Human Geography Models and Key Concepts for Chapters 1-13 Study Guide for May ap college Board Exam
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- 25. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) -North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
- 26. Balkanization and Devolution and Ethnic Cleansing. Balkanization
- Ethnicity
- 28. Von Thunens Model of Agriculture
- 29. First World, Second World, Third World CONCEPTS First world
- 30. Shapes of Countries AP Human Geography Territorial morphology
- -Prorupted
- -Cultural- Hindu in India and Muslim in Pakistan Political
- Nationalism
- Nation-state
- 33. Concentric Model of Urban Development by Burgess
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European Union (EU): union of 28 democratic member states of Europe; began with the formation of Benelux by the end of WWII, then with the formation of the European Economic Community (EEC) years later. The EU's activities cover most areas of public policy, from economic policy to foreign affairs, defense, agriculture and trade. The European Union is the largest political and economic entity on the European continent, with over 500 million people and an estimated GDP of >US $20 trillion (2012). 25. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) -North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): a military alliance of western democracies begun in 1949 with 28 member states today in 2013; its members agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. 26. Balkanization and Devolution and Ethnic Cleansing. Balkanization: The political term used when referring to the fragmentation or breakup of a region or country into smaller regions or countries. The term comes from the Balkan wars, where the country of Yugoslavia was broken up in to six countries between 1989 and 1992. Ethnic cleansing: Process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. Example: Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Ethnicity: Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. Devolution: process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government (e.g., Basque and Catalonia in Spain, Chechnya in Russia, …). 27. Supranationalism Definition: Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation among national states to promote shared objectives. Tendency for states to give up political power to higher authority in pursuit of common objectives (political, economic, Military, environmental). Venture involving multiple national states (two or more, many, several) with a common goal. Examples: European Union, NAFTA, Warsaw Pact, League of Nations, United Nations, NATO, OPEC, etc. Changes resulting from supranationalism in Europe Larger market (free trade, greater trade, reduced tariffs, greater economic prosperity) Greater international influence (greater political/economic power, greater ability to compete with economies of other countries) Open borders for labor and tourists Common currency Common policy (resources, agriculture, economic, environment, trade, military) OR loss of control over individual policy Loss of identify (only with explanation in terms of political/economic situation) War is less likely 28. Von Thunen's Model of Agriculture 
29. First World, Second World, Third World CONCEPTS First world: the largely democratic and free-market states of the United States and Western Europe (Cold War to today) Second world: the communist and state-planned countries of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China (Cold War) Third world: the generally poorer countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America (Cold War to today) 30. Shapes of Countries AP Human Geography Territorial morphology: study of states’ shapes and their effects -Compact: distance from geometric center is similar (e.g., Germany, Hungary,…) -Elongated: a.k.a. attenuated (e.g., Chile, Vietnam,…) -Fragmented: two or more separate pieces (e.g., Indonesia, Philippines,…) -Perforated: territory completely surrounds that of another state (e.g., Italy, Azerbaijan,… South Africa with Lesotho and Swaziland) -Prorupted: a.k.a. prorupt; have an area that extends from a more compact core (e.g, Thailand, India,…) -Bifurcated: has two distinct territories (e.g., Malaysia, Michigan, ...) 31. Types of Boundaries -Geometric: straight-line, unrelated to physical or cultural landscape, lat & long (US/Canada) -Physical-political: (natural-political) – conform to physiologic features (Rio Grande: US/Mexico; Pyrenees: Spain/France) -Cultural- Hindu in India and Muslim in Pakistan Political: mark breaks in the human landscape (Armenia/Turkey) (Palestine and Israel) 32. Types of States AP Human Geography Chp. 7 Ethnicity Ethnicity: identifies groups with distinct ancestry and cultural traditions such as African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Chinese Americans, or Polish Americans. Nationalism: loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality. Nationality: identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there. Multiethnic state: State that contains more than one ethnicity. USA is the best example. Multinational state: contains two ethnic groups or more with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nations. Russia is the largest. United Kingdom: Wales, Scotland, Ireland Nation-state: state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality. Denmark, Slovenia, Germany Nation: a group of people with a particular ethnicity but do not have their own official state. Sometimes they reside in several states/countries. Example: Kurds, Palestinians, American Indian tribes. 33. Concentric Model of Urban Development by Burgess 
Ernest Burgess Represents the Anglo-American city of the USA and Canada during the height of industrialization This is a theoretical model and no city is perfectly laid out in even rings. All cities have a CBD (central business district) CBD contains the highest density of commercial land use. Most expensive land is in the CBD. Buildings built vertically to maximize the use of one parcel of urban land. CBD is surrounded by an area of low-density commercial land that has factories, warehouses, rail yards, and port facilities. In the era of deindustrialization, many American and Canadian cities have rebuilt former industrial areas into festival landscapes: convention centers, outdoor concert venues: Inner Harbor of Baltimore, Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta High-density housing surrounds both the CBD and industrial zones: poor tenements, public housing, small apartments, row houses. Some of these Areas have been replaced or renovated through a process of gentrification. 
