia and patrols the school. Many states simply just suspend all public schools rather than comply with de-segregation Montgomery Bus Boycott - Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man on the bus she was arrested for it. blacks organized a year long bus boycott. the activists took their case to the courts and won. This movement shattered the myth that blacks liked segregation and it also gave the civil right movement a new leader named Martin Luther King Jr. his speech making skills inspired blacks and touched white sentiments as a leader he preached non-violence and advocated passive resistance. august of 1963 the civil rights movement staged a massive march on Washington DC over 250000 people went to the Mall and King gave his famous I Have A Dream Speech. the Sit-in at Greensboro NC on feb 1 1960 was a great example of passive resistance. 4 students went and sat at a white only dinner. by april some 70,000 black students were targeting white only areas Freedom rides - went through the deep south and meant to dramatize the violation of segregation of interstate transportation. these freedom rides were attacked by white crowds and in some cases the buses were even burned. King organized a series of Marches and sit in in Birmingham Ala to show the radical violence of white supremacists and they didn’t disappoint
the March from Selma to Montgomery was broken up by violent attacks by police and other whites. these attacks raised support for the voting rights act Malcolm X - a member of the nation of Islam which insisted blacks practice self subsistence and self help. he urged blacks to separate themselves from white. he said they had to seize their freedom by any means necessary and that they would have to use armed resistance. Malcolm was assassinated but his movement carried on. the Urban Riots caused thousands of people injured and hundreds dead along with millions of dollars of damages. for militant activists this was the only way to be heard
his presidency has been called Camelot - linking it back to King Arthur’s court. It was JFK’s imagery that helped him win the presidency Kennedy’s campaign theme was the New Frontier and it built on the foundation of youth and hope. it called for reform at home and victory abroad. His campaign was very popular with the youth of the nation. Many middle age and middle class voters thought they were doing fine with the policies of 50s and didn’t want change. many voters were suspicious b/c Kennedy was a Catholic and his father had a shady reputation
Kennedy won the presidency with only .2% of the vote and yet he is associated with the 60s as if he won a landslide. Kennedy’s inaugural address spoke of the torch being passed to a new generation and said “ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country”
he didn’t really welcome the campaign for civil rights it was only through the pressure of the movement that forced him to speak out against the violence against Blacks. through his words he pushed for a new moral acceptance of colored people but was unable to get anything done about civil rights in congress
the crisis faded away with a relatively limited confrontation and after this crisis a hotline was installed in Washington and Moscow and in the summer of 1963 the limited test ban treaty was signed - it limited the use of undersea and atmospheric testing of Nuclear weapons. Kennedy was assassinated on Nov 22, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald. His assassination came to represent youth and hope unfulfilled. Most American’s watched the events that surrounded the assassination and were shocked and paralyzed the nation. Lyndon B Johnson - took over as president after Kennedy was assassinated and was always seen as standing in the shadow of Kennedy he was a very good politician that was able to convince his opponents to come around to his view Johnson had a very productive early administration. He started a war on Poverty. he passed the greatest reform legislation of american History what came to be know as the Great Society - he set up medicare as well as medicaid. He expanded the welfare state of the New Deal . the economic opportunity act spent nearly 3 billion creating jobs and helping the poorer people in the US. His administration was committed to community action programs - allowed members of poorer communities to help plan the programs that they would take part in. it was unsustainable in the long run. Vietnam eventually came to overshadow Johnson’s policy as he was forced to choose b/w gun’s and butter Johnson felt that he couldn’t leave Vietnam or he would be blamed for losing it to communism. Student movement
the SDS organized draft card burning, disrupted ROTC classes and encouraged draft dodging. nearly 1/2 million came to Central Park to protest the Vietnam war 1969 - the March against death was the culmination of the nation wide protests and student movement Anti-war movement march 1965 university of Michigan had a “teach-in” which raised questions of american involvement in Vietnam by 66 there were large scale anti-war demonstrations across the nation
they “dropped out” of society. the mantra of the movement was Turn on, tune in and drop out they changed the way people dress and the styles people war. they experimented with sex and drugs and encouraged people to do their own thing 400,000 people came to the Woodstock music festival and called it the age of Aquarius inspired by the civil rights movement and the youth movements caused other movements to rise up. 61 representatives of 90 tribes gathered to call for more rights for natives. more militant natives called for Red Power and created AIM the american indian movement. they established armed patrols Gay Americans and Mexican Americans and seniors formed the Grey Panthers also rose up during the time. although they failed they raised the cultural pride of these groups.
a presidential report outlined that women had far less chance of promotion and were payed less for the same work. women in the civil rights movement were shocked to find that they were second class people in the movement itself
NOW the national organization of women was formed in 66 to raise awareness about women’s rights by 1970 there had been radical changes - they could get their own library card and credit card. they also began to agitate for equal pay for equal work
one comment from the time was “Every good man we get, they Kill” this disillusionment turned people away from social reform to more self interest. April at Columbia University in NYC a violent protest broke out and it was the worst of all the protests across America. a group of protestors occupied the administration buildings and kidnapped a dean. it was broken up by police with a shocking amount of violence. the democratic national convention in Chicago was the climax of the violence of 1968. in August Hubert Humphrey was named the candidate but there were massive protests outside. the mayor of Chicago ordered the protests broken up with force and what American’s saw on the TV shocked them. people saw 1968 as the virtual death of ideals and lead to a shift to the right on American Policies. April 14, 2009 the beginning of the conservative ascendancy started in the 1964 election when conservative Barry Goldwater lost to Lyndon Johnson. Goldwater wanted the end to social security and was an ultra-conservative. he was too conservative for the average American’s in the election of 1968 there were three candidates Hubert Humphery Dem. - associated with the disorder of 1968 Richard Nixon - promised to bring Law and order to the nations. criticized the liberal supreme court for supporting criminals over law abiding citizens. the first civil right of every american was the right to freedom. He capitalized on discontent with the democrats and blamed them for many of the problems America was facing. George Wallace - Indep - he puts Nixon’s conservatism to shame he was so conservative. he was the ex-governor of Alabama. his campaign drew on the revulsion of student radicalism. he promised to keep peace on the streets even if it took the army. Wallace got 14% of the pop vote.
Affirmative Action - angered many conservatives. it was a race concuss hiring program that was expanded under NIxon Family Assistance Plan - a plan to overhaul the welfare system and proposed an guaranteed salary level. it dies in the senate as liberals and conservatives couldn’t agree. this saves Nixon’s conservatism
this was the worst outbreak of violence but it wasn’t the only outbreak. Protests against Nixon, the war and violence came together and more than 400 colleges shut down. many American’s thought that students were getting what they deserved. many blamed students for the social chaos in America. after Kent state and the ensuing protests student, protests largely came to an end.
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