Human Geography Models and Key Concepts for Chapters 1-13 Study Guide for May ap college Board Exam
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- 7. Thomas Malthus Theory
- Ester Boserup
- 8. Nomadic Warrior Theory
4. Heartland-Rimland Theory 
Heartland-Rimland Theory: In 1904 British geographer Halford Mackinder proposed what would become the theory above. Mackinder's model was an effort to define the global geo-political landscape and determine areas of potential future conflict. He identified that agricultural land was the primary commodity that states were interested in. Several states with limited land area wanted to expand their territory. However, they also noted each other's European farming areas. The largest of these was the Eastern Europe steppe, a productive area of grain mostly controlled by the Russian Empire at the time. This combined with the mineral and timber-rich region across the Urals into Siberia, was named by Mackinder as the valuable heartland. It was this portion of the earth's surface that bordering Rimland states such as the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Romania were potential invaders of. The Rimland also contained other landwolves eager to grab at neighboring territory such as France and Italy. This is the main geo-political model in the AP course that covers the two world wars and the Cold War. 
5. Shatterbelt Theory: In 1950 American geographer Saul Cohen proposed the above theory. He modified Mackinder's who died in 1947. He modified Mackinder's into the “Pivot Area" and Rimland into the "Inner Crescent." The rest of the world became the "outer Crescent," including the USA. His land-based concept was the Cold War conflicts would likely occur within the Inner Crescent. He pointed out several Inner Crescent Areas of geopolitical weakness that he called Shatterbelts. He accurately identified numerous areas where wars emerged from 1950 and the end of the Cold War in 1991: North and South Korea, Palestinians versus Jews in Israel, North and South Vietnam, Balkan Wars. Also can refer to present-day “troubled spots” of the world: Syria, Somalia, North Korea, Israel, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, etc. 6. Containment Theory: U.S. diplomat George Kennan first proposed the strategic policy of containment to the American government in 1947. In this proposal, the USA and its allies would attempt to build a containment wall around the core Communists states. Any time the USSR or China attempted to expand the realm of influence politically or militarily, the forces of NATO and other democratic state allies should be deployed to stop them. 7. Thomas Malthus Theory 
Malthus claimed that the population was growing much more rapidly than Earth's food supply because population increased geometrically, whereas food supply increased arithmetically. National Increase Rate (NIR) declines for 2 reasons: lower birth rates 2. higher death rates. Only hope is to reduce birth rates. OPPOSITE: Ester Boserup: A Danish agriculturist, she provided a hopeful alternative to Malthus. Should population growth out number food supply, humans must upgrade the productivity of the food supply. This is done by human ingenuity and technology. Humans will find ways to provide enough food to handle the population growth. Innovations in soil production, cultivation, and technological advances to enhance food production will save human lives. 8. Nomadic Warrior Theory by Marija Gimbutas - Kurgan People from steppes near the border between present-day Russia and Kazakhstan spread Indo-European Language -- origin. Spread the language with horses. 
New term to remember: consequent: cultural defined political boundaries such as those determined by the spatial patterns of religion or language. 9. Sedentary Farmer Theory by Colin Renfrew - Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European Language by Farmers who may have originated 2,000 years in Turkey/Anatolia before Kurgans. 
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