34. Bid-Rent Curve Space for downtown commercial rest estate is sold or leased by the square foot. By comparison, land in the suburbs is sold by the acre. Along the curve you could plot different land uses. Land for a suburban home or space for a suburban apartment building are not that much different in price. However, land for that apartment building and land for building downtown is vastly different in price. The bid-rent curve represents the cost-to-distance relationship of real estate prices in the urban landscape. The closer one moves toward the peak land or CBD, the more expensive the price for CBD land. 35. Sector Model of Urban Development by Homer Hoyt 
Homer Hoyt Concepts of the industrial corridor and neighborhood are combined for practical purpose. Results in a more realistic representation compared to the concentric zone model. This model is also used to depict ethnic areas/variations in a city. CBD is at center. Outside of the CBD is the industrial space or corridor. There is a corridor of upper-class housing extending outward from the CBD. Middle class neighborhoods also radiate out from the CBD like a corridor/wedge. 36. Multiple Nuclei Model by Harris and Ullman 
Harris and Ullman, authors The model attempts to practically represent the urban landscape with neighborhoods and commercial corridors. Instead of all commerce being focused on the center of the city as in the sector model, the term "multiple-nuclei" implies that there is more than one commercial center within the city landscape. People with different social characteristics tend to live within an urban area. A city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve or a node (like functional). Nodes include a port, neighborhood business center, university airport, and park. What do the 3 models explain? If the 3 models are combined, they help geographers: help geographers explain where different types of people live in a city People tend to reside in certain locations depending on their particular personal characteristics. Most people prefer to live near others who have similar characteristics One family owns its home and the other rents. The owner-occupant is much more likely to live in an outer ring and the renter in an inner ring(concentric). If two families who own their homes, the family with the higher income will not live in the same sector of the city as the family with the lower income (sector) People with the same ethnic or racial background are likely to live near each other (multiple-nuclei) Directory: blogs -> tweed -> files -> 2011 blogs -> Critical Kent: The Topographies Project: Beaches (2015). Background notes for Explorations of: From Whitstable into the Thanet Coast blogs -> Atlantic Basin and eastern Pacific they are called hurricanes blogs -> Anbookstore com Copyright 2013 blogs -> Kin 465 – Interculturalism, Health & Physical Activity Glossary of Terms blogs -> The St. Louis Cardinal’s Miracle Run At the beginning of September, no one would have guessed that the St. Louis Cardinals would be playing in the World Series, let alone making the playoffs blogs -> The St. Louis Cardinal’s Miracle Run At the beginning of September, no one would have guessed that the St. Louis Cardinals would be playing in the World Series, let alone making the playoffs 2011 -> Chapter 5 Language Review in Groups Questions to Discuss 2011 -> ● origin and diffusion of english Download 1.69 Mb. Share with your friends:
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