Human Geography Models and Key Concepts for Chapters 1-13 Study Guide for May ap college Board Exam



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10. Gravity Model of Migration

When applied to migration, larger places attract more emigrants than do smaller places. Additionally, destinations that are more distance have a weaker pull (distance decay) than do closer opportunities of the same caliber.



11. Gravity Model of Population

The gravity model takes into account the population size of two places and their distance. Since larger places attract people, ideas, and products more than smaller places and places closer together have a greater attraction, the gravity model incorporates these 2 features.

12. Zelinsky's Migration Transition Model

Stage One: Hunters and gatherers move from one place to another for survival. High CBR and CDR and low NIR. Search for local food rather than permanent migration to a new place.

Stage Two: High NIR because of rapidly declining CDR. Point when international migration becomes especially important. Interregional migration from one's country's rural areas to its cities. Improvement in agricultural practices reduces the number of people needed in rural areas, and jobs in factories attract migrants to the cities in another region of the same country or in another country.

Stage Three and Stage Four: Internal migration is more important. Moderating NIR because of rapidly declining CBR. The principal destinations of the international migrants leaving the stage 2 countries in search of economic opportunities. The principal form of internal migration within countries in stages 3 and 3 is intraregional, from cities to surrounding suburbs.

13. Lee's Push and Pull Model

Push Factors Pull Factors

*Political (wars, persecution) *Political (lure of freedom, democracy)

*Economic (lack of jobs) *Economic (perceived opportunities for jobs)

*Physical (flooding, drought, *Physical (lure of attractive climate, land

natural disasters) form regions)



14. Language Families



Language: A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.

Language Family: A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

Language Branch: A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that branches derived from the same family.

Language Group: A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

English: Language family is Indo-European; Language branches: West Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian. Language Group: West Germanic: German, English, Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish, Afrikaans, Danish. Romance: Spanish, French, Portuguese, Romanian, Italian, Venetian, Haitian Creole, Catalan, Sicicilian, Neapolitan. Balto-Slavic: Belarusan, Russian, Czech, Polish, Slovak Slavic, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Ukrainian, Czech. Indo-Iranian: Hindi, Bengali, Urdu, Sinhalis, Nepali, Kurdish, Farsi, Bengali, Punjabi, Balochi, Kashmiri

Indo-European language family includes major languages of Europe and those dominant in Russia, Northern India, Iran, and Eastern and Southern Australia.



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